Post on 24-Nov-2015
description
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis idea
1917-1918 wlebis qarTul presaSi `saqarTvelo~, `saxalxo saqme~,
`alioni~, `erToba~
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
rusudan vaSakiZe
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis idea
1917-1918 wlebis qarTul presaSi `saqarTvelo~, `saxalxo saqme~,
`alioni~, `erToba~
xelmZRvanelebi: prof. dali CikvilaZe
prof. manana kakabaZe
Tbi lisis
univ ersitetis gamomcemloba
naSromi, wardgenili Jurnalistikis doqtoris akademi-
uri xarisxis mosapoveblad, ibeWdeba socialur da politi-
kur mecnierebaTa fakultetis sadisertacio sabWos reko-
mendaciiT. disertaciis stili daculia.
disertaciis sajaro dacva Sedga 2009 wlis 20 marts
Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2009
ISBN 978-9941-13-124-0
5
sarCevi
Sesavali ............................................................................................... 7
I Tavi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis idea da 1917-1918
wlebis gazeTi `saqarTvelo...........................................................14
26 maisi da `saqarTvelo~ ........................................................ 25
grigol robaqiZe ...................................................................... 32
tician tabiZe ..............................................................................41
giorgi leoniZe ..........................................................................47
mixeil javaxiSvili .................................................................. 50
II Tavi gazeTi `saxalxo saqme~ eris uflebisa da Tavisuf-
lebis Sesaxeb (1917-1918ww.) ...........................................................62
26 maisi da `saxalxo saqme~ ......................................................78
konstantine gamsaxurdia ........................................................85
levan metreveli ........................................................................90
vaxtang kotetiSvili ...............................................................93
III Tavi gazeTi `alioni~ politikuri avtonomiidan damou-
kideblobis deklaraciamde (1917-1918ww.) ..............................103
26 maisi da `alioni~ .................................................................118
ivane gomarTeli .......................................................................120
Taguna (Salva SaraSiZe) ..........................................................127
leo qiaCeli ................................................................................132
IV Tavi 1917-1918 wlebis gazeTi `erToba~ saqarTvelos Ta-
visuflebis Sesaxeb .........................................................................146
6
26 maisi da `erToba~ .................................................................160
daskvna ................................................................................................171
damowmebuli literatura ...........................................................175
periodika ...........................................................................................178
7
Sesavali
qarTuli Jurnalistikis, literaturisa da istoriis
mkvlevarTaTvis XX saukunis pirveli oci weli ar aris mxo-
lod simbolizmis, realizmisa Tu politikuri pluralizmis
epoqa. maSin, roca pirveli msoflio omi mZvinvarebda, roca
ruseTis bolSevizmi dedamiwis erT meeqvseds gawiTlebiT
emuqreboda, qarTveli publicistebi, mwerlebi da sazogado
moRvaweni Tavisuflebis ideas qadagebdnen da saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas cdilobdnen.
1917-1918 wlebi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respubli-
kis daarsebis pirveli periodia. man dasabami misca demokra-
tiul principebze saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebas. arCe-
vanis ufleba misca qarTvel xalxs da safuZveli Cauyara
qarTul parlamentarizms.
samocdaaTwliani komunisturi reJimisagan tabudade-
bul istorias pirvelad XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos
dawyebulma erovnul-gamaTavisuflebelma moZraobam mohfi-
na naTeli. Seiqmna araerTi mniSvnelovani istoriuli narkve-
vi da gamokvleva am periodis Sesaxeb, daibeWda cnobil po-
litikosTa mogonebebi, qarTvel emigrantTa nawarmoebebi.
gansakuTrebulia es epoqa qarTuli Jurnalistikis isto-
riisTvis. 1917-1918 wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli perio-
duli presisa da qarTveli publicistebis da mwerlebis am
procesSi monawileobis Sesaxeb fundamenturi naSromi dRemde
ar Seqmnila. cxadia, rom am wlebis periodika TavisTavad Cveni
qveynis istoriis utyuari wyaroa, romelic gvacnobs imdroin-
del politikur ZalTa balanss, partiaTa moRvaweobas, qar-
8
Tul sazogadoebriv azrs, aseve, mTavar saerTaSoriso moTama-
Seebs, evropasa da ruseTSi mimdinare procesebs.
aTeulobiT gazeTi gamodis qarTul da rusul enebze
1917-1918 wlebis saqarTveloSi. presa exmaureba yvela poli-
tikur Tu sazogadoebriv movlenas, aris erovnuli saqmeebis
SuagulSi da ukompromisod mouwodebs arsebul xelisufle-
bas damoukideblobis gamocxadebas, im revoluciuri buru-
sidan gamosvlas, riTac qarTuli social-demokratia iyo
moculi.
1917-1918 wlebis qarTuli presa, romelSic, bunebrivia,
dominirebs partiuli interesebi da miznebi, asaxavs saqar-
Tvelos saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gzaze arsebul mraval
dabrkolebasa da xelis SemSlel faqtors. saqarTvelo ar
iyo erTiani da udides siZneles warmoadgenda qveynis mTli-
an saxelmwifoebriv erTeulad gadaqceva. qarTveli mwerle-
bi da publicistebi sxvadasxva politikur partiebTan Ta-
namSromlobdnen. maT sagazeTo publikaciebSi, statiebsa da
narkvevebSi naTlad Cans is siZneleebi, romlebic Tavisuf-
lebisaken saqarTvelos winsvlas aferxebdnen da es, mniSvne-
lovanwilad, politikuri Zalebis moqmedebisa da daqsaqsu-
lobis Sedegi iyo. miuxedavad amisa, am periodSi sami mniSvne-
lovani movlena moxda: aRdga qarTuli eklesiis avtokefa-
lia, daarsda qarTuli universiteti da Camoyalibda damou-
kidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifo 26 maisis aqtiT.
1917-1918 wlebis qarTuli presa naTlad adasturebs,
rom es umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi didi gansjis, cxare po-
litikuri da sazogadoebrivi debatebis Sedegia. presis
furclebze TvalSi sacemia politikur ZalTa Soris radika-
luri dapirispirebebi, araTanmimdevruloba, principebsa da
strategiul miznebs Soris mkveTri sxvaoba. gansakuTrebiT
es sxvaoba mmarTvel politikur Zalasa da umciresobas So-
ris SeiniSneba.
9
Cveni naSromis mizania, warmovadginoT oTxi wamyvani ga-
zeTi `saqarTvelo~, `saxalxo saqme~, `alioni~ da `erToba~ da
maT magaliTze vaCvenoT saqarTveloSi imxanad arsebuli
publicisturi mimarTulebebi, profesiuli standartebi,
taqtikuri midgomebi da gamovkveToT, ra tendenciebi War-
bobda wamyvan qarTul gazeTebSi, raze keTdeboda aqcentebi,
ramdenad pluralistuli iyo presa da SeeZlo Tu ara sazo-
gadoebas alternatiuli arCevanis gakeTeba; aseve, rogor
daiwyo politikuri debatebis istoria presis furclebze
da ramdenad adekvaturi iyo igi sazogadoebis moTxovneb-
Tan; ra rols asrulebdnen qarTveli publicistebi da mwer-
lebi 1917-1918 wlebSi da ra ideologiuri saqmianoba hqon-
daT gaCaRebuli.
kvlevis mizania, vaCvenoT ramdenad gamokveTilad aisa-
xeboda sagazeTo statiebSi qarTveli xalxis suliskveTeba
da miswrafebebi. naSromis hipoTezaa, damtkicdes, rom 1917-
1918 wlebis qarTuli presa im periodisTvis maRali profe-
siuli standartiT gamoirCeva da alternatiuli azrovnebis
saSualebas aZlevs mkiTxvels, rom 26 maisis damoukidebloba
qarTveli Jurnalistebis, publicistebisa da mwerlebis
udidesi damsaxurebiT movida. kvleva amtkicebs demokrati-
uli faseulobebisadmi erTgulebasa da evropuli orienta-
ciis ualternativobas.
bevri dawerila qarTveli publicistebis moRvaweobisa
da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb, magram 1917-1918 wlebis presis ten-
denciebze, aqtiur sazogadoebriv poziciaze, arsebul po-
litikur diskusiaze naklebad msjelobdnen da Tu romelime
avtoris Semoqmedeba xdeboda kvlevis mizani, aRniSnuli pe-
riodi naklebad Seiswavleboda, an saerTod SeumCneveli iyo.
presis analizTan erTad mTavar avtorebzea yuradReba
gamaxvilebuli. aseTi konteqstiT maTi ganxilvac pirveli
cdaa. sainteresoa is profesiuli damokidebuleba, is msje-
10
loba da analizi, rasac grigol robaqiZis, tician tabiZis,
giorgi leoniZis, konstantine gamsaxurdias, Salva amireji-
bis, samson fircxalavas, vaxtang kotetiSvilis, leo qiaCe-
lis, Tagunasa da sxvaTa statiebSi vxvdebiT.
Tu qarTvelma istorikosebma, ase Tu ise, vali moixades
istoriografiis winaSe da Seavses es tabudadebuli perio-
di, miuZRvnes gamokvlevebi da Seiswavles imdroindeli po-
litikuri istoria, qarTuli Jurnalistikisa da literatu-
ris mkvlevrebi namdvilad valSi arian am gardasuli, erT
dros akrZaluli, metad sayuradRebo publicisturi mem-
kvidreobis Seswavlis mimarT. grigol robaqiZis, tician ta-
biZis, Salva amirejibis, samson fircxalavas, konstantine
gamsaxurdias, vaxtang kotetiSvilis, ivane gomarTelis, leo
qiaCelis, Tagunasa da sxvaTa Semoqmedeba SeuZlebelia war-
moidgino 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtisa da im periodis presaSi
maTi moRvaweobis gareSe. rom ara zemoxsenebul avtorTa
statiebi da daJinebuli moTxovna saqarTvelos damoukideb-
lobis gamocxadebisa, saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli kreba ver
SeZlebda damoukideblobis deklaraciis miRebas. qarTuli
presis mesveurebma didi ideologiuri samuSao gaswies am
mimarTulebiT.
am periods ukavSirdeba saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris
daarseba, simbolistebis moRvaweoba. `qarTvel mweralTa
kavSiris~ erT-erTi iniciatori tician tabiZea. maSindel
ruseTis imperiaSi aseTi gaerTianeba pirveli iyo. qarTvelma
mwerlebma imTaviTve daisaxes miznad, TavianTi Semoqmede-
bisTvis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi datvirTva mieniWebi-
naT, rac mkveTradaa gamoxatuli qarTveli mwerlebis mowo-
debaSi, romelic wamyvanma gazeTebma dabeWdes. es mowodeba
Seicavs brZolis koncefcias da darazmvis mowodebas saqar-
Tvelos Tavisuflebis ideis garSemo. saqarTvelos istori-
is xatovani eqskursis Semdeg mwerlebi ruseTis batonobis
11
dros ganadgurebul qarTul kulturas mistirian: `ise ma-
inc arasdros ar SemoRamebula, rogorc mTeli warsuli sau-
kunis ganmavlobaSi, rusTa batonobis dros. Seni taZrebi Ca-
moingra, saucxovo nagebi cixe-darbazi ganadgurda da gauq-
mda, kedlis Zvirfasi mxatvrobani waiSala da SeibRala. ...be-
qa opizarisa da misebr maRal-niWier xelovanTa mier naWedi
da Camosxmuli ganZeulobani gaibna da wartacebul iqna, sxe-
uli moxdenil da morgebul samos-samkauli miviwyda, simRe-
ra da cekvac gadagvarda. TviT enac wminda da faqizi Seir-
yvna da mwerlobamac iwyo azrovneba sxviseburi, ucxouri,
dahkarga Tavis-Tavadoba. xelovnebaSi mSvenebis RmerTis
nacvlad moZalade dezebiani vinme wamojda maRal kvar-
cxlbekze~(160).
qarTvel mweralTa gulistkivili aris is, rom saqarTve-
los damoukideblobis dakargviT qveyanam Tavisi saxe dakar-
ga da usaxuri gaxda, rac yvela mis mier gaRebul msxverplze
usaSinlesia. sulieri monoba ai problema da tragedia qar-
Tveli eris: `imis garda, rom uzarmazar ruseTis damcire-
bul guberniad iqec, Sen sulieradac mis provinciad Seiqmen,
radganac Crdiloulis qusl-dalursmuli, tlanqi wara mox-
vda Sens axovan mkerds, wagaqcia da sakortnavaT TviT-mpyro-
belobis orTava arwivic mogenTo~(160).
swored es mwerlebi, romlebmac daaarses mweralTa kav-
Siri da airCies pirveli TerTmetkaciani sabWo tician tabi-
Zis, konstantine gamsaxurdias, grigol robaqiZis, kote ma-
yaSvilis (kavSiris pirveli Tavmjdomare), samson dadianis,
akaki papavas, leo qiaCelis, Salva dadianis (kavSiris pirveli
wesdebis Semdgeneli), paolo iaSvilis, pavle ingoroyvas, da-
viT lixel-suliaSvilis SemadgenlobiT, im periodis presis
furclebze moRvaweobdnen iyvnen korespondentebi, poli-
tikuri mimomxilvelebi, gamomcemlebi da redaqtorebi.
maTma moRvaweobam presaSi gamoiwvia is, rom sazogadoe-
12
bis cnobierebaSi TandaTan ufro mZlavrad ikidebda fexs
TavisuflebisTvis brZola da dasavleTTan integraciis au-
cilebloba. es ki ilias gzis gagrZeleba iyo. isini aRviveb-
dnen brZolas damoukideblobis moTxovniT. qarTveli eris
TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba da damoukidebeli saxelmwi-
foebrivi erTeulis Camoyalibeba iyo maTi mTavari mizani.
ratom SevarCieT es oTxi gazeTi? mizezi martivia gaze-
Tebis reitinguloba, amasTan, oTxive gazeTi oTxi mTavari
politikuri Zalis mier gamoicemoda: `saqarTvelos~ gamos-
cemda erovnul-demokratiuli partia, `saxalxo saqmes~ so-
cial-federalistebi, `alions~ social-demokratebis `alio-
nis~ jgufi, xolo `erTobas~ mmarTveli politikuri Zala
social-demokratiuli partia. romelime partiis organod
arseboba ukve akninebs presis Tavisuflebis ideas, magram Tu
mTlianobaSi ganvixilavT am periods, Tu vityviT, rom oTxive
gazeTi sxvadasxva rakursiT gadmoscemda da aRwerda ama Tu
im politikur movlenas, maSin 1917-1918 wlebi demokratiuli
presis ganviTarebis erT-erT seriozul etapad SegviZlia va-
RiaroT da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis im tradiciis gamgrZe-
leblad, romelic ilias Taobam XIX saukuneSi daiwyo. demok-
ratiuli Rirebulebebis damkvidreba iyo mTavari mizani,
rac damoukidebeli saxelmwifos gareSe ver miiRweoda.
vfiqrobT, qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria gamdidrde-
ba kidev erTi saintereso da naklebad Seswavlili periodiT.
Cveni mizania, uyuradRebod ar darCes arc erTi periodi da
SevavsoT is sivrce, romelic komunistebma dagvixures da
luqi daades.
amasTan davamtkicoT, rom 1918 wlis 26 maisi ar aris mxo-
lod istorikosTa da politikosTa kuTvnileba, es TariRi
qarTuli presis, qarTveli Jurnalistebisa da mwerlebis
ukompromiso da dauRalavi moRvaweobis Sedegia. damouki-
deblobis deklaraciis momzadebaSi presam erT-erTi gadam-
13
wyveti roli Seasrula.
ambiciuri gancxadeba ar iqneba Tu davsZenT, rom 1917-
1918 wlebis qarTuli presis, kerZod, gazeTebis `saqarTve-
los~, `saxalxo saqmis~, `alionisa~ da `erTobis~ ganzogadeba
da kvleva aRniSnul konteqstSi siaxlea qarTuli Jurnalis-
tikis istoriaSi.
14
I Tavi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis idea da 1917-1918 wlebis gazeTi `saqarTvelo~
saqarTvelos TavisuflebisTvis, damoukideblobisTvis
brZola gazeT `saqarTvelos~ irgvliv Semokrebil avtorTa
ideuri safuZvelia. mwerlisa da publicistis ideebis Ses-
wavlisas yovelTvis vaanalizebT, Tu ra epoqaSi da ra viTa-
rebaSi werda igi, vis interess emsaxureboda da ra damokide-
bulebas gamoxatavda istoriuli procesebisadmi.
gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ moRvawe mweralTa da publicis-
tTa jgufis memkvidreoba am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT.
XX saukunis Jurnalistika da publicisturi azrovneba samo-
cianelTa principebidan yalibdeba. gazeT `saqarTvelos~
garSemo Semokrebil qarTvel mweralTa birTvs mravalmxriv
saintereso publicistebi, mecnierebi, sasuliero pirebi da
ilias Taobis memkvidreebi warmoadgenen.
ilia WavWavaZe mudam miuTiTebda: `Tu Jurnals unda ke-
Tilsindisierad aRasrulos Tavisi Zneli saqme, unda Tval-
gafacicebiT Tan ahyves awindel cxovrebas, raTa yovel aR-
moSobil faqtsa Tvali da goneba adevnos, yoveli azris sake-
Tilo moZraobas gza misces, yoveliferi SeniSnos da yoveli-
fers pasuxi gasces, erTi sityviT, uSvelos cxovrebas win
fexis gadadgmis gasamjobineblad, gasakeTeblad. ramdena-
dac cnobierad da vrclad... miagnobs da Seatyobs cxovrebis
majis cemasa da SeniSnavs im majis mciredsa cvlilebasa, ra-
modenadac naTlad ganarCevs cxovrebisagan mogubebul masa-
lasa, imodenad igi pativcemuli iqneba sazogadoebaSi da na-
15
yofieri cxovrebisaTvis ... RmerTma moapovebinos mravali
TanamSromeli, rom Cvenis qveynis da xalxis siyvarulis saxe-
liTa Zmurad urTierTs mxari miscen da ar daiviwyon, rom
xalxi dabali Tu maRali, yvela moyvasia Cveni, SeZlebisamebr
yvelas unda vuSveloT...~(66).
ilias mkvlelobis Semdeg ilias ideebis amsaxveli gaxda
yovelkvireuli sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri da literatu-
ruli Jurnali `klde~, romlis pirveli nomeri 1910 wlis 16
seqtembers gamovida. Jurnalis daarsebis iniciatori, Ziri-
Tadi damfinansebeli da organizatori daviT vaCnaZe iyo, xo-
lo oficialuri redaqtor-gamomcemeli, misi koreqtori,
saqmis mwarmoebeli, gamavrcelebeli revaz gabaSvili. Jurna-
li sajarod acxadebda, rom erovnuli idea sakiTxia `qarTu-
li enisa, qarTuli teritoriisa, qarTuli eklesiisa, qarTu-
lis kulturisa~.
gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ swored Jurnal `kldis~ safuZvel-
ze daarsda, ris Sesaxebac revaz gabaSvili werda: `marTalia
`kldis~ gamosvlisTanave gagviCnda darazmuli mteri da ma-
Ti razmic iseve izrdeboda, rogorc Cveni momxreebisa, mar-
Talia isic, rom arc `saqarTvelos~ moakldebian, magram es
ar gvaSinebs, vinaidgan Cvens eklian gzas vardni rwmenisani
alamazeben. iSviaTad gvxvdeba dafaseba, an madloba, maTra-
xiTac wamogvwvdebian, magram viT RvTis winaSe sanTeli gzas
ar dahkargavs, ise samSoblos wiaRSi wvrilmannic ar gahqre-
bian~ (74).
gazeT `saqarTvelos~ pirveli nomeri gamovida 1915 wlis
24 maiss sandro SanSiaSvilis redaqtorobiT. redaqcia Tbi-
lisSi, moskovis quCa 4-Si mdebareobda. gazeTi 4-6-gverdiani
iyo. pirveli nomris saredaqcio werilSi gazeTis mesveurni
mkiTxvels mimarTaven, Tu ra mZime viTarebaSi iwyeben isini
gamocemas. dasavleT evropa, ruseTi da saqarTveloc omis
alSia gaxveuli. `Cveni erovnuli energia, daqsaqsuli imTa-
16
viTve, dRes ulmoblad niavdeba omis asparezze... sadReiso
sakiTxi erovnuli Zalebis Tavmoyra da darazmvaa. xval maTi
amoZraveba dagvWirdeba diadi kulturuli SemoqmedebisaT-
vis... Cveni gazeTi ar iqneba arc viwro klasobrivi, arc viwro
jgufobrivi. is ecdeba kerZo interesebi erovnul intere-
sebs anacvalos, partiul marTlmorwmuneobas sulier xal-
vaTobas da mudmivs iWvianobas Tavisufali Zieba daupirda-
piros...~ vkiTxulobT gazeT `saqarTvelos~ saprogramo we-
rilSi (iqve), romlis avtori Tavad redaqtori unda iyos,
radgan saredaqcio svetebs ZiriTadad sandro SanSiaSvili
werda. es iyo, faqtobrivad, gazeT `saqarTvelos~ koncefcia,
misi moRvaweobis mizani.
pirveli saredaqcio statia SeiZleba CaiTvalos gazeTis
saprogramo debulebad. gazeTi mTeli qarTveli xalxis mova-
leobad Tvlis qveynis teritoriis dacvas, erovnuli meurne-
obis, warmoebis da aReb-micemobis ganviTarebas, sulieri
kulturis amaRlebas, qarTuli enis dacvas, mwerloba-mxat-
vrobis, xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebas.
`Tanamedrove kulturosani eri gmir-devTa cixe-simag-
res hgavs, sxvadasxva lodisagan aSenebuls. es cixe-simagre
safrTxeSi Cavardeba, Tu romelime koSki moiSala... gaTviT-
cnobierebul ers fxizeli daraji unda hyavdes yovel adgi-
las~ (iqve), acxadebs gazeTi da Tavad cdilobs gaxdes `fxi-
zeli daraji~ saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis gzaze. am ideals
`saqarTvelo~ ukanasknel nomramde emsaxureba.
1916 wlis pirveli ianvridan `saqarTvelo~ yoveldRiu-
ri `sapolitiko, saekonomiko da saliteraturo gazeTi~ gax-
da. mis furclebze ukve Cans cenzuris xeli, carieli adgi-
lebi nomridan amoRebul masalebze miuTiTebs. 1917 wlidan
`saqarTvelo~ oficialurad acxadebs, rom igi aris `erov-
nul-demokratiuli~ mimarTulebis.
gazeTs sakuTari korespondentebi hyavs saqarTvelos
17
ZiriTad daba-qalaqebsa da soflebSi, agreTve petrogradsa
da moskovSi. am periodisTvis TanamSromelTa ricxvi gaizar-
da. mis furclebze bevri cnobili qarTveli mwerlisa da
moRvawis gvari gamoCnda. sainteresoa redaqciis TanamSro-
melTa arasruli, magram mainc vrceli sia: arq. ambrosi xela-
ia, a. asaTiani, al. axmeteli, v. barnovi, ek. gabaSvili, r. ga-
baSvili, gandegili, g. gvazava, s. gorgaZe, g. gordeziani, v.
gunia, S. dadiani, z. edili, i. varTagava, gr. veSapeli, e. Taya-
iSvili, in. bani, p. ingoroyva, C. kapanaZe, d. kasraZe, p. karbe-
laSvili, d.g. kariWaSvili, episkoposi kirioni, s. kedia, dek.
k. kekeliZe, episkoposi leonide, n. lorTqifaniZe, t. margve-
laSvili, k. mayaSvili, dutu megreli, S. mRvimeli, n. nikola-
Ze, g. robaqiZe, T. saxokia, t. tabiZe, i. feraZe, S. qarumiZe, s.
qvariani, g. qiqoZe, n. yifiani, s. yifiani, g. yifSiZe, m. Salambe-
riZe, v. SalikaSvili, prof. a. cagareli, z. WiWinaZe, s. Wre-
laSvili, m. janaSvili, Salva amirejibi `farsman faruxis~
fsevdonimiT, aleqsandre yifSiZe `fronelis~ fsevdonimiT.
1917 wels `saqarTvelo~ kvlav sandro SanSiaSvilis re-
daqtorobiT gamodis, xolo 90-e nomris Semdeg gazeTis re-
daqtori grigol veSapeli xdeba. 1918 wlidan gazeTs geron-
ti qiqoZe redaqtorobs(56).
`saqarTvelo~ iwyebs yoveldRiur fiqrsa da msjelobas
erovnul sakiTxze, saxelmwifoebriv mowyobaze. r. ingilo
statiaSi `Zveli fiqrebi axal wels~ mwvaved ayenebs erovnul
sakiTxs da, mware istoriuli gamocdilebis miuxedavad,
imeds gamoTqvams, rom `omis Semdeg, romelmac Seiwira yvela-
feri, rac ram Zvirfasi ebada qarTvel xalxs, SeviqmnebiT im
Tavisufali cxovrebis Rirsi, romelsac patara erebs didi
saxelmwifoebi hpirdebian. ...fxizlad unda iyos qarTvelo-
ba, rom esoden gansakuTrebul dros ar iqnes uRirsi Tavisi
samSoblosi... am spetak azriT ganmsWvaluli, gulmodgineT
vemsaxuroT saqarTvelos didebas, da es iqneba uRrmesi mi-
18
locva, romliTac mivmarTavT qarTvel xalxs axali wlis da-
sawyiss~(75).
ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg gazeTis fur-
clebze gaCnda rubrika `qarTvelebo, SegnebulaT, SeerTebu-
laT, dinjaT!~ aq moTavsebul werilebSi isev da isev erTi mi-
zania saqarTvelos Tavisufleba, gaerTianeba da xalxis da-
razmva qveynis gadasarCenad. `saqarTvelos saxeliT Sever-
TdeT! nuRar iqneba partiul-wodebrivi gansxvaveba. nuRar
iqneba muSa, burJua, Tavadi, aznauri, glexi, eriskaci da sam-
Rvdeloeba! iyos mxolod qarTveli da qarTveloba~(78).
`saqarTvelo~ ruseTis Tebervlis revolucias miesalma
saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis imediT. gazeTs swams, rom Ta-
visufali ruseTi saqarTvelos Tavisuflebas moutans. gaze-
Ti Tebervlis revoluciis SefasebaSi misalmebasTan erTad
sifrTxilesac iCens. 1917 wlis 12 martis `saqarTvelo~ pir-
vel gverdze acxadebs: `gaumarjos Tavisufal ruseTs, gau-
marjos Tavisufal saqarTvelos!~(78).
spiridon kedia `saqarTvelos~ furclebze wers: `gasu-
li Tebervlis miwurulSi daemxo reJimi, romelic ase mtar-
valurad moeqca saqarTvelos, gandevnes dinastia, romelmac
fici da xelSekruleba daarRvia da saqarTvelo sisxlisagan
dacala. didi aqtia es aqti. Tavisufleba sityvisa, werisa,
krebisa da sindisisa, ai, ra moaqvs revolucias, sayovelTao,
faruli da sxva saarCevno ufleba, ai, ra aRiara revoluci-
am... moispo wodebrioba, saukunoebiT ganmtkicebuli. ar iq-
nebian dabadebiT uflebiTa da upiratesobiT mosilni, ar iq-
nebian dabadebiT damcirebulni da uflebaaxdilni... piradi
Rirseba, piradi kacad-kacoba, ai amieridan axali sazomi pi-
rovnebis mniSvnelobisa da gavlenisa... Cveni salami, Cveni aR-
tacebuli salami am revolucias. dRegrZeloba ruseTis
axal reJims. magram... da ai swored aq iwyeba gansxvaveba Cvensa
da rusebs Soris~(79).
19
irkveva, rom Tebervlis revoluciamde gazeTi `saqar-
Tvelo~ Tavs ikavebda erovnul-demokratTa partiuli saqmi-
anobis `gamJRavnebisgan~. cxadia, organizacia aralegalur
saqmianobas eweoda. erovnul-demokratiulma partiam dam-
fuZnebeli kreba mogvianebiT Caatara(11) da oficialurad
gaformda, rogorc politikuri organizacia, Tumca jer ki-
dev pirveli msoflio omis win social-federalistebis ri-
gebSi gamoikveTa erovnul-demokratTa birTvi. 1917 wlis
ianvarSi `saqarTvelo~ oficialurad acxadebs, rom erov-
nul-demokratiuli mimarTulebisaa. faqtia, rom gazeTis
TanamSromelTa umravlesoba politikuri organizaciis wev-
rebi iyvnen da isini saocar sifrTxiles iCendnen, raTa Tavi-
anT beWdviT organos problema ar Seqmnoda. spiridon kedias
sityvebidan irkveva, rom Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg
erovnul-demokratebma oficialuri politikuri moRvaweo-
ba daiwyes da gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ maTi perioduli organo
gaxda.
sainteresoa, ras gulisxmobs sp. kedia qarTvelebsa da
rusebs Soris gansxvavebaSi: `aq iwyeba gansxvaveba saqarTve-
losa da ruseTs Soris. es gansxvaveba unda SevignoT. Tavisu-
fali ruseTisTvis es moqalaqeobrivi normebi sakmarisia,
rom frTa gaSalos, rac rom faruli Zala, Semoqmedeba Ses-
wevs, uklebliv gamosTqvas. saqarTvelosTvis es ar kmara. mo-
qalaqeobrivi uflebrioba Tavisufal erSia SesaZlebeli.
Tu ers Tavisi sakuTari mTavroba ara hyavs, Tu eris samarTa-
li mis Svilebisagan ar iwereba, Tu eris marTva-gamgebloba
gadamTielis xelSia da ara mis Svilebisa, fuWia yovelgvari
moqalaqeobrivi ufleba. eris suli Seborkilia, misi arsebo-
ba SeboWili, misi Zala Semoqmedebisa sustia da warmateba Se-
uZlebelia... amitomac, rom Tanabrad keTilismyofeli iyos,
dRevandelma revoluciam uwinares yovlisa saqarTvelos
erovnuli Tavisufleba unda moutanos. revolucia mxolod
20
maSin iqneba sruli, roca Tavisufal saqarTveloSi qarTve-
li xalxi sakuTriv moawyobs da ganamtkicebs marTva-gamgeo-
bis demokratiul reJims. saqarTvelos ganaxleba moqalaqe-
obriv-uflebriv normebis gamocxadebiT ver daiwyeba, ara-
med misi erovnuli Tavisuflebis aRdgeniT. es unda moxdes
exla, an arasodes~(79).
gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ is mZlavri perioduli organo iyo,
romelmac ase mZafrad da naTlad, argumentirebulad daayena
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis sakiTxi.
gazeTis furclebze moTxovna saqarTvelos damoukideblo-
bis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb permanentul xasiaTs iZens.
1918 wlis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi politikuri movle-
nebi gamZafrda, rasac srulad gadmoscems gazeTis saredaq-
cio werili: `yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi aqvs gadasaWreli qar-
Tvel ers. ara wvrilmani angariSebisaTvis uxdeba mas sab-
rZolvelad darazmva, ara partiuli, jgufuri miswrafebi-
saTvis, aramed erovnuli miwa-wylis, erovnuli Tavisufle-
bisa da erovnuli arsebobisaTvis. osmaleTma arafrad Caag-
do amierkavkasiis mTavroba, misi seimi da sazavo delegacia.
osmaleTma arafrad miiCnia e.w. `amierkavkasiis demokratia~
(113). statiaSi mowodebaa erovnuli gaerTianebisa da erov-
nuli mTavrobis Seqmnisaken.
gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ aCqarebs xelisuflebas damouki-
deblobis gamocxadebas da mmarTvel social-demokratiul
partias bolSevikebTan kavSiris gawyvetasa da erovnul nia-
dagze dadgomisaken mouwodebs: `bolSevizmi ruseTSi gada-
iqca xulignobis, darbevis, aklebis da yovelive gonierebis
uaryofis sinonimad. igi gadagvarda, socialisturi ideisgan
iSva barbarosuli anarqia, romelmac sruliad daRupa ruse-
Ti menSevizmis sisustesTan erTad xelixelCakidebulma. da
ai... am dros Cveni `mmarTveli partia~ exveweba am jalaTs mo-
di da gviSveleo. es partia Cvens ers bolSevikebis mowveviT
21
umaspinZldeba... maT ara aqvT Cveni dacvis arc SeZleba, arc
saxsari, Tundac rom surdeT da es maT arca surT~(114).
sruliad naTelia, rom `saqarTvelo~ imTaviTve grZnob-
da bolSevizmis safrTxes Cveni qveynisTvis da realurad
afasebda movlenebs. Tumca, gazeTs isic gaazrebuli hqonda,
rom saxelmwifoebriobis dacva romelime Zlier qveyanaze
dayrdnobiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo. gazeTis TanamSrome-
li tite margvelaSvili Tavis publikaciaSi `Cveni orienta-
cia~ xmamaRla acxadebs saqarTvelom unda aiRos germaniis-
ken orientacia, radgan `germaneTma sajarod ganacxada imave
brest-litovskSi, rom Cven gvcnobs damoukideblaT. sazavo
molaparakebis gamarTva trapezundSi zedmeti dadasturebaa
imave debulebisa. aqedan cxadia, rom Sua evropis saxelmwi-
foebis gegmas ar ewinaaRmdegeba Cveni damoukidebloba da
saxelmwifoebrivi arseboba... CvenTvis aucileblad saWiroa
germaneTis ekonomiur kavSirSi Sesvla da Cveni politikuri
damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofa~(115).
statiis avtoris azriT, inglissa da ruseTisken orien-
tacia saqarTvelos politikur Tavisuflebas ver moutanda,
radgan safrangeTi da inglisi Tavisi mokavSire ruseTis
qveSevrdomi patara qveynis damoukideblobas xels ar Seuwy-
obda. maTi qmedeba CaiTvleboda qveynis Sinaur saqmeebSi Ca-
revad, rac eris ekonomikur dauZlurebas udrida. darCeni-
li iyo germaniisaken orientacia, rac qveynis politikur da-
moukideblobas uwyobda xels da ekonomikuradac ukeTes pi-
robebs hpirdeboda. amitom gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ am mimarTu-
lebiT muSaobda da gadaudebel amocanad Tvlida qveynis da-
moukideblobis gamocxadebas.
Tavisufali saxelmwifoebrivi cxovreba maSin aris
erisTvis sasurveli da sasargeblo, rodesac is uzrunvel-
yofs qveynis mSvidobian ganviTarebas, rodesac daculia mo-
qalaqeobrivi Tanasworoba da Tavisufleba, rodesac qveya-
22
nas ganagebs kanoni, samarTali da ara Zalmomreoba da TviT-
neboba, rodesac uzrunvelyofilia eris ekonomikuri ganvi-
Tareba. SeeZlo ki saqarTvelos sakuTari ZalebiT samar-
Tlebrivi saxelmwifos Seqmna? redaqciis TanamSromeli a. asa-
Tiani statiaSi `germaneTis mfarveloba~ aRniSnavs, rom Zlie-
ri saxelmwifos SeqmnisTvis mravalnairi saxsaria saWiro
gonebrivi, zneobrivi, qonebrivi, politikuri aRzrda da dis-
ciplina. `Cven vfiqrobdiT, rom yovelive es uxvad mogvepove-
boda... romeli gareSe Zala SeiZleba, rom davixmaroT Cveni
erovnuli Senobis asagebad da mosarTavad? is qveyana, rome-
lic daixmara am miznisTvis poloneTma, ukrainam, litvam da
finlandiam germaniaa... dRes Cveni erovnuli cxovreba daq-
saqsuli da daSlilia. saqarTvelos erovnuli sxeuli Suazed
aris gankveTili da Cven ar viciT, kidev ramdens moundomeben
CamoWras saqarTvelos erovnul sxeuls... Cvens erovnul Tvi-
sebebze germanuli simtkicisa da disciplinis damyniT da da-
savleTidan Cvens qveynisaken momdinare ekonomiuri talRebis
CvenTvis sasurveli mimarTulebis micemiT, moemzadeba niada-
gi Zlieri saqarTvelosi da iqneba maxlobelma Taobebma ixi-
lon saqarTvelos meore oqros xana~ (116).
`saqarTvelo~ did imedebs amyarebda germaniaze da erov-
nul-demokratebisTvis, rogorc memarjvene opozicionere-
bisaTvis gansazRvruli iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebri-
vi mSeneblobis dasawyisi etapi germanias unda mindoboda. ma-
Sin, roca social-demokratebi amierkavkasiis federaciul
mowyobaze proeqtebs adgendnen, social-federalistebi da
social-revolucionerebi amierkavkasiis konfederaciuli
mowyobis gegmas amzadebdnen, erovnul-demokratiulma
fraqciam moiTxova saqarTvelos amierkavkasiidan gamoyofa
da damoukidebel saxelmwifod misi gamocxadeba. a. asaTianis
sagazeTo statiaSi `saqarTvelos politikuri wyobileba~
vkiTxulobT: `rogori saerTo sagareo politika SeiZleba
23
hqondes somxebs, TaTrebs da qarTvelebs, rodesac erTi
CrdiloeTisken miiwevs, meore samxreTisaken da mesame ki da-
savleTisaken? arc sasargeblo, arc sasurveli da arc SesaZ-
lebelia amierkavkasiis xangrZlivad erT konfederaciad ar-
seboba, ris magaliTs sakmaod iZleva erTi wlis moRvaweoba
amierkavkasiis mTavrobisa da seimisa. saqarTvelo unda moewy-
os calke suverenul saxelmwifod. man unda awarmoos sakuTa-
ri da damoukidebeli saSinao da sagareo politika...~ (117).
gazeTis mowodeba damoukideblobis dauyovnebliv ga-
mocxadebisa dRiTi dRe mZafrdeba da kritikis qarcecxlSi
atarebs damoukideblobis mowinaaRmdegeebs. am politikur
Tu sazogadoebriv debatebSi monawileoben cnobili qarTve-
li mwerlebi da sazogado moRvaweebi.
`gagonila sadme da odesme, rom damoukidebel saxelmwi-
fos ucxo saxelmwifos partia hmarTavdes?~ samarTlianad
kiTxulobs gazeTi `saqarTvelo~(121).
amierkavkasiis damoukidebloba maSin gamocxadda, roca
es sakmaod dagvianebuli iyo. am droisTvis qarTvelebs, som-
xebsa da TaTrebs sakuTari saxelmwifo erTeulebi unda hqo-
nodaT. `amierkavkasiis politikuri xuxula dairRva da dai-
ferfla Tavis Tavad da male iSveba axali saqarTvelos sa-
xelmwifoebrioba, magram rodis?~(122).
gazeTi wuxs, rom dagvianebuli damoukideblobis gamo-
cxadebiT Zlier cota ram Tu gamoswordeba. TavianT uxerxu-
lobas ki xelisufleba erTi sityviT gaamarTlebs: `gvaiZu-
les~(iqve).
sayuradReboa 1918 wlis 18 maisis nomerSi gamoqveynebu-
li saredaqcio statia `damoukidebeli saqarTvelo~. avtori
aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli da politikuri cxov-
reba axal etapze gadadis.
amierkavkasiis respublika udReuri gamodga da gareSe
Zalis zegavleniT iseve iSleba, rogorc aSenda. Tu amierkav-
24
kasiis respublikam, rogorc saxelmwifom, krizisi ganicada,
gazeTi amis mTavar mizezad osmaleTs asaxelebs, romelmac
Tavisi agresiiT TiTqmis mTeli samxreT amierkavkasia xiS-
tebze `wamoaskupa~.
gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ sworad gansazRvravs saqarTvelos
istoriul aucileblobas da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideb-
lobis gamocxadebas erTaderT gzad saxavs: `sruli da dau-
yovneblivi damoukidebloba saqarTvelosi mainc is erTa-
derTi gzaa xsnisa, romelic gamoiyvans mas ukiduresi mdgo-
mareobidan... amierkavkasiis respublikas ukve hqonda omi os-
maleTTan. am omSi saqarTvelom waago. Tu somex-osmalTa omi
aucilebelia, saqarTvelom, Tavisi damoukidebloba rom ar
aRiaros, kidev waagebs. saqarTvelos sruli gamoyofa da da-
moukidebloba am axals gansacdels agvacdens~(123).
moulodnelad osmaleTis laSqari borCalos mazraSi Se-
iWra. sazavo molaparakebas baTumSi aWianurebdnen. amierkav-
kasiis respublikis damoukideblobis aRiareba centralur
saxelmwifoTa mier axal-axal dabrkolebebs xvdeboda. osma-
leTi da germania ar Cqarobda molaparakebis Sedegianad dam-
Tavrebas. am viTarebaSi gazeTi `saqarTvelo~ gangaSs texs:
`daxaneba SeuZlebelia, is jgufebi, romelTac Cveni qveyana
am garemoebamdis miiyvanes, valdebulni arian miiRon yovel-
gvari zoma da cxovrebis realur moTxovnilebebTan SeTan-
xmebiT, ixsnan Cveni xalxisaTvis da misi momavlisaTvis is,
risi xsnac kidev SeiZleba~(iqve).
redaqciis TanamSromeli s. imeri Tvlis, rom qarTveli
xalxi dgas udidesi safrTxis winaSe, SeiZleba erma dakargos
yovelgvari SesaZlebloba eris Tavisufali ganviTarebis,
politikuri da kulturuli aRorZinebis, yvelaferi is, risi
imediTac sunTqavda ruseTis monobisa da usaSinlesi erov-
nuli devnis dros eris saukeTeso nawili.
`saqarTvelos~ furclebidan sruliad naTelia, rom da-
25
moukideblobis aqtis gamocxadebis wina dReebSi xelisuf-
leba movlenaTa stiqiur msvlelobas miendo. gazeTi akriti-
kebs xelisuflebas da acxadebs, rom arsebuli mdgomareobis
SeqmnaSi mas ufro meti danaSauli miuZRvis, vidre osmale-
Tis laSqars da bolSevikebis amboxebas, rom mTavrobas ara-
viTari Zala ar aRmoaCnda Tavisi samSoblosa da erovnuli
Tavisuflebis dasacavad. `Sinauri Zalebis daSla da daqsaq-
sva, erovnuli mTlianobis darRveva, erTis mxriv, da Cvens
gareSe moqmed ZalTa angariSis gauwevloba ai, ra axasia-
Tebda Cvens saSinao da sagareo politikas am erTi wlis gan-
mavlobaSi~ (124).
gazeTi partiebs sTxovs, uari Tqvan rusul politikaze,
radgan `swored rusul Zafebs mohyavs saqarTveloSi osma-
leTis jari, radgan osmaleTi iseve sdevnis am rusul poli-
tikas amierkavkasiaSi, rogorc ruseTis jarebs~(iqve).
mwvave kritikuli toni sul ufro Zlierdeba 26 maisam-
de. sruliad naTelia, rom `saqarTvelos~ irgvliv gaerTia-
nebuli jgufi sworad gansazRvravda Seqmnil politikur vi-
Tarebas da erTgvarad safuZvels hqmnida 26 maiss damouki-
deblobis gamocxadebisTvis.
26 maisi da `saqarTvelo~
1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos damoukidebloba ga-
mocxadda.
`saqarTvelo~ beWdavs aqtis teqsts da aRfrTovanebiT
esalmeba am faqts. saredaqcio statiaSi, romlis saTauria
`damoukidebeli saqarTvelo aRdga, gaumarjos saqarTve-
los!~ vkiTxulobT: `dReidan saqarTvelos damoukidebeli
saxelmwifoebrivi cxovreba aRdgenilia. gaumarjos saqar-
Tvelos, gaumarjos qarTvel ers! saqarTvelos yoveli nawi-
li, qarTveli eris yoveli sazogadoebrivi wre, jgufi qeds
26
moixris saqarTvelos aRdgenili Tavisuflebis winaSe... qar-
Tveli xalxi soflis meurne, qalaqis muSa, xelosani, Tu va-
War-mrewvelni erTsulovnad unda Semokrben saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis aRmSeneblobisaTvis...~ (125).
gazeTis azriT, damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavroba
dauyovnebliv unda Seudges osmaleTTan da mis mokavSireeb-
Tan, yvela mezobel erebTan mSvidobiani urTierTobis dam-
yarebas.
gazeTi ar kargavs imeds, rom germania saqarTvelos po-
litikur mfarvelobas gauwevs da ekonomikuri da finansuri
problemebis mogvarebaSi daexmareba, rom gaZlierdeba saqar-
Tvelos jari da qarTuli mxedroba Rirseulad gaagrZelebs
saxelovan winaparTa gzas: mtkiced daicavs is saqarTvelos
miwa-wyals, mis Tavisuflebas da erovnul mTavrobas.
statia sakmaod omaxianad mTavrdeba:
`saqarTvelos mamuliSvilno! saSinel msoflio qarte-
xilSi, Sinaur da gareSe brZolaSi saqarTvelos Tavisufleba
iSva. SevikriboT yvelani mis dasacavad, asayvaveblad.
gaumarjos ganTavisuflebuls saqarTvelos, gaumarjos
qarTvel ers!~ (iqve).
gazeTi mouwodebs mTel ers saxelmwifo aRmSeneblobi-
saken.
1918 wlis 26 maiss gamocxadebulma saqarTvelos damou-
kideblobam did aRfrTovanebasTan erTad uamravi sazruna-
vi gauCina yvelas. es faqti gazeTis furclebze ganixileba,
rogorc qedis moxra saqarTvelos droSis winaSe, dagvirgvi-
neba da dadastureba im azrisa da mimarTulebisa, romelsac
gansazRvravdnen da yoveldRe imeorebdnen `saqarTveloSi~
moRvawe publicistebi. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti
uzrunvelyofs yvela moqalaqis samoqalaqo da politikur
uflebebs.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis deklaracia saqarTve-
27
los demokratiul reJimze gadasvlis winapirobad iqca. am
deklaraciiT saqarTvelo miuerTda dasavlur samyaros da
demokratiuli faseulobebi aRiara saerTaSoriso poli-
tikaSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo icavs mudmiv neitrali-
tets. im periodSi ar arsebobda samxedro-politikuri ali-
ansebi, romelSic gawevrianebis politikuri survili gaC-
ndeboda. erTadaerTi, razec maSin qarTul politikur is-
tebliSmentSi politikuri neba gaCnda, erTa ligaSi moxved-
ra iyo, Tumca es survili survilad darCa da arc erTa ligis
idea aRmoCnda xangrZlivi saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis-
Tvis. vudro vilsonis keTilSobilur survils msoflio di-
di aRtacebiT ar Sexvedria.
gazeTi arCeuli parlamentis mTavar amocanad miiCnevs
konstituciis SemuSavebas da socialuri reformebis gan-
xorcielebas. `cxovrebam mTlad amoswura revoluciuri gza
da exla igi sityvas saparlamento kanonmdeblobas, evolu-
ciur Semoqmedebas aZlevs~(126).
am dRidan gazeTma `saqarTvelomac~ amowura revoluciu-
ri gza. miaRwia imas, risTvisac wlebis manZilze kalmiTa da si-
tyviT ibrZoda. cxadia, advili ar iyo es gza. aTasjer gazomi-
li da awonili sityvis ukan didi riski da gambedaoba idga.
1918 wlis 26 maisis Semdeg `saqarTvelo~ adgils uTmobs
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis sakiTxebs, gansakuTrebiT, qvey-
nis ZiriTad kanonze konstituciaze muSaobas. rogori un-
da iyos saqarTvelos konstitucia? amis Sesaxeb gazeTi jer
kidev damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde saubrobda da Sem-
degac araerTi saintereso analitikuri werili miuZRvna.
rogor gamoexmaurnen 26 maisis aqtis gamocxadebas qarTve-
li mwerlebi da publicistebi? am mxriv metad mniSvnelovania
giorgi leoniZis leqsis gamoqveyneba `saqarTvelos~ furcleb-
ze, romelic 6 ivnisis nomerSi gazeTma eqskluziurad dabeWda:
28
26 maisi
`vamayob rogorc gulzviadi meisrabari
dasisxlul marjniT iWedeba Cemi saxeli,
cxel armazidan atirdeba Savi Zaxili,
acecxlebula topazebiT amayi saxli.
mze perangs icvams yirmizisas mTebSi nafari;
rkinis kvnesaSi xmalsa hkveravs meisrabari!
sawyal aCrdilebs, rom sdiodaT suni miwisa,
aRar acviaT turnirebze TeTri rZiana;
aRar anaxlebT xma solomon leoniZisa
dgebian rogorc keisari vespasiane.
Svindis droSebiT gavagiJeb yomral moedans.
dRevandeli mze saqarTvelos isev miitans.
neldeba cecxlis koSmarebSi odrikalebi
TeTri fiqrebi maxvevia madrigalerad...
da gorgaslanis melandeba Savi suraTi.
misreTi... hindi... babiloni da asureTi...
Cemsken mohqrian ialqnebiT: sparsi, abaSi,
Cemi saxeli daixeva aRtacebaSi,
dRes sixaruli viT cekvaSi mTvrali salome
rogorc eTeris sarecelze abesalomi!
qarTlosis landi brwyinvalebiT gameTareSa
armazisaken!
nuRar wavalT lega zamTarSi!~ (127)
ai aseTi muxtiT sunTqavda `saqarTvelo~ 1918 wlis 26 ma-
isis dReebSi. es leqsi poetis sabWouri periodis krebuleb-
Si Setanili ar iyo. Cven piradad, pirvelad aTi wlis win, e.w.
`imelis~ biblioTekaSi dacul arqivSi wavikiTxeT leoniZis
`26 maisi~. es leqsi aris sazogadoebrivi manifesti da xmama-
Rali ganacxadi imisa, Tu rogor Sexvda da miesalma qarTuli
mwerloba damoukideblobis aRdgenas. giorgi leoniZe amayia
im faqtiT, rac saqarTvelos xelisuflebam da xalxma ga-
29
dawyvites. misi poeturi niWi da mxurvale emociaa Cateuli
am leqsSi, riTac `saqarTvelos~ erT-erTma erTgulma av-
torma mTeli qarTveli xalxis sixarulis yiJina gamoxata.
2000 wels gamoica giorgi leoniZis wigni `saqarTvelos
cremlebi~ (redaqtori da gamomcemeli giorgi qavTaraZe),
sadac Sesulia leqsi `26 maisi~(34). igive nawarmoebia Sesuli
2001 wels gamocemul krebulSic, romelic Seadgina filo-
logiis mecnierebaTa doqtorma Tamar barbaqaZem (35).
erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevri da cnobili moR-
vawe revaz gabaSvili damoukideblobis gamocxadebasTan da-
kavSirebiT igonebs: `menSevikebi, rogorc yovelTvis, winaaR-
mdegi iyvnen, Cven, piriqiT, am didi xnis ocnebis, omiTa da re-
voluciebiT Seqmnil xelsayrel garemoebaTa gamo, daJine-
biT moviTxovdiT gamocxadebas. magram, rasakvirvelia, mar-
to Signidan dawoliT ver davZlevdiT inerciasa da menSevi-
kebis winaaRmdegobas, garedan germaniasa da osmaleTsac rom
ar moeTxova igive. am ormagma wnexma Signidan da garedan ai-
Zula menSevikebi 25 maiss daeyenebinaT es sakiTxi `erovnul
sabWoSi~. qarTveli xalxis sasiqadulod unda iTqvas, krebam
erTxmad (garda ramdenime `TavdaWerilisa~ da erTad erTi
`xelgasaxmobis~, mgoni geronti qiqoZe iyo, romelmac xeli
aswia winaaRmdeg) miiRo `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ga-
mocxadeba xval, 26 maiss~.
magram, rogor moxda, rom 36 `social-demokratiis~, 10
`social-federalistis~, 10 `socialisturi revoluci-
is~ da mxolod 9 `nacional-demokratis~ krebam miiRo ase-
Ti `ucnauri dadgenileba~?
naTelia, rom `sabWos~ dasawyisidanve, arc erTi sakiTxi
iq ara wydeboda, sanam `social-demokratiuli partiis~ sai-
dumlo kreba sadRac jurRmulidan ar moitanda Tavis saku-
Tar gadawyvetilebas. aq ki moxda saswauli. Cven verasodes
ver gavigebT, ra moxda imaT krebazed. vin iyo momxre, vin wi-
30
naaRmdegi?.. magram erTi araCveulebrivi ambavi ki momxdara:
pirvelad, rac ki es `teroristuli~ da `arademokratiuli~
partia arsebobs, neba miuciaT wevrebisaTvis, xma miecaT yve-
las Tavisi nebiT da ara `umravlesobis~ damorCilebiT `um-
ciresobisa~. im saRma umravlesobam, e.i. xalxma, `erovnul
sabWoSi~ moitana qarTuli individualuri xmebi, da ara `men-
Sevikuri partiisa~ da 26 maisi yvela am zemoaRniSnul rTul
garemoebaTa jami iyo.... uzeimod iyo damoukideblobis ga-
mocxadeba da es aRibeWda kidec, saubedurod, menSevikur
`damoukideblobis aqtSi~, saca aRfrTovanebis magier, tiri-
li da bodiSebia.... ruseTis winaSe~ (9).
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti
`mraval saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo arsebobda,
rogorc damoukidebeli da Tavisufali saxelmwifo.
`meTvramete saukunis dasasruls yovel mxriT mtrisagan
Seviwroebuli saqarTvelo Tvisi nebiT SeuerTda ruseTs im
pirobiT, rom ruseTi valdebuli iyo saqarTvelo gareSe
mtrisagan daecva.
`ruseTis didi revoluciis msvlelobam ruseTSi iseTi
Sinagani wyobileba Seqmna, rom mTeli saomari fronti sru-
liad daiSala da rusis jarmac dastova amierkavkasia.
`darCnen ra Tvisi ZalRonis amarad, saqarTvelom da mas-
Tan erTad amierkavkasiam TviT idves Tavs sakuTari saqmeebis
gaZRola da patronoba da Sesaferi organoebic Sehqmnes,
magram gareSe ZalTa zegavleniT amierkavkasiis erTa Semaer-
Tebeli kavSiri dairRva da miT amierkavkasiis politikuri
mTlianobac daiSala.
`qarTveli eris dRevandeli mdgomareoba aucileblad
moiTxovs, rom saqarTvelom sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi or-
ganizacia Sehqmnas, misi saSualebiT gareSe Zalis mier dapy-
31
robisagan Tavi gadairCinos da damoukidebeli ganviTarebis
mtkice safuZveli aagos.
`amisda Tanaxmad saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo, 1917
wlis noembris 22-s arCeuli saqarTvelos erovnuli yrilo-
bis mier, dRes acxadebs:
1. amieridan saqarTvelos xalxi suverenul uflebaTa ma-tarebelia da saqarTvelo sruluflebovani damoukidebeli
saxelmwifoa.
2. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos politikuri forma de-mokratiuli respublika.
3. saerTaSoriso omianobaSi saqarTvelo mudmivi neitra-luri saxelmwifoa.
4. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas surs saerTaSo-riso urTierTobis yvela wevrTan keTilmezobluri ganwyo-
bileba daamyaros, gansakuTrebiT ki mosazRvre saxelmwifo-
ebTan da erebTan.
5. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika Tavis sazRvreb-Si Tanasworad uzrunvelhyofs yvela moqalaqis samoqalaqo
da politikur uflebebs ganurCevlad erovnebisa, sarwmuno-
ebisa, socialur mdgomareobisa da sqesisa.
6. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ganviTarebis Tavisufal asparezs gauxsnis mis teritoriaze mosaxle yve-
la ers.
7. damfuZnebel krebis Sekrebamde mTelis saqarTvelos marTva-gamgeobis saqmes uZRveba erovnuli sabWo, romelic
Sevsebuli iqneba erovnul umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebiT,
da droebiTi mTavroba pasuxismgebelia sabWos winaSe.
`saqarTveloSi~ moRvawe qarTvelma Jurnalistebma da
mwerlebma, udidesi wvlili Seitanes demokratiuli princi-
pebis damkvidrebaSi, gamoxatvis TavisuflebaSi. sagazeTo
publikaciebSi naTlad ikveTeba erTi mTavari principi: svla
CrdiloeTisken progress ar iZleva, maTi gezi dasavleTis-
32
kenaa mimarTuli. did evropasTan integracia ki politikur
cvlilebebTan erTad did Sinagan transformacias moiTxovs.
aris ki mzad saqarTvelo da TiToeuli moqalaqe Tavisi bedi
damoukideblad ganagos da misi wili pasuxismgebloba it-
virTos. isini ar iyvnen arsebuli reJimis mxolod dauZinebe-
li oponentebi, aramed qmnidnen im pozitiur Zalas, romelic
afuZnebda axal, mimzidvel alternativebs demokratiisa da
Tavisufali urTierTobebis saxiT da warmoadgenda evro-
pul struqturebTan kavSiris iniciators.
grigol robaqiZe
1917-1918 wlebSi grigol robaqiZe `saqarTvelos~ aqti-
uri avtoria da erovnul-demokratiuli partiis mimarTu-
lebas uWers mxars. gazeTis furclebze igi mTeli simZafriT
iwyebs `evropeizebuli~ kulturis warmoCenasa da reklami-
rebas. XX saukune saqarTvelos istoriaSi mniSvnelovani
uReltexiliT daiwyo, rac modernizmis ideologma grigol
robaqiZem qarTuli renesansis Casaxvad Seafasa: `mistiuri
simbolo qarTuli renesansis Casaxvis wiwamuris velia: qar-
Tvelma mohkla saqarTvelos mZlavri mxedari, xolo sis-
xliT Seferils xels ro daxeda, mkvlelma saqarTvelos saxe
dainaxa. ilia WavWavaZe msxverplia, Seucnoblad Sewiruli
saqarTvelos sayofelo saxis xilvisTvis. da marTlac: `mgo-
ni, arasodes ise mZafrad ar ugrZvnia qarTvels saqarTvelo,
rogorc am tragikul wams... qarTvelma igrZno saqarTvelo
da am grZnobidan isaxeba qarTuli renesansi~(95).
grigol robaqiZis dakvirvebiT, sxvadasxva Semosevebi,
monRoluri, arab-sparsuli, bizantiuri Tu rusuli, `met-
xorcad miekra~ qarTul kulturas da qarTuli renesansis
winaaRmdeg aRimarTa.
gr. robaqiZes eWvi ar epareba, rom saqarTvelo gaTavi-
33
sufldeba, gaerTiandeba da gamTliandeba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom qarTvelebi ufro impulsis xalxia, vidre grZnobis, ma-
inc swams, rom namdvili da Rrma grZnoba sxvagvar Semoqmede-
bas gaaRviZebs saqarTveloSi. `grZnoba ukanasknels wveTam-
de, ai ra aris CvenTvis Tavi da Tavi. gansakuTrebiT axla,
qarTvelma unda igrZnos rainduli SemoqmedebiT saqarTve-
lo. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi ayvavildeba qarTuli renesansi.
aseT grZnobas, xan da xan mistiurobamde ayvanils, vera siZ-
nele ver gadaeRobeba win; igi yovels zRudes gadalaxavs,
gansakuTrebiT es hmarTebs qarTvel xelovans: igi Tanve ra-
indic unda iyos sulieri, rom mTeli qarTveloba amoswuros
mis istoriulobaSi da gamohkveTos misgan namdvili qarTu-
li stili~ (iqve).
`namdvili qarTuli stilis~ damkvidreba grigol roba-
qiZis `saqarTvelos~ periodis mTavari kredoa. `nurca gonia
vinmes viTom damblis niSnebi iyos Cveni sxeulis xerxemalSi.
mankiersa da xinjians Cvensas Cvenve SevaCvenebT. arc sikvdi-
lis gveSinia, Tu raindulad xmalSi gagviwvies. SesaZloa,
`sisxlis gamoSveba~ gvWirdebodes: didi xania, rac aris da-
gubebuli. magram Tu gamouSves qarTveli xmali maSin mzis
tevrebSi aprialdeba~(105).
sikvdilisa da `mravalJamieris~ Temas grigol robaqiZe
`saqarTvelos~ ramdenime nomerSi gamoqveynebuli werilebis
seriaSi gvTavazobs: `dionisos kulti da saqarTvelo~. sa-
qarTvelos istoria dionisuri misteriaa: `sikvdili da si-
cocxle, gaqroba da aRdgena mgoni, Cvenze ufro mkveTrad
sxva xalxs ar ganucdia~, wers igi(93).
saqarTvelo-evropa-azia ase daiwyo robaqiZiseuli
kulturaTa uReltexili (36). aqvea ruseTic, romelic in-
stiqtebis anarqiiTaa moculi, sadac ar aris araviTari sim-
tkice: arc azris, arc rwmenis, arc idealis, arc zneobis. es
mware sinamdvile CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken moiwevs:
34
`mTeli ruseTis cxovreba im magidas mogvagonebs, saca baqqa-
ras TamaSoben. ramdenad ufro Zlierdeba es TamaSi, imdenad
ufro simZrafiT imarTeba `SemTxveva~, mTeli energia kul-
turisa, pirovnebaSi Tavmoyrili ingreva da ibneva, moTamaSe
aTaswlobiT ukan ixevs da biologiurs saSinelebas uaxlov-
deba, iRviZebs masSi namdvili `mxeci~, xolo ramdenad ufro
mZvinvardeba es saSineli `mxeci~ moTamaSeSi, imdenad ufro
Zlierdeba ukanasknelSi TamaSis Jini: `SemTxvevis~ gamowveva,
`bedis~ SebrZoleba...~ (76).
mwerali `saqarTvelos~ mkiTxvels da mTel sazogadoe-
bas piradi talantis gamosavlenad mouwodebs, mxolod dawe-
rili programebi gzas ver gvapovninebs. `Tu mogebuli ver
gamovalT, Tavs mainc gadavirCenT~, ambobs igi.
`anarqiis stiqioni~ ki CrdiloeTSia, rac saqarTvelos
gaTavisuflebas xels uSlis. n. berdiaevis debulebaa, rom
`ruseTis istoriis gul-neba apokalipsia, misi suli mimar-
Tulia absoluturisa da ukanasknelisken. realitikursa da
saSvaloSi igi piriqiT, sustia da umweo...~ v. ivanovis azriT:
`ruseTis xalxs, naxevrad Tavxeduri da naxevrad bundistu-
ri Secnoba axasiaTebs. ruseTis suls swyuria mxolod uTuo
ram, saTuos ki gverds uxvevs yovelTvis~(91).
dostoevskis sityvebia, rom `rusis xalxs uyvars pirRia
ufskrulTan TamaSi~, rac saTavea ruseTis tragediis. abso-
lutizmisaken da `uTuosken~ swrafvaSi ruseTma Tavisi suli
daadgina. Zveli tragikosebisa da Seqspirisagan gansxvave-
biT, dostoevskim danaSaulis problema sxvagvarad wamoaye-
na. es tradiciebi andrei belim ganagrZo. Tu absoluturis
ZiebaSi da apokalipsuri sulis damyarebaSi ruseTma vaJka-
curi Zala gamoiCina, `saSualos SeqmnaSi~ susti aRmoCnda.
didi TviTmpyrobelobidan did anarqiaSi gadavarda. `misi
suli exla mxolod qaosis frTebze qanaobs~ (iqve).
ruseTis Tema sakmaod farTodaa gaSlili grigol roba-
35
qiZis werilebSi. bolSevikebis ajanyebidan dawyebuli esere-
bis partiiT damTavrebuli, avtori exeba da ganixilavs yve-
lafers, rac ki qarTul sinamdvilesTan kavSirSia. ruseTis
sulieri ganwyoba politikur gadawyvetilebamde `saqar-
Tvelos~ ganxilvis Temaa. amitom gr. robaqiZe sxva mwerleb-
Tan erTad gviCvenebs, erTi mxriv, dostoevskisa da andrei
belis ruseTs da, meore mxriv, anarqistebis xelSi myofs. es
ori ruseTi yovelTvis winaaRmdegobaSi modioda erTmaneT-
Tan, an erTmaneTs avsebda.
`rusi dabadebiT `bolSevikia~. ramdenadac es maqsima-
lizmi sulis manifestaciaSi cnaurdeba, imdenad rusis eri
niWieria da Zlieri. magram kultura marto sulis cnauro-
biT ar aris: igi nivTTa da socialur nakvTTa Semoqmedebaa...
rusi gvagonebs im adamians, romelmac avtomobili uarhyo,
mxolod misTvis, rom haeroplani ar SesTavazes, da axla ur-
miT mixoxavs. es magaliTi, mgoni, amoswuravs ruseTis umweo-
bas saxelmwifo SemoqmedebaSi. ruseTi dRes anarqiulia da
qaosis frTebiT ufskrulis piras dafrinavs. Zlier saeWvoa
gamarjvebuli gamovides am saSineli gansacdelidan~(91).
maSindeli ruseTis sam faqtors gamohyofs mwerali: ka-
deturs (burJuaziuli demokratia), bolSevikurs (socia-
listurs) da menSevikurs. yvelaze Zalismierad am elemen-
tebSi bolSevikuri miaCnia da Tan afrTxilebs qarTvel sa-
zogadoebas: `nu viqnebiT ubralo morCilni im fantaziebisa,
raic petrogradis nislSi moelandaT. Cven Cveni sakuTari
gza gvaqvs da vecadoT Zalebis Semokrebas, rom revoluciaSi
Sobili erovnuli ganTavisuflebis gza anarqiiT ar movis-
poT~(92).
revoluciis Semdeg peterburgi misTvis `fantasmebis qa-
laqad iqca~, yoveli dRe iq raRac axali zmaneba ibadeba da am
zmanebiT undaT ara marto ruseTis, aramed mTeli samyaros
gardaqmna. am wadilSi uTuod aris erTgvari fsixozi, ruse-
36
Tis sulis qaosiT naSobi, sinamdvilis grZnobis dakargva da
socialuri fantaziis cieb-cxeleba~(iqve). aseTia robaqiZis-
Tvis peterburgi, `Waobis nislebisgan Sobili qalaqi~. petre
didma peterburgiT `ruseTis stiqioni~ gamokvera. peter-
burgi ki dostoevskis gareSe warmoudgenelia.
gr. robaqiZisTvis socialistur ideals yalbi safuZve-
li aqvs. erovnul-demokratiuli partia yvelaze erovnul
Zalad miaCnia. dasavluri kulturac misTvis imitom aris
mimzidveli, rom adamianis `me~ metad ikveTeba. dasavlur
cnobierebaSi gabatonebulia individualisturi momenti.
`Tu gind aTasma bogdanovebma gvimtkicos, rom warmoebis
gansazogadoebasTan erTad viTom adamianis fsiqikac ganzo-
gaddes da aRar iqnes `Sen~, `me~, `is~ da iqmnes mxolod upiro-
bo `Cven~, klasikur pasuxad darCeba yoveli socialistis mi-
marT klemansos sityva Joresisadmi: Tqveni koncepcia erT
muxlSi scdunebs: adamiani, romelic dagWirdebaT Tqveni
ideis gansaxorcieleblad, jer ar arsebobs, Tu gind Tqveni
Teoria kidec ganxorcieldes~... (102).
`me~ ar unda gardaiqmnas `Cven~-ad! aseTi saswaulis gri-
gol robaqiZes ar sjera. erovnul-demokratiuli partiis
ideali ufro marTebulad miaCnia da, amdenad, ar sWirdeba
socialuri saswauli. misi mTavari sagani iseTi pirobebis
Seqmnaa, sadac yovel individs SeeZleba gamoamJRavnos da ga-
namtkicos individualuri potenciuri simdidre. individua-
luri Tavisufleba socialuri idealis mizania.
gr. robaqiZisTvis socializmis fsiqologiiT saxelmwi-
fos marTva SeuZlebelia. qarTuli social-demokratiis ak-
vans guriaSi moiazrebs. `ingoroyva-ninoSvili, noe Jordania,
maxaraZeebi oTxi ramiSvili, cincaZeebi, lomTaTiZe, sili-
bistro jiblaZe, benia CxikviSvili, doliZeebi~... es gr. roba-
qiZis arasruli CamonaTvalia werilidan `guria da socializ-
mi~ (97). werils guriis xatovani bunebis aRweriT iwyebs.
37
guriis mxatvruli dasuraTxatebis Semdeg avtori poli-
tikuri datvirTvis Strixebze gadadis. misTvis ucnauria,
rogor Tavsdeba aseT bunebaSi socializmisaTvis mzaoba.
Tumca, gurulebi socialisturi samoseliT gveCvenebian, ma-
Ti fsiqika mainc aznaurulia: `yvelaferi SeiZleba amoSa-
loT gurulSi, magram `warCinebulobis~, `rCeulobis~
grZnobas maTSi veravin amoSlis: gurulis siamaye `paTosia
manZilis~ (igulisxmeba: `Cemsa~ da `sxvebs~ Soris) (iqve).
gazeT `saqarTvelos~ furclebze grigol robaqiZem ara-
erTi saintereso werili uZRvna cnobil qarTvel moRvawe-
ebs, mwerlebsa da istoriul gmirebs. misi araCveulebrivi
esse `Tamar!~ `saqarTveloSi~ daibeWda damoukideblobis ga-
mocxadebamde ramdenime dRiT adre. Tamar mefe, besiki, aleq-
sandre WavWavaZe, giorgi SarvaSiZe, arCil jorjaZe, tician
tabiZe, niko firosmani da sxv. grigol robaqiZis `saqarTve-
los~ periodis Semoqmedebis mTavari gmirebi arian. maTi gax-
seneba ki erT mTavar mizans emsaxureba erovnul ideas, Ta-
visuflebas, rogorc individualizmis arssa da fundaments.
Tamaris saxeli idumalia qarTvelTa warmodgenaSi. es sa-
xeli aerTianebda eris sxeulis gawyvetil suls. Tamari qar-
Tuli sulis gamaerTianebeli maradiuli sawyisi, RvTaebrivi
aRmafrenaa, rac Seucnoblad, `uxilavad~ aerTianebs saqar-
Tvelos erovnul, istoriul rkals. Tamar mefis pirovneba
`jadosnuri Zalis nakadulia, romlis Zliereba Znelad gad-
mosacemi da gadauTargmnelia~.
Tamaris RvTaeba da Tamaris epoqa dResac asxivebs saqar-
Tvelos istorias. XII saukune kulturuli Tu politikuri
mniSvnelobiT miuwvdomeli rCeba aqamde. es is rainduli sa-
qarTveloa, romelic ase Zalian enatreba grigol robaqiZes
26 maisis damoukideblobamde cota xniT adre, Tamaris xsene-
bis dReebSi. amitomac simboluria misi wvdoma XII saukunis
RvTaebasTan, romlis jadosnuri Zalis gasaRebs mis `marad-
38
qalwul~ bunebaSi poulobs: `Tamar qalwuli iyo bunebiT da
mTeli misi arsi naTel WurWels warmoadgenda RvTiurobis
nakadisTvis, swored marad qalwulobis sxiviT iqca Tamari
TvalismomWrel legendad~(118). Tamari robaqiZisTvis `TeT-
rgula lotosia~. `lotosi~, igive wylis SroSani, qristianu-
li xedviT, siwmindis simboloa da mefe-qalis, viTarca qal-
RmerTis, sispetakeze miuTiTebs.
`rainduli saqarTvelos~ Temis gagrZelebaa grigol ro-
baqiZis narkvevi `aleqsandre WavWavaZe~. aleqsandre WavWava-
Ze is adamiania, romelSic samive saxis aristokratoba iyrida
Tavs `gvareuli, biologiuri da sulieri... igi namdvili
dendi iyo qarTul-aRmosavleTuri dardimandobiT~...
al. WavWavaZes gr. robaqiZe besikis memkvidres uwodebs.
man sparsulTan erTad qarTul poeziaSi evropulic Semoi-
tana da daamkvidra. Tumca, besiki aRmosavleTis Svilia. is
saleqso teqnika, rac besikma ganaviTara, robaqiZis dakvirve-
biT, erTi saukunis Semdeg frangma simbolistebma principad
aiRes. es ki mwerals srul uflebas aZlevs, rom besikSi aRmo-
savleTis macocxlebelica da Tanamedrove evropeli poe-
tic dainaxos.
qarTuli leqsis principebs miuZRvna grigol robaqiZem
araerTi literaturul-mxatvruli kvleva gazeT `saqarTve-
los~ furclebze. ra aris `samkauli~, ritmi da riTma? vin
ufro virtuozia griSaSvili Tu tabiZe? ra aris qarTuli
sonetis nakli da mSveneba? gr. robaqiZis mTavari sakamaTo
Temebia.
`rainduli saqarTvelos~ Temas ganagrZobs grigol ro-
baqiZe literaturul narkvevSi `giorgi SarvaSiZe~(104), ro-
melic man qarTveli raindis gardacvalebas miuZRvna.
`cxenosani namdvili mxedari: moxdenili jdoma, TiTqo
mbrZanebeli mgrZnobiare cxovelis, magram TiTqo mas Zalas
arc ki atans, marjve dakaveba sadavis, xolo, siarulia Ta-
39
visufali, ritmiT miSveba cxenis siarulis, garna arc Tu
ZarRvebdaWimuloba mxedris: yoveli, rac rom samxedro ji-
Sis memkvidreobiT gadaucia adamianisTvis. gamaxsenda arCil
jorjaZis sityva: qarTveli beletristisTvis isic aris sak-
mao, rom romelime abxazis cxenosnoba asweroso.
gadmoxta, gavicani: `giorgi SarvaSiZe, Svili abxazeTis
ukanaskneli mTavrisa~ (iqve).
mwerals moswons am moxdenili da ganaTlebuli vaJkacis
mTavari unari Tavisuflebis SegrZneba da aucilebloba.
`araviTari kompromisi, sruli Tavisufleba~ es sityvebi
SarvaSiZis msgavsi raindebisgan ufro mniSvnelovania da ami-
tomac gansakuTrebiT aJRerebulia igi qarTveli mwerlis
narkvevSi.
aseTive Tbili da saintereso aRwera miuZRvna man kita
abaSiZes (99). misTvis warmoudgenelia Zlieri saqarTvelo
Zlieri da SemoqmedebiTi qarTvelebis gareSe. kitasTan Sex-
vedrebi iseTive paTosis da emociis matarebelia, rogorc
arCil jorjaZesTan audiencia. mwerali maSin estumra sazo-
gado moRvawes, roca arCil jorjaZe mZime seniT iyo daava-
debuli. yvela drois, yvela Taobis adamianebis fiqri erTi
sakiTxis irgvliv trialebda, ra moxdeba xval? ra moelis sa-
qarTvelos? qarTveli Semoqmedi mudmivad idga SiSnarevi
alternativis winaSe: `an exla an arasodes!~ saqarTvelos Ta-
visufleba ar iyo Sors, magram mteri iyo Zlieri. es ki gar-
kveulwilad Trgunavda yvelas, miuxedavad maTi mxridan su-
lieri udrekelobisa da samSoblosadmi Tavganwirvis demon-
strirebisa. `Sevedi. wevs. sicxe aqvs neli. Camovarda lapara-
ki `wyeul sakiTxebze~, uecrad warmosTqva: Tu piradi ukvda-
veba ar arsebobs, im SemTxvevaSi sisulelea yvelaferi, si-
sulelea saqarTvelos Tavisuflebac. gavkvirdi Zlier. Se-
saZloa, es mxolod erTi amoZaxili iyo mis sulSi warmoebu-
li brZolisa, saintereso iyo aq ara es dabejiTebiTi mtkice-
40
ba: ara: aq iyo sulis wamebis amoTqma, romelic rCeulTa
xvedria (yvelaferi gadaWrili mxolod idiotebisTvis Tu
arsebobs). SesamCnevi iyo aq saqarTvelos moyvana: Tuki yve-
laferi sisulelea, maSin rasakvirvelia saqarTvelos sisu-
lelec igulisxmeba da misi dasaxeleba saWiro ar aris, mag-
ram aq albaT sillogizmis Camosxmas misi suli ar eZebda: sa-
Sinels gadawyvetaSi pirveladve yvelaze ufro sayvarelma
arsebam ielva mis fiqrSi, da es sayvareli arseba misTvis
xom saqarTvelo iyo~ (110).
`sayvareli arsebis~ damoukideblobis dRes verc arCil
jorjaZe moeswro, verc kita abaSiZe da verc giorgi SarvaSi-
Ze. Tumca, 26 maisi, rogorc Tavisuflebis dResaswauli, maT-
ma rwmenam da brZolam moitana.
`cremlebis Rvrisa da qviTinis paTetika damRupvelia
qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebisTvis~, werda arCil jor-
jaZe (73), romelmac grigol robaqiZes qarTul literatura-
Si dasamkvidreblad erTgvari dasturi misca. 10-iani wlebi-
dan qarTuli literaturis ganaxlebisa da evropeizaciis
procesi daiwyo, saidanac qarTuli modernizmis istoriac
aiTvala. axleburi azrovneba da axleburi xedva literatu-
raSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis paralelizmSi mimdinareob-
da. novatorebisTvis ki Tavisuflebis idea umTavresi muza
iyo axali Sedevrebis Sesaqmnelad. arCil jorjaZe grigol
robaqiZes `axleburi azrovnebis~ Semomtanad miiCnevs: `gri-
gol robaqiZe, adamiani niWiT dajildovebuli, xolo amasTan
imgvari tipisa, romelic dRemde gamoucnobi rCeba qarTveli
sazogadoebisaTvis, gamoucnobeli mistikuri filosofiis
wyalobiT, romelsac aRiarebs igi da romelic Cveni sazoga-
doebisTvis sruliad axali da dRemde TiTqmis ucnob movle-
nad CaiTvleba~ (iqve).
`saqarTvelos~ periodi robaqiZis axleburi azrovnebis
realizaciis periodia. individualuri Tavisufleba, stere-
41
otipebis mZime tvirTis daZleva, kriticizmis damkvidreba,
azrisa da ideebis pluralizmi, warsulis gaanalizeba ara
imisTvis, rom mas mivejaWvoT, aramed axleburad SevafasoT
da gadavafasoT, sruli reformacia da cvlilebebi aseTia
grigol robaqiZe gazeT `saqarTvelos~ furclebze.
tician tabiZe
1917-1918 wlebis gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ aqtiurad moRva-
weobs tician tabiZe. gazeTSi ibeWdeba misi leqsebi, litera-
turuli narkvevebi, publicisturi werilebi. sagazeTo ko-
respondenciebs ticiani specialurad `saqarTvelosTvis~
moskovidanac agzavnis. swored iq, moskovSi wers metad mniS-
vnelovan werils ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciaze, sadac
xazs usvams ruseTis erTferovnebasa da gasaocar unars is-
toriuli faqtebis gayalbebis Sesaxeb. Zieba da lodini axa-
li, ufro liberaluri ruseTisa aisaxa ticianis literatu-
rul-publicistur werilebSi. `ruseTi yovelTvis iyo ra-
Rac gamourkvevlobis mistiur SiSis nislSi. yvela ucxoeli,
visac gauvlia am qveyanaSi, scdilobs misces ruseTs zRapru-
li ieri. rasakvirvelia, ruseTi moklebulia zRapris im
brwyinvas, romlis sxiviT anaTebs Zveli arabuli stili. aq
ar aris siWrele saxeebis, saRebavebis kivili, magram mudam
mosawyeni Tovlis udabno velebi CrdiloeTis ganaTebiT da
mkvidris xalxiT aRadgens xsovnaSi da damatebiT xatavs is-
toriis fragmentebs skviTebis gadasul yofidan, romelsac
emateba monRoluri niaRvris nawveTebi. Tu sazogadod mesi-
anizmi xelovnuri SerCevaa saRebavebis da xandisxan gul-
wrfeli gayalbeba istoriuli faqtebisa, ruseTis mesianizms
am SemTxvevaSic upiratesoba aqvs~ (84).
ticiani ironiulad wers, rom ise arsad ar daaxloebia
istoria zRapars, rogorc ruseTSi. arc gasakvirad miaCnia,
42
rom `evropelebisTvis ruseTi erTi ulamazesi sfinqsia, mok-
lebuli saidumloebis im poezias, romelic egviptelebma da-
marxes TavisTavTan~(iqve).
ticiani fiqrobs, rom ruseTi TviTon rusebisTvisaa amo-
cana. `skviTuri daJinebiT cdilobs rusi mwerali Cawvdes
mis siRrmes da gaanaTos mRvrie suli... magram aq meordeba
Zveli da mtanjveli ambavi, roca ufskrulSi Caxedav, uf-
skrulic Segxedavs TvalebSi. am ufskrulis sabediswero Se-
xedviT arian gagiJebulni, visac bevri ufiqria ruseTze.
petre Caadaevs ver uSvela fxizelma Wkuam da frangulma
skepticizmma, sigiJiT gaaTaves gogolma, dostoevskim da
Cvens Tvalwin amTavrebs am cikls andrei beli, romelmac
omis win iwinaswarmetyvela dRevandeli ambebi. `Tujis mxe-
dari~ iqca axali ruseTis simbolod~ (iqve).
tician tabiZe grZnobs, rom ruseTSi katastrofas ise
moelian, `rogorc Ramis Semdeg dRes~. Tebervlis revolu-
ciis kraxi TandaTan bolSevikuri oqtombris revoluciis
aCrdils aaxloebda. ruseTs gamocdis periodi edga, rasac
qarTveli poetic suliT xorcamde ganicdida, radgan icoda,
rom moskovSi dawyebuli procesebi saqarTvelos bedTan iyo
dakavSirebuli. didi interesiT akvirdeboda axali ruseTis
dabadebas da safrangeTis komunis dReebs ixsenebda. safran-
geTis revoluciebs ticiani araerTxel igonebs Tavis weri-
lebSi, maSinac ki, roca igi qarTvel mwerlebs Ria baraTiT
mimarTavs (84) da mouwodebs, aiRon frangi poetebis, mwerle-
bisa da mxatvrebis magaliTi. samasze metma yvelaze niWierma
frangma Semoqmedma Tavisi sicocxle revoluciebSi galia
da safrangeTSic SeeCvivnen azrs, rom 50 weli iqneboda sam-
werlo krizisi.
ticiani eris saxeliT saubris uflebas mwerlis saRvTo
movaleobad Tvlis da qarTvel mwerlebs brZolisa da dau-
morCileblobisaken mouwodebs (64). ticianis SeZaxili sakma-
43
od omaxiania da revoluciuri. Tavisufleba ai, mizani,
romliskenac TiToeuli qarTveli mwerali unda miiwevdes.
`dRevandelma sastikma omma gamoaCina, rom ar ari sityva uf-
ro wminda da Zvirfasi, rogorc sityva `samSoblo~... monoba-
Si dabadebul da aRzrdil qarTvelebs gveZleva dRes saSua-
leba gavimeoroT winaTqma, romliTac mematiane iwyebs `qar-
Tlis cxovrebas~ da romelsac grZel istoriul cxovrebaSi
amarTlebda qarTveli eri.
aravis veymoT, arc vemonoT gareSe RvTisa dambadeblisa...
Tavisufali da bednieri saqarTvelo Cven SegvaerTebs~ (85).
ufskrulis Temas kidev ufro aviTarebs tician tabiZe
Tavis literaturul werilSi, romelic man andrei belisa da
`peterburgs~ miuZRvna. `ramdenime dRis win andrei belim Ta-
namedrove cxovreba Seadara im matarebels, romelsac gau-
giJda memanqane da ufskrulisken SeuCerebliv mihqris... zog
mgzavrs es ver SeumCnevia, magram zogi ixedeba fanjaraSi, da
giJdeba SiSiT, fanjaraSi mohqris aryofnis qari da sdgas ko-
rianteli saSineli. iman ukanaskneli Semoqmedebis Jestad mi-
iCnia gagiJebuli gogolis buxarSi dawva Tavis sulis
`mkvdar sulebTan~ erTad.
SeiZleba es daskvna iyos marTla ruseTis sulis?
andrei belim miiCnia is efemerobad. aq iman gaimeora
dostoevski, mxolod, rogorc darwmunebuls slavianofils,
dostoevskis ruseTis sjeroda. andrei belim ruseTic miiC-
nia efemerobad, es daskvnaa misi wignis... Zalian tragikulia,
es wigni danacrebuli Segnebis~ (89).
ticiani SeZrulia andrei belis tragizmiT savse ganwyo-
bilebis gamo. ruseTSi mcxovrebi mwerlebis uimedo mdgoma-
reoba ticiansac uimedod ganawyobs da qarTvelebs sifrTxi-
lisken mouwodebs.
`mtrisgan yoveli mxriv garemoculi ruseTi miagavs ajan-
yebul garnizons, romelic SiSisagan da SimSilisagan garete-
44
buli mirbis ukve gaRebuli WiSkrebidan da mterTan Sesaxved-
rad gamzadebuli razmebi erTi-meores esevian da mospobas
upiroben... petrograds ukve asdis `damwvari xaxvis~ suni, ro-
gorc erTxel garemocul parizze ambobda bismarki~ (94).
sagazeTo statiaSi `wina azia~ ticiani saqarTvelos arCe-
vanze msjelobs. misi dafiqreba pirveli erovnuli krebis Sem-
deg daiwyo da lazTa saero yrilobas gadaswvda, romlis
Sesaxeb cnobebi bizantiel mwerals agaTia sqolastikoss Se-
mounaxavs. mefe aieti momxre iyo sparselebis orientaciis,
magram krebaze sityva moiTxova moxucma fartazma, romelmac
upiratesoba misca Zvel mokavSire bizantielebs, radgan isini
kulturulad aRmatebulni iyvnen sparseTze da Tan erTi re-
ligiisani. `am istoriul ofortSi gasaocaria sityvis Zala da
oratoruli figurebi... am ofortSi iSleba mTeli istoria
qarTvelTa eris, mudmivi Zieba axali orientaciis, roca damo-
ukidebeli cxovrebis SesaZleblobis imedi ar iyo. ase udgaT
sakiTxi saqarTvelos ukanasknel mefes da mis kanclers so-
lomon leoniZes~ (96).
saqarTvelos pirvel saerTo yrilobazec ase daayena sa-
kiTxi noe Jordaniam. ticiani Tavs ikavebs sakiTxi politiku-
rad daayenos da saerTo kulturuli TvalTaxedvidan api-
rebs gamosavlis povnas, romelsac igi mainc politikur ga-
dawyvetilebamde mihyavs. tician tabiZisTvis mTavari kvanZi
dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis dapirispirebaSia. `es maniake-
bi revoluciisa sakmaod Tanamedrove (barbarosebi) arian
amisaTvis da udidesi galiucinati Cveni dReebis leninis-
Tvis revoluciur paroqsizmSi uaxlovdeba nacnob saxeebs
rusul xlistebisas... ruseTSi ukve gadawyda evropis da ru-
seTis damoukideblobis bedi. `is `patara fanjara~, romelic
ruseTma gamosWra evropisaken, ar iZleoda sakmao sxivebs,
maSinac, roca gaRebuli iyo. da Cven mudam vikvebebodiT im
surogatiT, romelic ruseTidan mogvqonda~ (iqve).
45
`saqarTvelo warsulSi wina aziis gaRebuli kari iyo.
bevri sxvadasxva kulturis gavlenam ver moSala damoukide-
beli Semoqmedeba. eri daRupulia, Tu imas ara aqvs sakuTari
orientacia da Tavisi Semoqmedebis imedi. Tqma ar unda, `na-
Teli aRmosavleTiT~ xSirad dabnelebula. `CrdiloeTis ga-
naTeba~ poliusis siciveSi hqreba, Cven veliT sakuTar mzes,
sakuTar naTels~(iqve).
ticiani ioane kesarielis xvlikis analogias iSveliebs,
romelsac kbilebi dascvivda da 100 welia mRvimeSi sZinavs,
xolo mzeze gamosuli axalgazrdavdeba. saqarTveloc asi
welia damwyvdeulia mRvimeSi da `kbilebic dascvivda, magram
axal mzeSi isic axalgazrdavdeba~, am gaaxalgazrdavebas ki
bevri resursi sWirdeba. maT Soris pirveli jaris reorgani-
zaciaa, Tvlis tician tabiZe (128). susti jari menSevikebis
udides naklad miaCnia. wiTeli konduqtorebisagan Sedge-
nilma wiTelma gvardiam baTumi damarcxebamde miiyvana.
poetis azriT, menSevikebi ar swyaloben arc xelovnebas.
revoluciis dawyebidan saqarTveloSi wigni ar gamosula. Tu
ruseTSi lunaCarski maiakovskisTan erTad muSebs leqciebs
ukiTxavs, menSevikebis propagandistebi modernist poets poe-
ziis saRamos mowyobas ukrZalaven... xalxi mocdebao(130).
`arasdros ar yofila aseT mdgomareobaSi qarTveli mwer-
lebi da artistebi, rogorc dRes, uamravi fuli ixarjeba sub-
sidiebis saxiT sxvadasxva saqmeebze da xelovnebaze araferi.
qarTuli parlamenti menSevikebis davalebiT aTi-aTass maneTs
aZlevs amierkavkasiis universitets da qarTuli universite-
tisTvis ki imarTeba latarea, uniWoebs eZaxian qarTvel profe-
sorebs... saswauliT ukan davibruneT javaxeTi, imedi aris ba-
Tumic davibrunoT, magram rogor dabrundes mwerloba, rome-
lic gaaZeves menSevikebma saqarTvelodan, radgan TavianT wre-
Si ara yavT xalxi, romelTac hqondeT Taosnoba da niWi ramis
garigebis, sxvebs ki keTrovaniviT ar ikareben~(iqve).
46
es `sxvebi~, visac menSevikebi ar ikareben, swored is Zalaa,
romelsac arsebobis udides Tvisebad eris Rirseba miaCnda,
qarTveli eris didi potencialis ideas TavgamodebiT icav-
da. simbolisti tician tabiZe Zalian mkveTri iyo procesebis
SefasebaSi. Rrma analiziT gamoirCeva misi werilebi. erov-
nuli yofis problemebi da literaturuli cxovrebis ganax-
lebis aucilebloba es ticianis TviTmizania. tician tabi-
Zis dokumenturi narkvevebi, literaturuli werilebi da
socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebi gaJRenTilia samSob-
los sevdiT, erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da TavisTavadobis
ideiT. `cisferyanwelebi~ ambiciurad Semovidnen qarTul
literaturaSi, sakuTari idealebi da individualuri paTo-
si Semoitanes.
ticians did pativs scemda grigol robaqiZe da leqsic
(`pani~) miuZRvna, romelic gazeT `saqarTveloSi~ gamoqveynda.
pani berZnul miTologiaSi mwyemsebis mfarveli RmerTia. leq-
si simboluria da literaturul asparezze arsebul Widils
ukavSirdeba. rogorc panis gamoCenam
~mTebze kecili aTasTvali ferTa xaliCa
aafriala sadroSed, ahkra, `gaxliCa~,
ise gaapo literaturuli siCume `cisferyanwelTa~ gamoCe-
nam da mkveTri individualizmi da Tavisufleba Semoitana:
`SrialiT, TareSiT,
Sig gadaveSviT...
aiwva wyali, asxlta taniT: gvaxrCobs acofda,
ha, CaviZireT,
TavmokveTili dasisxluli mze barbacobda~ (100).
1917-1918 wlebi saintereso periodia tician tabiZis Se-
moqmedebaSi. ilias da akakis Semdeg, me-20 saukuneSi, mxolod
ramdenime poetma Tu SeZlo sakuTari didi gancdiT, didi aR-
tacebiT, axleburad moetana qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis es
grZnoba:
47
`davbadebulvar, rom viyo mona
da saqarTvelos medgas uReli~(50).
giorgi leoniZe
gazeT `saqarTvelos~ furclebze aqtiurad TanamSrom-
lobs giorgi leoniZe Tavisi maRalmxatvruli literatu-
ruli narkvevebiTa da leqsebiT. `26 maisi~, `saqarTvelos
mze~, `armazi~, `aboboqrebuli aragvi~, `qarTli~ da bevri
sxva misi nawarmoebi amSvenebs gazeTis furclebs. avtori
`mzis gamoCenas~ da `naTel sxivebs~ sulmouTqmelad elode-
boda, gansakuTrebiT im dReebSi, roca saqarTvelos damou-
kideblobas dReebi da wuTebi aklda. gansxvavebiT misi me-
gobrebisgan, giorgi leoniZes didi imedebi ar daumyarebia
ruseTis revoluciaze: `andre Senie ityoda: `revolucia aq-
robs xelovnebis CiraRdanso~. es ki ruseTis revoluciazed
aris gamokveTili... mravalsaukunovani Zalaa dagrovili da
elis ayvavileba-afeTqebas. saqarTelos bneliT naTlisad
gasvla sul axlosaa. bedisweriT ivno saqarTvelo da dRes
mzevdeba TavisuflebiT, usaTuod sulic daubrundeba saku-
Tar sxeuls, rogorc nazamTari mercxali gazafxulidan sam-
Soblos.
ainTeba armazi...
ainTeba qarTuli suli...~ (90).
giorgi leoniZe wuxs imis gamo, rom ruseTis mier damo-
nebulma saqarTvelom `esTetiuri svindisic~ dakarga, ramac
samudamo dacemis simptomebi Seqmna. SemoqmedebiTi indivi-
dualizmi, rasac igi grigol robaqiZis msgavsad udides
mniSvnelobas aniWebs, `nestaniviT miemwyvda bnel dilegSi~
da Tu xarks adre mefeebi gaiRebdnen, axla mwerlebic maT
ricxvSia. misTvis miuRebelia yvela is xelovani, vinc `ruse-
TiT daibnida~. igi qarTveli poetebisgan originalobas iTx-
48
ovs, gansakuTrebiT, Ziebis survils.
giorgi leoniZis `aragvielni~ `saqarTvelom~ patara fe-
letonis rubrikiT dabeWda. gazeTi xSirad mimarTavda am
xerxs da cnobili avtorebis mniSvnelovan narkvevebs patara
feletonis `quds~ ukeTebda. `aragvielni~ literaturuli
SeZaxili da `niSnismogebiTi~ mzaobaa saqarTvelos dasaca-
vad. bolSevikebis revolucia ukve momxdaria, saqarTvelos
damoukideblobac gamocxadebulia, magram mteri ar isve-
nebs. giorgi leoniZe grZnobs mtris av zraxvebs da boboq-
robs. `aragvi~ is amboxebuli sulia, romelsac verc erT
dros ver gatexen, romelic jiqur miemarTeba sawadelisken.
aragvis protestantuli suli ver egueba mtris survils
saqarTvelo xelaxla daaCoqos.
`saqarTveloSi mxolod aragvis simReraa sxvanairi;
sevdismCqefi, neli, mimwuxri bibliuri tirili dakar-
gul samSobloze... aragvze meored hkvdeboda saqarTvelo,
roca igi kubos moacurebda da `mTebSi garboda bagratio-
ni~... mere Sav jvarTan mesamed mohkles saqarTvelo da roca
meoTxed moindomes misi sikvdili `Zma aRsdga Zmazed~.
saqarTveloSi wleuls mravali samxedro asparezi aSiS-
vlda `aragvis asparezi~ ki, yvelas azrialebda... axla arag-
vze isev janyi ikrifeba, radganac wvimebis droa da es wvimebi
sisxlisa iqneba...
`terori dadis wiTeli CoxiT...~ (129).
wiTel terorTan sabrZolvelad giorgi leoniZe mzadaa,
`oRondac ki mdevarma ikivlos~.
imave emociiTaa datvirTuli misi literaturuli Cana-
xati `qarTli~, romelic TeTri leqsis stils ufro mogvago-
nebs. `qameleoniT dakbenili SuadReebi~, `mzeSi nazeli udab-
noebi~, `gveliviT awivlebuli tramalebi~, `SxamiT amwvari
sivrce~ es leoniZiseuli qarTlia. igi Sedarebebis virtu-
ozia. samSobloze Seyvarebuli poeti 26 maisis gamoZaxils
49
kidev ufro mZafrad gvawvdis:
`daviwyebuli aragvis wylebi gidgamen taxtebs keTrovan
CrdilTa siCumeSi; Sen gaxval warsul dReTa jiriTze da ar
ici, vin waiRebs Sen silamazes. mkerdi Seni vrcelia cxel ru-
SebSi da vin awivlebs Sen tuCebs... bedi Seni daakres qaris fa-
fars da saracini ukivis Sen sarecels...
iqneba Samqori da iqneba nuqardini...
xalifas droSiT ainTeba Seni qoxebi SiSiT mziralni sa-
fironiviT. Seni nazi qusli Casveldeba sisxlSi da Tvalwin
gagitareben droSiT jvarcmul mouravs.
mindvrebidan mova mTvrali suni da mruSi sunTqva Segiw-
vavs saxes~(132).
giorgi leoniZe sicocxlis, ganaxlebis motrfialea. mi-
si yoveli fraza qarTul sinamdvileSi Rrma wvdomis survi-
liTaa savse. bolomde inaCrunebs erovnuli siamayisa da
Rirsebis SegrZnebas. rutinuli atmosferos Sezanzareba da
mudmivi gamofxizleba aseTi Zala aqvs giorgi leoniZis Ti-
Toeul frazasa da sityvas (28). misi mizani erovnuli meobis
amaRleba, TavisuflebisTvis brZola da gaerTianebaa. sxva
leqsebTan erTad `saqarTveloSi~ daibeWda `soneti qarTvel
husarebs!~ igi umReris maT, vinc saqarTvelos damoukideb-
loba unda moitanos(106).
sainteresoa giorgi leoniZis literaturul-kritikuli
werili qarTul modernizmsa da simbolistebze. werilSi
`promeTe~ da `aisi~(112) misi mxridan mcdelobaa daasabuTos
`cisferyanwelTa~ da simbolistTa adgilis mniSvneloba da
nakli qarTul literaturaSi. statia wminda literaturuli
kvlevaa, sadac leoniZes SeiZleba moedavo kidec, Tumca mis
mier moyvanili argumentebi sainteresoa specialistebis-
Tvis. Cemi Temis mTavari mizani ki aris simbolizmic 1917-
1918 ww. Tavisuflebis ideasTan mimarTebaSi ganvixilo. axa-
li qarTuli stili, romelic `cisferyanwelebma~ daamkvid-
50
res erTgvari protesti iyo arsebuli sinamdvilis winaaR-
mdeg da manifesti ufro maRali literaturuli gemovnebis
dasafuZneblad.
mixeil javaxiSvili
sainteresoa mixeil javaxiSvilis moRvaweoba gazeT
`saqarTvelos~ furclebze, sadac igi ZiriTadad fsevdoni-
mebiT werda. `ali~, m.ad-li, m adamaSvili, m. a., m.j. mixeil
javaxiSvilis fsevdonimebia (69). gazeTSi qarTveli mwerali
aqveynebda korespondenciebs saomari moqmedebebis Sesaxeb,
msjelobda fineTsa da saberZneTSi mimdinare procesebze,
germaniis politikasa da osmaleTis ganzraxvaze. `omis me-
oTxe weli~, `Cveni damfuZnebeli krebisaTvis~, `axali feo-
dalizmi~, `naadrevi sixaruli~, sul ocdaTxuTmetamde we-
rili gamoaqveyna mixeil javaxiSvilma 1917-1918 wlebis `sa-
qarTveloSi~.
werilSi `Senic me da Cemic meo~ igi exmianeba `kavkazi
slovos~ 24 martis nomers somxeTis sakiTxebze. werilSi xaz-
gasmulia da naTlad Cans, Tu rogor araerTgvarovani damo-
kidebulebaa amierkavkasiis qveynebSi, gansxvavebiT baltiis-
pireTisa. `Tu somxeTi moiTxovs avtonomias xeli moumar-
Tos, ratom uSlis xels igive xalxi meore ers qarTvel ers
ganaxorcielos da daamkvidros Tavisi ufleba Tavis isto-
riul teritoriaze? SevadaroT Zala am ori uflebisa. som-
xebma ufleba dahkarges eqvsis saukunis win, xolo qarTve-
lebma erTi saukunis win; somxebi TavianT istoriul qveya-
naSi erT meoTxeds Seadgenen, qarTvelebi ki sam-meoTxeds;
osmaleTma daipyra somxeTi maxvilis uflebiT, saqarTvelo
pirobiT Seekra ruseTs da am pirobas exlac Zala aqvs~ (83).
mixeil javaxiSvils ver gaugia, somxeTis survili saqar-
Tvelos winaaRmdeg ratomaa mimarTuli. igi locavs somxebis
51
miswrafebas, oRond mouwodebs, rom saqarTvelos nu SeuS-
lian xels.
mwerlis yuradRebas iqcevs ruseTis politikuri gan-
zraxvebic. javaxiSvili fiqrobs, rom ruseTi rTul diplo-
matiur da strategiul qselSi gaeba. `pirvel xanebSi Tavi-
suflebiT damTvralma ruseTma TviTonve daijera Tvisi me-
sianoba. igi arwmunebda Tavis Tavsa da mTels qveyanas, rom
mze msoflio simarTlisa ruseTSi amovida da Tavisufali
ruseTi mianiWebs mTels kacobriobas im Tavisuflebas da im
mudmiv mSvidobas, romelsac daRlil-daqanculi msoflio
natrobs~ (69).
marTalia, socialisturma da demokratiulma evropam
gulwrfelad miuloca ruseTs ganTavisufleba, magram tax-
tebis dangrevaze uari uTxra. ruseTSi ukve sxva viTarebaa,
igi Tavis Tavis gadarCenas cdilobs. ruseTis daSlam ramde-
nime saxelmwifos aRmoceneba gamoiwvia. mixeil javaxiSvili
amitom wers: `saxelmwifosTvis da erisTvis ar arsebobs
umaRlesi da udidesi kanoni, Tvinier Tvisi fizikur arsebo-
bis dacvisa. advilad icavs da inaxavs Tavis Tavs is eri da is
saxelmwifo, romelic bunebriv CarCoSia moqceuli. udidesi
boroteba iqneba winaSe Cvenis erisa da misi momavlisa am bu-
nebriv CarCos darRveva mxolod imitom, rom mis ama Tu im
mcire kuTxeSi qarTveli umciresobas Seadgens. am mTlian
CarCo-sazRvrebis Sesaqmnelad Cvens winaprebs zRva sisxli
dauRvriaT da mravali Taoba misTvis SeuleviaT. da Tu exlan-
del Taobas ar dahkargvia idumali alRo Tavis dacvisa da
Segneba udidesi valdebulebisa winaSe momavalisa, igi neba-
yoflobiT ver gadauxvevs aTasi wlobiT gakaful gzas~ (69).
mixeil javaxiSvili gadamwyvet sityvas erovnul sabWos
uTmobs. igi darwmunebulia, rom Tu eri erobs, Tu mas SerCe-
nia sicocxlisa da ganviTarebis unari, igi Tavisas gaitans.
avtori Zlier samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze akeTebs aqcentebs
52
da darwmunebulia, rom demokratiuli reJimebi Zlieri samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis gareSe ver miiRweva.
`saqarTveloSi~ moRvaweobiT mwerali gansxvavebuli am-
pluiT warmogvidgeba. igi saerTaSoriso politikis analizi-
Taa dakavebuli da saqarTvelos mdgomareobas saerTaSori-
so konteqstidan gamomdinare gvixsnis. mixeil javaxiSvils
ainteresebs yvelaferi, rac evropaSi, ruseTsa Tu aziaSi
xdeba. Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mixeil javaxiSvilma
politikuri diskusiisa da msjelobis formebi daxvewa da am
mxrivac saintereso gaxda es periodi CvenTvis.
* * *
`saqarTvelos~ erT-erTi TvalsaCino avtoria Salva ami-
rejibi. igi iyo didi patrioti, poeti da erovnuli moRvawe.
is 1924 wlis SeTqmulebaSi monawileboda, ris gamoc iZule-
buli gaxda daetovebina samSoblo da emigraciaSi daesrule-
bina sicocxle. Salva amirejibi ruseTSi dawyebul proce-
sebs Tavidanve eWvis TvaliT uyurebda da varaudobda, rom
rasac ruseTi kakasiaSi dagegmavs, `SeuZlia cud avantiuraSi
CaiTrios kavkasiis rusi mosaxleoba~ (109). Salva amirejibi
sixaruliT gamoexmaura saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefali-
is aRdgena, Tumca qarTul samRvdeloebaze Tavisi mosazreba
hqonda. werilSi `avtokefalistebi~ vkiTxulobT: `yovel
`Tavisuflebas~ is Tviseba aqvs, romlis gagonebaze Sileris
rollers TaxTaxi mosdioda. ase xdeboda `yaCaRebis~ viwro
wreSi da me veravin damarwmunebs, rom revoluciis dros da
revolucioner demokratias sindisis Tavisufleba ar aT-
rTolebdes~(86). amirejibi udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs ek-
lesiis gaTavisuflebas da ambobs, rom gaTavisuflda qar-
Tuli kultura, qarTuli arqiteqtura, qarTuli mxatvroba,
xatebi, rogorc `umaRlesi nimuSni xelovnebisa da yoveli
53
wvrilmani nivTi, romelzedac istoriam xalxis Semoqmedeba
aRbeWda~ (iqve).
mwerali kiTxulobs, ra daemarTeboda miqelanjelos uk-
vdav qmnilebebs, da vinCis, rafaels da mTel italiur rene-
sanss, `romelmac Tavi eklesias Seafara es eklesia rom
tyved waeyvana vinmes?!~ (iqve).
Salva amirejibs miaCnia, rom Tu eklesia Tavisufalia,
e.i. sulic gaTavisuflebulia. sulierad gaTavisuflebuli
xalxi ki ufro did qveyanas Seqmnis. sulis Tavisufleba ki is
citadelia, romelmac kargi perspeqtiva unda gansazRvros.
Tumca amirejibic, tician tabiZesaviT, mudam sifxizlisken
mouwodebs qarTvelebs, radgan icis, rom Tavisuflebas Za-
lian bevri mteri hyavs saqarTveloSi da ara marto aq.
`Cveni eklesia im lamazs hgavda, romelic yvela Tavisi
samkaulebiT tyved iyo wayvanili.
dRes es lamazi Tavisufalia!
dRes es samkaulebi daxsnilia!
da saWiroa sifxizle, rom Tavisuflebis mtrebma isev ar
daatyvevon isini!~ (86).
Salva amirejibs Tavisufali saqarTvelo Tavisufali
adamianebis asparezad miaCnia. damoukidebel qveyanas mxo-