Post on 10-May-2022
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SDGS GOAL 15 TARGET
2 IN INDONESIA: THE PRACTICE OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT IN RIAU PROVINCE (2015 – 2017)
By:
Muttaqin
016201400110
A Thesis presented to the Faculty of Humanities President University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor Degree in
International Relations Major in Diplomacy
2018
i
THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER
ii
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
iii
PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET
iv
ABSTRACT
Muttaqin, International Relations 2014, President University
Thesis title: The Implementation of SDGs Goal 15 Target 2 in Indonesia: The
Practice of Sustainable Development in Riau Province (2015 - 2017)
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are an international commitment
whereby all countries within the United Nations (UN) framework contribute to
creating a world of equality and honorable. Environmental sustainability is one of
the goals in the SDGs. Deforestation and forest degradation as the main cause of
climate change that affects the environment must be stopped and prevented to
ensure environmental sustainability. The integration of the principles of
sustainable development into state policy in restoring natural resource damage is
the focus of the Indonesian government. Indonesia as one of the largest tropical
forest owners in the world that is rich in natural resources is very concerned about
the environment, therefore the International side is very concerned about the
sustainability of forests in Indonesia, especially in Riau province. Riau Province,
which has a second area and also as the biggest gas emitter and a pilot project for
the REDD + program makes the implementation of SDGs in Riau province is very
important in ensuring environmental sustainability. Implementation of SDGs
objective 15.2 through forest moratorium, National Action Plan for Greenhouse
Gas Reduction (RAN-GRK), Task Force on Reducing Deforestation and Forest
Degradation (REDD +), in Indonesia can be a positive momentum if implemented
properly. The purpose of this research is to explain how the implementation of
SDG goal 15.2 in Riau province. Based on the results of the research, many
challenges are found in implementation phases such as alignment within
government, awareness and understanding of those policies, and weak law
enforcement. Therefore, these challenges have resulted in insignificant progress in
ensuring environmental sustainability in Riau province.
Keywords : SDGs target 15.2, sustainable development, environmental
sustainability, the Indonesian government, Riau province, RAN-GRK, REDD +
Task Force.
v
ABSTRAK
Muttaqin, Hubungan Internasional 2014, Universitas Presiden
Judul: The Implementation of SDGs Goal 15 Target 2 in Indonesia: The
Practice of Sustainable Development in Riau Province (2015 - 2017)
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adalah komitmen internasional dimana
semua negara di dalam kerangka Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB)
berkontribusi dalam menciptakan dunia yang setara dan terhormat. Kelestarian
lingkungan adalah salah satu tujuan di dalam SDGs. Deforestasi dan degradasi
hutan sebagai penyebab utama dari perubahan iklim yang berdampak terhadap
lingkungan harus dihentikan dan dicegah untuk memastikan kelestarian
lingkungan. Integrasi dari prinsip-prinsip perkembangan berkelanjutan ke dalam
kebijakan negara dalam mengembalikan kerusakan sumber daya alam adalah
focus dari pemerintah Indonesia. Indonesia sebagai salah satu pemilik hutan tropis
terluas di dunia yang kaya akan sumber daya alam sangat memperhatikan
lingkungan karenanya pihak Internasional sangat memerhatikan kelestarian hutan
di Indonesia terutama di provinsi Riau. Provinsi Riau yang mempunyai luas
wilayah kedua dan juga sebagai pengahasil emisi gas terbesar serta proyek
percobaan untuk program REDD+ menjadikan implementasi SDGs di provinsi
Riau sangatlah penting dalam memastikan kelestarian lingkungan. Implementasi
SDGs tujuan 15.2 melalui moratorium hutan, Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan
Gas Rumah Kaca (RAN-GRK), Satuan Tugas Pengurangan Deforestasi dan
Degradasi Hutan (REDD+), di Indonesia dapat menjadi momentum positif jika
diimplementasikan dengan baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk
menjelaskan bagaimana implementasi dari SDGs tujuan 15.2 di provinsi Riau.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, banyak ditemukan tantangan dalam fase
implementasi seperti keselarasan di dalam pemerintah, kesadaran dan pengertian
dari kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut, dan lemahnya penegakan hukum. Oleh karena
itu, tantangan-tantangan ini telah menghasilkan perkembangan tidak signifikan
dalam memastikan kelestarian lingkungan di provinsi Riau.
Kata kunci: SDGs target 15.2, perkembangan berkelanjutan, kelestarian
lingkungan, pemerintah Indonesia, provinsi Riau, RAN-GRK, Satuan Tugas
REDD+.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Foremost, I would like to thankful to Allah S.W.T for giving me the
health, knowledge, ability and opportunity to finish this thesis and complete my
bachelor degree. Without his blessings, this achievement would not have been
possible.
First, I must express my very profound gratitude to my family, Ayah,
Bapak Amri A.Razi and Mamak, ibu Yusnidar, my brother Haqqul Mubin, my
sisters Mela Amnidar and Qahirah Zulfah for providing me with unfailing support
and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the
process of researching and writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not
have been possible without them. Thank you.
Similarly, I would like to thank my thesis advisor Mr. Teuku Rezasyah,
Ph.D who consistently support and guide me in the process of writing this thesis.
Also, I would like to extend my gratitude to Mr. Bustanul Arifin,BA.IR.,MA., as
my second advisor, for all his constructive comments, valuable support, and close
follow-up which assisted me in finishing this thesis on time.
Finally, my acknowledgement would be incomplete without thanking
the best supporters of my life, Himpunan Aneuk Nanggroe President University
(HANAPU) members, Naga Hitam River Side (NHRS) members, President
University Futsal Club (PUFC) members, and all my friends in President
University.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER........................................... i
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................... ii
PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET .................................................... ii
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... iii
ABSTRAK .............................................................................................................. v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... vi
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................ vii
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ....................................................................... x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1
I.1 Background of Study...................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Identifications ................................................................................. 6
1.3 Statement of Problem .................................................................................... 9
1.4 Research Objectives ...................................................................................... 9
1.5 Significance of Study .................................................................................... 9
1.6 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................. 9
1.6.1 Liberal Institutionalism ......................................................................... 10
1.6.2 Environmentalism ................................................................................. 12
1.7 Scope and Limitations of Study .................................................................. 15
1.8 Thesis Structure ........................................................................................... 15
1.8.1 Chapter I (Background of Study).......................................................... 15
1.8.2 Chapter II (Literature Review) ............................................................. 15
1.8.3 Chapter III (Research Methodology) .................................................... 16
1.8.4 Chapter IV (Sustainable Development Goals and the Condition of
Indonesian Forest (2015-2017) ...................................................................... 16
1.8.5 Chapter V (The Implementation Sustainnable Development Goals
Target 15.2 in Riau Province 2015-2017) ..................................................... 16
1.8.6 Chapter VI (Conclusion) ....................................................................... 16
1.9 Definition of Term ....................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................... 19
II.1 Review of Books and Journals.................................................................... 19
viii
II.2 Conclusion of the Chapter .......................................................................... 28
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................. 29
III.1 Research Method ....................................................................................... 29
III.2 Research Framework ................................................................................. 30
III.3 Research Time and Place........................................................................... 31
III.4 Research Instruments................................................................................. 32
CHAPTER IV SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE
INDONESIAN FOREST CONDITION (2015-2017) .......................................... 33
IV.1 Sustainable Development Goals................................................................ 34
IV.1.1 UN Summit Sustainable Development Goals 2015 ........................... 34
IV.1.2 Goal No.15 Target 2 ........................................................................... 41
IV.2 Deforestation in Indonesia ........................................................................ 46
IV.2.1 Definitions of Deforestation ............................................................... 46
IV.2.2 Forest Condition in Indonesia ................................................................ 49
IV.2.2.1 Riau Forest Conditions .................................................................... 53
CHAPTER V THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 TARGET 2 IN RIAU PROVINCE (2015-2017) 58
V.1 The Integration of SDGs Goals 15 Target 2 into Indonesian Policy on
Forest Cover Area.............................................................................................. 58
V.1.1 National Action Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions (RAN-
GRK) .............................................................................................................. 58
V.1.2 Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) Task Force
....................................................................................................................... 62
V.2 The Implementation of Indonesian Policy on Forest Cover Area Issue in
Riau Province .................................................................................................... 68
V.2.1 The Implementation of RAN-GRK ..................................................... 70
V.2.2 The Implementation of REDD+ .......................................................... 76
CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION............................................................................. 80
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................. 82
Books ................................................................................................................. 82
Journals, News, Articles .................................................................................... 82
Internet sources/website .................................................................................... 83
APPENDICES....................................................................................................... 89
ix
Success is normally found in the pile of mistakes.
x
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
Chapter I
Figure I.1 Theoretical Framework...................................................................9
Chapter III
Table III.1 Research Timeframe……………………………………………..28
Chapter IV
Figure IV.1 Sustainable Development Goals………………………………….33
Figure IV.2 Hectares Burned by Land Type………………………………….43
Figure IV.3 Riau Province Forest Area……………………………………….49
Table IV.1 Forest Cover Area in Indonesia………………………………….46
Chapter V
Table V.1 National and Regional Action plan……………………………...56
Table V.2 Monitoring of REDD + conditions................................................72
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
APBN : Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Negara (Regional Government
Budget)
BAPPENAS : Badan Perencanaaan Pembangunan Nasional (Indonesian
Ministry of National Development Planning)
CIFOR : Center for International Forestry Research
CO2 : Carbon Dioxide
GHG : Greenhouse Gas
GOI : Government of Indonesia
KPH : Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan (Forest Management Unit)
KPHK : Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan Konservasi (Forest Management
Unit for Conservation Forest)
KPHL : Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan Lindung (Forest Management Unit
for Protected Forest)
KPHP : Forest Management Unit for Premier Forest (Kesatuan
Pengelolaan Hutan Primer)
MDGs : Millennium Development Goals
RAD MDGs : Pedoman Penyusunan Rencana Aksi Percepatan Pencapaian
Tujuan MDGs di Daerah (Regional Action Plan for Enhancing
Millennium Development Goals)
RAN-GRK : Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca
(National Action Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions)
REDD : Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation
xii
RKP : Rencana Kerja Pemerintah (Annual Work Plans)
RPJMN : Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (National
Medium-Term Development Plans)
RPJPN : Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional (Long-Term
Development Plans)
SDGs : Sustainable Development Goals
SBY : Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
THP : Transboundary Haze Pollution
UN : United Nations
UNDP : United Nations Development Programme
UNHRC : United Nations Human Right Council
UNEP : United Nations Environment Programme
UNICEF : United Nations Children’s Fund
WALHI : Wahana Lingkungan Hidup (The Indonesian Forum for
Environment)
WRI : World Resources Institute
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
I.1 Background of Study
Over the past 20 years, the condition of forests and peatlands in Riau
continues to be damaged due to deforestation and degradation. Both are
caused by the conversion of peat, subsidence, abrasion and intrusion of sea
water and forest and land fires.
Riau Province's hotspots are in 11 regencies and cities with an area of
4,044 million hectares. This area is equivalent to 56.1 percent of the peat area
on the island of Sumatra in good condition, critical, to very critical. But in
2012 there are 2.005 million Hectares remaining, where during the year 2012-
2013 there are 252,172 Hectares of natural forest destruction by land-based
business sector. If compared to the previous year, the damage of 188 million
Hectares. In 2013 forest and land in Riau remaining 1.7 million hectares or
live 19 percent of Riau plains area. 73.5 percent of the destruction occurred in
natural forests of peat that should have been protected.1
However one functions of the forest is as the lungs of the world,
meaning that forests can absorb carbon dioxide gas that is harmful to humans
and produce the oxygen gas that humans really need. Given the importance of
this one forest role, then we must be able to keep our forests. Try to imagine
if all our forest is destroyed, people will suffer from fresh air and clean water.
That why Indonesian government needs to implement SDGs, there are
a lot of relevant points of SDGs into National Medium Term Development
Plan (RPJMN). The Government of the Republic of Indonesia is committed to
1 Earth.esa.int. (2018). Riau Province Deforestation (Sumatra Island, Indonesia) - 20 Years of SAR
- Earth Watching - ESA. [online] Available at: https://earth.esa.int/web/earth-watching/20-years-
of-sar/-/asset_publisher/084v29WO4EeJ/content/riau-province-deforestation-sumatra-island-
indonesia [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018].
2
implementing the agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by
integrating 169 indicators of SDGs into RPJMN.2
Indonesia's efforts to implement the SDG's agenda build on the
experience of implementing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
agenda. During the 15 years of implementation of the MDGs, Indonesia
achieved 49 of the 67 targeted indicators.
Head of Bappenas Bambang Brodjonegoro conveys the
implementation of the agenda SDGs become the first strategic step of national
development:
"For Indonesia, SDGs are not only relevant as a global
commitment, but also a guide to becoming a developed
country,"
As the successor of the previous global agreement of the MDGs or the
Millennium Development Goals, the United Nations (UN) in September 2015
launched SDGs or Sustainable Development Goals which is a global agenda
that continues the efforts and achievements of the previous global agenda of
the MDGs that have changed the face of the world 15 year to the better
world.3
SDGs are a new development agreement that encourages changes
towards sustainable development based on human rights and equity to
promote social, economic and environmental development. SDGs are
enforced with universal, integration and inclusive principles to ensure that no
one will be missed or "No-one Left Behind".
If previously the MDGs have 8 goals to be achieved by the global
community, among others; 1) Coping with poverty and hunger, 2) Achieving
universal primary education, 3) promoting gender equality and empowering
women, 4) reducing child mortality, 5) improving maternal health, 6)
2 UNDP (2015) KONVERGENSI AGENDA PEMBANGUNAN Nawa Cita, RPJMN, dan ‘SDGs'.
(2015). Jakarta: 2015, pp.5-6. 3 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2017). SDGs .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform.
[online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs [Accessed 14 Dec. 2017].
3
combating HIV / AIDS, malaria and other infectious diseases, 7) Ensure the
carrying capacity of the environment, 8) Develop a global partnership for
development. SDs has 17 goals to be achieved by the world community,
among others; 1)No Poverty 2)Zero Hunger 3)Good Health and Well-being
4)Quality Education 5)Gender Equality 6)Clean Water and Sanitation
7)Affordable and Clean Energy 8)Decent Work and Economic Growth
9)Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure 10)Reduced Inequalities
11)Sustainable Cities and Communities 12)Responsible Consumption and
Production 13)Climate Action 14)Life Below Water 15)Life on Land
16)Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions 17)Partnerships for the Goals. And
this several goals are for better world in the future.4
This research focused to point number 15 which is Life and Land.
Target of this point is to protect, restore and promote the sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, manage forests sustainably, combat forest clearance,
stop and reverse land degradation and stop biodiversity loss.5 Deforestation is
the process of removing natural forests by logging for timber harvesting or
converting forest land into non-forested land. Can also be caused by a forest
fire either intentionally or occurs naturally. Deforestation threatens the lives
of mankind and other living species. The greatest contribution to climate
change occurring today is the result of deforestation.6 Currently about 30% of
the land on the surface of the earth is still covered by forests. But the
depletion of forest area occurs at a very alarming rate. Every year an
estimated 12-15 million hectares of forest disappeared from the face of the
earth. This is equivalent to a forest loss of up to 36 football fields every
minute, If this continues to be left in less than 100 years the forest will
disappear from this earth.7
4 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2017). SDGs .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform.
[online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs [Accessed 14 Dec. 2017]. 5 Ibid 6 Nationalgeographic.com. (2017). Deforestation and Its Effects on the Planet. [online] Available
at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/deforestation/ [Accessed
Dec. 2017]. 7 Institute, W. (2017). Interactive Map | Global Forest Watch. [online] Globalforestwatch.org.
Available at:
4
Deforestation occurs both in temperate forests and in tropical
rainforests. It's just that today the world is very worried about the rate of
deforestation that occurs in tropical rainforests. This cannot be separated from
the monumental rain forest depreciation very large. While the forest serves as a
buffer of life on earth rich in biodiversity and become the largest reservoir of
carbon biomossa.
Countries that have tropical forests recorded significant deforestation.
These countries include Brazil, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of
Congo. Indonesia is a country with the most severe deforestation in the world.
When pulled back a century, Indonesia has lost 15.79 million hectares of
tropical forests. This area is almost a third of the country wide of Spain.8
Deforestation occurs because of land convergence for settlement,
infrastructure and timber harvesting for industries. In addition, there is also
land conversion for plantations, agriculture, livestock and mining. Based on
the records of WWF environmental organizations, the biggest factors causing
deforestation include: 9
1. Agricultural conversion. The increasingly swollen human
population needs an increasing supply of food. To meet that, the
new gardens for soy and sugar in Brazil were opened massively.
The demand for biofuels has also resulted in massive expansion
of oil palm plantations in Indonesia.
2. Illegal logging. Almost 50% of timber harvesting in natural
forests is illegal logging. Governments in various countries have
been trying to keep watch from timber harvesting to the sale.
But this has not been able to eradicate illegal logging effectively.
http://www.globalforestwatch.org/map/3/16.52/0.98/ALL/grayscale/loss/607,556,580,592?tab=ana
lysis-tab&begin=2001-01-01&end=2016-01-01&threshold=30&dont_analyze=true [Accessed 14
Dec. 2017]. 8 Davis, C. (2017). 9 Maps that Explain the World's Forests | World Resources Institute. [online]
Wri.org. Available at: https://www.wri.org/2014/02/9-maps-explain-worlds-forests [Accessed 14
Dec. 2017]. 9 Nationalgeographic.com. (2017). Deforestation and Its Effects on the Planet. [online] Available
at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/deforestation/ [Accessed
Dec. 2017].
5
Tropical rainforests in Brazil, the Congo, Indonesia and Russia
are still the scene of illegal logging.
3. Forest fires. Millions of hectares of forest have disappeared due
to forest fires each year. Deforestation from forest fires is more
than deforestation due to agricultural conversion and illegal
logging. The losses caused by forest fires are also greater,
because of the potential to eliminate germplasm and direct
threats to humans, such as health problems, material loss, and
life.
4. The use of firewood. The use of wood for fuel worldwide is still
significant as one of the drivers of deforestation. Half of the
illegal logging practices are driven by firewood consumption.
The pressing need for conversion of forest land is exacerbated
by poor supervision and the methods used in managing forests.
Call it for example clearing land for agriculture and plantation.
There are still many who use the means by burning the forest.
This method is widely used in addition to its low cost, ash from
combustion will enrich the soil with a number of minerals needed by the plant.
Burning is also effective for eliminating weed disturbances such as grass seeds.
However, in practice, the method of clearing land with burning often leads to
uncontrolled forest fires. As a result, hundreds of thousands and even millions
of hectares of non-targeted forest are burned down.10
Moreover, about half of the fire warning points in Sumatra are located
on land managed by oil palm concessions, and timber concessions, according
to data from the Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia. In addition,
some of the largest fire areas appear to occur in concessions owned by big
companies.
10 Nationalgeographic. (2010). Deforestation and Its Effect on the Planet. [online]
Nationalgeographic.com. Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/
environment/global-warming/deforestation/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018].
6
The Riau Forest Rescue Network (Jikalahari) stated Riau forest cover
last year reached 1.64 million hectares or significantly reduced compared to
2013 with 2.05 million hectares.
This research focusing the implementations of SDGs trough REDD+
and RAN-GRK, both program are combination between international and local
action in handle the issues. The conversion of forests to agriculture, oil palm
plantations, and other forms of forest destruction is seen as a threat to
environmental sustainability by the government. Thus, policy is a step in
restoring environmental sustainability and building better governance and law
enforcement in stopping deforestation.
1.2 Problem Identifications
In early March 2014, forest and peat fires in the Riau province of
Sumatra, Indonesia, jumped to a point that has not been found since the
Southeast Asia haze crisis in June 2013. Nearly 50,000 people have
respiratory problems due to the haze, according to the Disaster Relief Agency
Indonesia. Satellite images pretty dramatically illustrate the amount of
pollutant fumes released into the atmosphere, which also contribute to climate
change. And also, several impacts of deforestation:11
1. Lost and damaged wildlife habitat
Forests and peatlands in Indonesia have a variety of wildlife that
live therein. Some forest areas in Indonesia are also National Park
areas that are also native and important habitat for a number of
protected species such as proboscis monkeys, sun bears, gibbons,
tiger boughs to orangutans. Forest fires and peatlands have a
direct negative impact on these animals so that their status is now
threatened with extinction. Forests and burning peatlands will also
not be recovered as they would, as it takes hundreds of years to
11 Sizer, N., Leach, A., Minnemeyer, S. and Higgins, M. (2017). Cite a Website - Cite This For
Me. [online] http://www.wri.org/blog/2014/04/preventing-forest-fires-indonesia-focus-riau-
province-peatland-and-illegal-burning [Accessed Dec 7 2017].
7
get the great trees and the natural biodiversity that is common in
tropical forests.
2. Increase the greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change.
Peat and forest lands that are naturally a place to absorb excessive
atmospheric CO2 gases in the atmosphere have an important role
in controlling climate change. When peatlands and forests burn, it
will release carbon and other gas emissions into the air,
contributing to the global warming that is happening all over the
world.
3. Disrupt human health
Forest fires and peatlands cause air pollution and have a direct
impact on people living near forest areas either close to or who
live tens of kilometers from the fire location. Smoke can be
spread over tens of kilometers. Like last Riau forest fires which
resulted in increased number of deaths due to respiratory infection
and total of people exposed to smoke particles reached more than
55 thousand inhabitants and dozens of schools had to be closed
for a week.
4. Harm the country economically
Due to the smoke that disturbs the area around the forest location,
many human activities are disturbed to be forced to stop from
school to trade. Therefore, it also has a bad impact on the
economic rotation in the surrounding area, so that the loss. In
addition to the economy, the smoke that reaches the territory of
neighboring countries can also adversely affect Indonesia's
bilateral relations.
In the scientific journal Nature Climate Change, researchers Belinda
Margono and Hansen et al revealed the rate of deforestation in Indonesia 2000-
2012 reached 6.02 million hectares or an annual increase of 47.6 thousand
hectares. The study also estimates that by 2012 Indonesia will lose 840 thousand
8
hectares of natural forest or double the rate of deforestation in Brazil, which is
only 460 thousand hectares in the same year.12
The study also reveals the loss of forest cover also occurs in lowland
forests or 43 percent of total deforestation takes place in wetlands including peat.
If the average number is taken, then about 217 thousand hectares of Indonesia's
wetland forest is destroyed every year.
Deforestation in Riau has an impact on the surrounding environment such
as smoke thickening in Riau. Based on Terra and Aqua satellite monitoring on
October 12 there are 153 hotspots in South Sumatra and Riau hotspots are quite
large. Visibility in Pekanbaru is now only 500 meters.13
"Please immediately overcome the haze problem that annoys
residents every year, why the government seems so weak in law
enforcement because it will happen again." said Haryono citizen
Pekanbaru.14
By this conditions, Indonesian Government response immediately to
handle the issue through REDD+ and RAN-GRK to gain the purpose of
sustainable development goals.
However, in the process of implementation of the policy does not run
easily. There are many obstacles to be faced by the Government of Indonesia in
implementing this policy in achieving the target of SDGs 15.2. Maintain
synergy between central and regional development into SDG targeting 15.2.
The Government of Indonesia should add the spirit of SDG to the Regional
Development Plan and should be able to manage decentralization regulations
since regional autonomy is in place. Authorities and responsibilities between
central and local governments have reached the target of SDG 15.2.
12 Kodas, M. (2017). Palm Oil Production Poses Problems for the Climate. [online]
Climatecentral.org. Available at: http://www.climatecentral.org/news/palm-oil-production-climate-
18338 [Accessed 14 Dec. 2017]. 13 BBC News. (2017). Indonesia sees massive deforestation. [online] Available at:
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28084389 [Accessed 14 Dec. 2017]. 14 Ibid
9
1.3 Statement of Problem
Based on the preview of the Indonesian forest conditions, especially Riau
forest. Therefore, the author decides formulation of the problem in this
research is:
“How Did the implementations of SDGs Goal No.15 Target 2 by
Indonesian Government to solve Deforestation Issue in Riau Province
(2015-2017)? “
1.4 Research Objectives
The author believes that there are a series of objectives that must be
satisfied to set up a common ground on the specific issue, as follow:
To explain How Indonesian Government, solve, Deforestation in Riau in
year (2015-2017)
To explain the implementations of SDGs target 15.2 by Indonesian
government (2015-2017)
To explain the impact of deforestations especially in Riau province in
Indonesia.
1.5 Significance of Study
The author persuaded that this research will be contributive in
International Relations studies. This thesis could expectedly be:
Understanding the effort Indonesian government roles toward
deforestation in Riau
To provide deep understanding on the effort of Indonesia in fulfilling its
commitment on environmental sustainability trough SDGs target 15.2.
To provide the implementations of sustainable development goals toward
deforestation situation in Riau trough REDD+ and RAN-GRK
1.6 Theoretical Framework
In order to explain this research clearly, the author divide the theory in to
two theories that related to International Relations subject. In this research
10
there are several theories that applied liberal insttutionalism theory and
environmental theory.
1.6.1 Liberal Institutionalism
Liberal institutionalism has traditionally emphasized the need for
institutional arrangements to initiate and sustain cooperation among
states. The theory regenerated much interest in the capacity and
potential. The focus of this research is how United Nations and the
Indonesian Govenrment coorporate to solve environmental problem In
indonesia trough sustainable development goals target number 15.2.
This coorporations hopefully help evironmental issues in indonesia
especially in Riau province. And also in gaining mutual benefit
between the institutions and the Government of Indonesia.
A large part of the contribution of forest-based ecosystem services
to development goals and how deforestation can undermine the
achievement of this objective is undervalued.
Liberal Institutionalism
Environmentalism
The Government of Indonesia
REDD+ RAN-GRK
Figure I.1 Theoretical Framework
11
Despite the many efforts made to make forest goods and services
as a way to get rural people out of poverty, not many people notice
that deforestation is a major road to poverty itself. Conversion from
forests to other land uses has eliminated natural resource revenue and
reduced landscape toughness in the face of landslides, floods and other
natural disasters that could damage existing physical infrastructure
(SDG 11) while decreasing income for decades.15
Deforestation also affects agricultural productivity which is the
main weapon in fighting hunger (SDG 2).16 Reducing deforestation
can accelerate efforts to improve equity and accountability. Apart
from existing examples of the conservation and exploitation of forests
that have been left behind and endanger vulnerable communities, a
more progressive approach to forest protection can safeguard and even
increase their interests.17
An example is gender equality (SDG 5). Recognition of the value
of non-timber forest products as a source of income and
disproportionate employment for women, such as mixing and
processing of fruits, nuts and sap, can prevent unequal gender
inequality through more supportive interventions land and trees more
important for men.18
In a broader context, the action to reduce deforestation may be
consistent with improvements in governance and social justice (SDG
16). 19Through the national and international climate policy process
(REDD +), indigenous peoples whose presence is linked to the high
possibility of preserving forest cover and tropical forests in the region
that hold more than 20 percent of carbon, have been successful in
15 Wri-indonesia.org. (2011). Hutan dan Target Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (SDG) | WRI
Indonesia. [online] Available at: http://www.wri-indonesia.org/id/blog/hutan-dan-target-
pembangunan-berkelanjutan-sdg [Accessed 20 Mar. 2018]. 16 Ibid 17 Ibid 18 Ibid 19 Ibid
12
fighting for greater recognition of their rights. For example, the
Government of Indonesia has begun granting legal status to areas not
previously recognized.
Deforestation is often associated with corruption and abuses,
while successful efforts in dealing with deforestation depend on
increasing transparency and enforcement of the rule of law. Brazil's
success in reducing deforestation in the Amazon to about 80
percent from 2004-2014 is partly based on improving forest
monitoring technology by strengthening law enforcement against
illegal logging and supporting prosecution of unlawful government
officials. Deforestation is one of major environmental phenomenon
that’s happening on earth. International relations perceive
environmental sector as an important matter in today’s world.
Environmental problems harm the sustainability on earth and
jeopardize the stability of humankind life.20
1.6.2 Environmentalism
The environment becomes something of value in life in the
world. Environment becomes one of the factors of sustainability of
human life on earth. Therefore the environmentalism becomes one of
International Relations theory In order to maintain and preserve the
environment, emerging movements that can be called
environmentalism.21 Environmentalism is a broad social or ideological
movement that bases itself on environmental issues and improving
environmental health. A movement that controls the environment from
pollution and also for the preservation and protection of the diversity
of plants and animals through restoration or improvement of the
natural environment. In essence, environmentalism is an attempt made
20 Adiwinata, A., Rumboko, L. and Murniati, N. (2010). Rehabilitasi hutan di Indonesia. [online]
Cifor.org. Available at: http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BNawir0801Ina.pdf
[Accessed 20 Mar. 2018]. 21 DALBY, S. (2016). Environment and International Politics: Linking Humanity and Nature.
Retrieved March 20, 2018, from http://www.e-ir.info/2016/05/23/environment-and-international-
politics-linking-humanity-and-nature/
13
to balance life between the human environment and other living
things.22
According to T. O'Riordan (1976) in his book titled
“Environmentalism” extends the scope of the concept of
environmentalism by defining to three aspects:23
1. Environmentalism refers to the philosophy of nature around,
the philosophy that forms value or morals as consideration to
one's perception of the relation of the natural surroundings.
2. Environmentalism refers to the surrounding natural ideology,
the schools of thought connected with the surrounding world
that shatter other areas of life as a formula toward the
formation of the surrounding natural police.
3. Environmentalism refers to the change in the shape of the
natural environment around which is a practical application to
manifest the surrounding natural philosophy as the design of
action for all ranks.24
Forest fires in Riau have become very high events and have poor
ecological impacts. The fire could happen either intentionally or
unintentionally. Wildfires have a devastating impact on Indonesia
especially to Riau, especially the smoke. Smoke has an impact on people's
health and economy.25 Thousands of people have to suffer from air
polluted by smoke. In addition, the thick smoke disturb visibility, so that
residents difficult to move every day. Including flight disruption. On the
other hand, there is also an impact on the economy that many losers in the
community itself. In addition to humans, forest and land forest fires also
affect biodiversity. Forests that should be maintained and utilized
22 UKEssays. (2017). The Green International Relations Theory Politics Essay. [online] Available
at: https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/the-green-international-relations-theory-politics-
essay.php [Accessed 14 Dec. 2017]. 23 O'Riordan, T. (1976). Environmentalism. London: Pion. 24 Ibid 25 Cifor. (2015). Fire economy and actor network of forest and land fires in Indonesia. Retrieved
March 20, 2018, from https://www.cifor.org/library/6357/fire-economy-and-actor-network-of-
forest-and-land-fires-in-indonesia/.
14
optimally with attention to aspects of environmental sustainability often
occur damage. The main cause of forest destruction is forest fires.26 Forest
fires occur because humans use fire in an effort to clear forest or land. In
addition, forest fires are supported by global warming, and extreme
drought is often associated with climate influences that provide ideal
conditions for forest fires.27
In the theory of Robert Cox in the book Environmental
Communication and the Public Sphere formulates environmental
communication as a pragmatic and constitutive medium to provide
understanding to the public about the environment, as well as the
relationship between humans in human relationships with nature. It is a
symbolic medium to build community understanding on environmental
issues.28 In practical terms, this environmental communication involves
packaging strategy of messages and media to encourage knowledge,
awareness and community participation to protect the environment. Here,
government and non-governmental organizations concerned with
environmental issues are key communicators in the development of
effective policies / programs to build public participation in their
implementation. For the communicator, effective delivery of messages to
the public is not enough just advertising and mass media. Indeed,
communication in the mass media is recognized indeed has a great
influence to transform knowledge to the public.29 However, to achieve the
awareness stage of the implementation still need persuasive
communication through a direct approach to the community. For example,
forming groups or organizations care for the environment in the
community and the value of environmental conservation conducted early
on.
26 Ibid 27 Ibid 28 Cox, J. (2010). Environmental communication. 1st ed. canada, pp.70-71. 29 Ibid
15
Based on the above explanation, the author's expectation that the
implementation of liberal institutionalism and environmental, in
addressing the deforestation problem in Riau soon realized, trough SDGs
target 15.2. and also the implamentations of REDD+ and RAN-GRK to
overcome forest the problem in Riau province.30
1.7 Scope and Limitations of Study
This research paper would like to examine the implementations of the
sustainable development goals (SDGs) target number 15.2 toward the
deforestation the case study in Riau Sumatra, Indonesia. And how REDD+
and RAN-GRK work to eleminate the number of deforestation in Riau
province, Sumatra, Indonesia. And the time limitations in this research is
between the years of 2015-2017. Author decide to choose this timeframe
because in 2015, sustainable development goals (SDGs) are sign by United
Nations and countries arround the world.
1.8 Thesis Structure
1.8.1 Chapter I (Background of Study)
This chapter includes introduction section which comprises
background, identification of the problem, statement of the problem,
research objectives, significance of study, theoretical framework,
scope and limitations of study and research methodology.
1.8.2 Chapter II (Literature Review)
This chapter will explain the previous research that has been made
by the researcher in relevance topic. Author will use seven books and
journals which previously have studied about deforest stations. The
literature review will give the author reference on the issues
30 Ramsay, D. (2017). In Indonesia, finding the right ways to fight fire and haze. [online] CIFOR
Forests News. Available at: https://forestsnews.cifor.org/50996/in-indonesia-finding-the-right-
ways-to-fight-fire-and-haze?fnl=en [Accessed Dec. 14, 2017].
16
1.8.3 Chapter III (Research Methodology)
In this chapter will author would like to explain how this research
done, by showing the research methodology. And explain the way
author analyze the main issue of study. This chapter consists of
research method, research framework, time and place, and the
instrument of research.
1.8.4 Chapter IV (Sustainable Development Goals and the Condition
of Indonesian Forest (2015-2017)
Chapter 4 will elaborate more about sustainable development goals
and Indonesia forest conditions especially in Riau province the issues
of deforestation and how Indonesian government role to handle
deforestation issues in Indonesia, especially in Riau, Sumatra. In
short, this chapter will provides the reader about current information
about this issues situation.
1.8.5 Chapter V (The Implementation Sustainnable Development
Goals Target 15.2 in Riau Province 2015-2017)
Chapter 5 is the main part of this research, in this part of thesis the
author will focusing how Indonesian government and also
International organization see this issues, and also handle the
deforestations in Indonesia, Riau, Sumatra
1.8.6 Chapter VI (Conclusion)
This chapter will conclude the whole of this research. Provide all of
summery data from chapter IV and V.
1.9 Definition of Term
Forest is an area overgrown with trees and other plants. These
areas are present in vast areas of the world and serve as a reservoir of
carbon dioxide, animal habitats, hydrological current modulators, and
17
soil conservation, and are one of the most important aspects of the
Earth's biosphere.31
Deforestation is illegal logging, transporting and selling of
illegal or unauthorized timber from local authorities or converting
forest land into non-forested land. Although the exact illegal logging
rate is difficult to obtain due to unauthorized activity.32
Illegal logging is a series of activities in the field of forestry in
the context of the utilization and management of timber forest
products that conflict with applicable law rules and potentially damage
the forest.33
Sustainable Development Goals. SDGs are a new
development agreement that encourages changes towards sustainable
development based on human rights and equity to promote social,
economic and environmental development. SDGs are enforced with
universal, integration and inclusive principles to ensure that no one
will be missed or "No-one Left Behind".34
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation is A mechanism for reducing Green house Gas
emissions by providing compensation to the parties to avoided
deforestation and forest degradation.35
31UBC Faculty of Forestry. (2017). What is Forestry ?. [online] Available at:
http://www.forestry.ubc.ca/general-information/what-is-forestry/ [Accessed Dec. 2017]. 32Lewis, M. (2017). Deforestation: Causes and Effects on Ecological Balance. [online] Read and
Digest. Available at: http://readanddigest.com/deforestation-causes-and-effects-on-ecological-
balance/ [Accessed Dec 7. 2017]. 33 Globalforestatlas.yale.edu. (2017). Illegal Logging | Global Forest Atlas. [online] Available at:
https://globalforestatlas.yale.edu/forest-use-logging/logging/illegal-logging [Accessed Dec 7
2017]. 34 UNDP. (2017). Sustainable Development Goals. [online] Available at:
http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html [Accessed Dec 7
2017]. 35 REDD. (2016). What is REDD ? Retrieved March 20, 2018, from https://theredddesk.org/what-
redd.
18
RAN-GRK National Action Plan for Green House Gas
Emission Reduction is a Indonesian domestic policy in reducing
green house gas emmisions36
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. is a
Convention to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of
drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term
strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership
arrangements.37
36 RAN-GRK. (2011). Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca. Retrieved
March 20, 2018, from http://www.sekretariat-rangrk.org/faq 37 UNCCD (2017). United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. [online] Available at:
http://www2.unccd.int/ [Accessed Dec. 14th. 2017].
19
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
The author uses the literature review as a guidance or reference during the
writing process of this thesis. Literature review can be used to help the design of
the study by providing appropriate sample size or promising data practices or
instruments that can be used in the study. There are seven literatures that the
researcher reviews, which are:
Books:
1. Ecology, Environment and Development
2. 24 catalysts to reduce deforestation of tropical forests from
"forest commodity risk"
Journals:
3. Speed and Cause of Deforestation in Indonesia: Confusion and
Settlement Review
4. Singapore Securitization Transformation on Transboundary
Haze Pollution Issues
5. Forestry
6. Indonesia and Environmental Sustainability: Walking the
Talk?
7. Indonesia’s Forest Moratorium: Impacts and Next Step
II.1 Review of Books and Journals
This section will provide the seven literatures in the study. The review of
these literatures is important, recalling the basic understanding they provide in
helping the researcher to identify the topic. It is believed to be beneficial for the
research.
1. Ecology, Environment and Development (Ekologi, Lingkungan Hidup
dan Pembangunan), written by Otto Soemarwoto, Djambatan, 1994.
20
The book is comprised of ten chapters, each of which concerns the
introduction, ecology, environment, environmental management, encoding,
development ecology, population ecology, food ecology, ecology of tourism, and
energy in the development ecology. In the introduction he delivers the background
of the environmental knowledge he introduces and the direction of the trend of
environmental understanding. In the ecology he describes the ecological
significance he defined as a study of human interaction with the natural
surroundings, then the concept of ecosystem, matter, energy, information,
thermodynamic law, habitat and recess, adaptation, and evolution. In the
environmental chapter it presents what the environment means, the environment
as the source, the basic necessities that cover the basic needs for biological
survival and in terms of selection, as well as the benefits and risks of the
environment. In the life management chapter he describes how environmental
sustainability is preserved, environmental carrying capacity is resilient, resilience,
scope of environmental management, and environmental image. In the
introduction chapter he describes the notion of encoding, the benefits of type
encoding, species diversity including island biogeography theory and spotting
theory, species diversity in cultivated areas, gene erosion, and management of
gene diversity that includes protected areas, boundary and control issues, buffers,
protected area development, botanical gardens and zoo, gene banks, and mastery
of gene resources.
In the chapter on development ecology he poses the environmental benefits
and risks in development, sustainable development that includes ecological
processes, the availability of adequate resources, and an appropriate socio-cultural
and economic environment. Next is simple lifestyle, science and technology skills,
adaptive management of the environment, and management of development
projects. In the ecological ecology chapter, he describes the meaning of
environmental carrying capacity, agrarian environmental support capacity,
population density, transmigration, environmental damage consisting of
environmental damage to the city, village, environmental damage mitigation and
priority of handling. Furthermore, he also explains the pollution and depletion of
21
resources, as well as the prevention of pollution and depletion of resources. In the
food ecology chapter, he points out how the historicity of human livelihood
patterns of hunting and gathering phases, shifting cultivation, settled agriculture.
He also describes food sources, food patterns, food vulnerability, food
diversification, and food patterns and environmental carrying capacity. In the
chapter on the ecology of tourism he points out the relation with the carrying
capacity of the environment, diversity, natural beauty, vandalism, pollution, forest
destruction, socio-cultural impact, and zonation. In the last chapter on energy in
development ecology he proposes understanding of energy, energy utilization, the
role of energy in development, energy problems, and energy diversification.
2. 24 catalysts to reduce deforestation of tropical forests from "forest
commodity risk", written by Mario Rautner, Matt Leggett, Frances Davis,
Global Canopy Foundation, 2013
The production and trading of major commodities based on oil palm,
soybean, beef and timber, pulp and paper are the direct drivers of deforestation
and the world's largest tropical degradation. Forest loss threatens the world's
biodiversity and the resilience of ecosystem services. Commodities that induce
direct deforestation are influenced by complex and context-appropriate
interactions with a range of underlying causes, such as world population growth,
poor governance, and poverty. In this landscape, climate change acts as a possible
driver of deforestation and threat multipliers against other underlying causes.
To fully understand the interdependence and interactions within and
between the underlying causes and commodities that drive deforestation, the
characteristics of the land-based commodity supply chain involved must be
identified first. The supply chain of land-based commodities is complex and not
transparent. Before the final product containing one of these commodities reaches
the consume rend, be it buyers in supermarkets or users industry, the product has
been changed and transported several times, passing through tens of stages, and
traversing various countries and continents. Majority of production and
deforestation due to commodities Land-based today is heavily concentrated in
small numbers countries in Latin America and Southeast Asia. However, without
22
intervention, industrial production is likely to spread to other regions such as
Congo Basin. A number of trader International commodities also dominate trade
global most of the land-based agricultural commodities. Although the processing
and manufacturing takes place on all over the world, China has a relevant role as
liaison for land-based commodity processing. Contrary to the highly concentrated
production and the trade, the commodity consumer market land-based and
products containing these commodities can be found all over the world.
Nevertheless, the market EU, and US, as well as China and India are very
important related to the implementation of demand-side solutions to deforestation.
The analysis of the catalyst present in the framework is illustrated in this
book also emphasizes some opportunities for take action. Most catalysts overcome
the production /conversion or retail / consumption on the supply chain. Very Few
initiatives are specifically focused on encouraging sustainability and ensuring
transparency in the stage processing or trade / distribution, or overall supply chain.
This highlights opportunities to focus on testing and expanding the associated
catalyst with this 'shadow' stage. In addition, the catalyst with the highest
resistance to change is usually a catalyst that takes time the longest to run.
Therefore, special attention should be given to improve endurance catalysts that
can be quickly implemented, while seeking a long-term solution length, for
example by associating this initiative with reform of long-term legislation. In
addition, there are several financial catalysts, regulations or supply chain that is
directed and implemented only by the private sector. In this sector, less the device
depicted relies on leadership investors and financial institutions to influence
change. The majority of catalysts are in progress, and largely funded by
government sector actors. This matter is a great opportunity for the private sector
to take actions to proactively address this issue, as well as a key risk to the
sustainability of their business model within long-term.
3. Speed and Cause of Deforestation in Indonesia: Confusion and
Settlement Review (Laju dan Penyebab Deforestasi di Indonesia:
Penelaahan Kerancuan dan Penyelesaiannya) written by William D.
Sunderlin and Ida Aju Pradnja Resosudarmo. CIFOR. 1997.
23
In their journal, William and Ida state that deforestation is needed to some
levels in order to fulfill the basic needs of people and support the economic
growth. The conversion forest is the answer for this acceptable deforestation. The
government of Indonesia has set around one per fourth of total forest into
conversion forest. However, the land usage management that is inappropriate is
still found. The land usage management needs to be observed since it needs more
attention.
They also argue that the fundamental doubt and odd have to be understood
clearly and resolved. Some of their concerns are the establishment of the same
language (the same logic) between researcher and policy maker, the living needs
of people (people who works as farmers on the forest or people who make extra
money from the forest) versus the conservation of the forest, transmigration and
district establishment, and also the effectiveness of policies applied as well as the
restructuration of macro-economy that affects the forest (migration patterns,
investment on the forest frontier and the incentives of people who manage the
premiere forest in long-term).
The idea William and Ida proposing are clearly to understand the
fundamental problems in order to solve the issue. Without great understanding on
the happening condition, the outcomes will not resolve the whole issue. The need
of understanding the whole idea from different perspectives is vital in determining
policies, resolving problems, even forecasting the future.
4. Singapore Securitization Transformation on Transboundary Haze
Pollution Issues (Transformasi Sekuritisasi Singapura terhadap Isu
Transboundary Haze Pollution), written by Afra Monica Anindya, 2016
Singapore's secularization action on the issue of Transboundary Haze
Pollution (THP) originating from Indonesia has become a phenomenon of
securitization that lasts for quite a long time. This is because the securitization
started in 1997 after the biggest THP problem in Southeast Asia and continues to
this day. Among other Southeast Asian countries that are also affected by
Indonesia's forest fire smoke pollution, such as Malaysia, Thailand, Brunei
24
Darussalam, to the Philippines, Singapore can be seen as the most active country
in responding to THP issues, especially after securitization. The commencement
of Singapore securitization on the 1997 THP issue is due to the fact that Singapore
sees the THP 1997 problem causing considerable losses to Singapore, particularly
in the tourism sector as the main driver of Singapore's economic pace.Based on
the discussion, the writer can conclude that the transformation or shifting pattern
of Singapore securitization on THP issue can be seen based on two things. The
first is based on the type of action undertaken by the Singapore government which
started with the speech act, then shifted into a political act, and increased again to
law making. But by 2015 the pattern is again re-emphasized on the use of speech
act, but by involving the role of social media. While the latter, the transformation
of Singapore's securitization pattern over the THP issue can also be seen based on
the scope used by Singapore. At first Singapore focused its securitization efforts
only on a national level, then expanded on Singapore Securitization
Transformation Journal of International Relations Analysis, Vol. 6 No. 2, August
2015 207regional level by emphasizing the cooperation and role of ASEAN, and
increasing again at the international level by bringing the issue of THP in the UN
General Assembly.
Thus, this study proves that the action of securitization by the state on a
particular issue is not always perpetually done with the same pattern, but it can
happen changes in the pattern of securitization at a certain time based on the level
of urgency issues and interests to be achieved by the country itself. In addition, the
transformation of securitization patterns can also occur because influenced by the
development of globalization, such as the existence of information and
communication technology innovation. This is shown by securitization efforts by
the Singapore government on THP issues when utilizing the internet and social
media which is a form of technological innovation in the era of globalization.
5. Forestry written by Gert Jan Nabuurs and Omar Masera. 2007.
Deforestation is the responsible feature in increasing of emissions. The
carbon loss due to deforestation is in dangerous level. This study provides the
carbon mitigation options. Carbon mitigation will reduce the deforestation rate by
25
forest management, afforestation, and agro-forestry. The carbon retention will
meet the people’s needs for energy and timber.
Maintaining forest carbon stock, as a strategy in forest management will
create sustained mitigation benefit in the long term. It has the potential to effect
from the present up to 2030 and beyond. But since global change impacts the
mitigation, it would be hard to predict. Global change affects the ecological
processes that are essential for the forest.
Synergies with adaptation and sustainable development are the factors
provided by good forestry. This would only be achieved if the politicians have the
will to implement this potential. Goods and services provided by the forests
underlines the importance on assessing forest sector by sustainable development
approaches. Forestry mitigation can be designed to adapt climate change and
promote sustainable development such as trade-off for environment and social.
Kyoto Protocol has pointed out the need of forestry for sustainable
development. Mitigation activities could be enhanced through simplifying
procedures, reducing transaction costs, building confidence and capacity, and
technology development despite the fact that technology barriers exist. This
mitigation requires the technology and knowledge in implementing forestry today.
This study helps this research by acknowledging the importance of forestry
in achieving sustainable environment. Carbon mitigation is a way to promote the
sustainable development as well as economic growth for the people’s interests.
Technology development is another important feature in the implementation,
monitoring and reporting the forestry. Thus, forestry with good political will and
technology will create a sustainable environment for a long-term period.
6. Indonesia and Environmental Sustainability: Walking the Talk? Written
by Satya S Tripathi. 2013
Moratorium is described as a durian; for its polarizing effect. It produces a
beneficial and healthy nourishment while its appearance is hard and challenging.
The short-term goals are sometimes the momentum needed to achieve long-term
26
goals in creating sustainability. Temporary gains are the stepping-stone on forest
management that is important.
Moratorium benefits Indonesia with its temporary gains in achieving
sustainability. But, like it or not, it cannot fulfill all of preferences. There is no a
single thing that is able to please cover all of people’s need since balancing
economic growth and environmental sustainability is dynamic and complex. In
Indonesia, it is 7 percent growth and 41 percent emissions reduction, stated by
Satya.
Toward a green and prosperous Indonesia, the need of shared commitment
is stronger. It takes time, hard work and understanding from all to accommodate
all perspectives in creating acceptable solutions. The goals may be mutual-
interests, but the process in achieving the goals is the hard part since each takes
things differently. Indonesia has progressed very well in the process of reaching
sustainable development as he claimed. Under the leadership of President Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono, Indonesia had shown a leading stand in international world
in the context of sustainability. The significant is the development progressed and
resource exploitation reduced. This moratorium assists, both Indonesia and global
society, the achievement process of environmental sustainability.
Moratorium will also create better economic gains if managed well, such
as Brazilian moratorium and Norway’s cod fishing moratorium. It provides the
potential in developing both economy and environment sustainability. Thus,
resource management has to be enforced in supporting this productivity without
harming the environment.
This moratorium had shown that Indonesia, under President Yudhoyono’s
leadership, demonstrates the talk through actions, not only words. It is noted very
well by international society that Indonesia’s policy on its resources and
environment is important and significant. Indonesia’s credibility as a leading
nation on earth has been a major enhancement in creating sustainable
environment.
27
Satya’s thought on Indonesian moratorium is really helpful for this
research since he described the need of this moratorium for Indonesia and global
community. It shows a pathway for creating a sustainable environment while
economic development progress. The harmonization for economic growth and
environmental sustainability could be achieved for this moratorium as the
stepping-stone. Satya highlights the major importance in performing this
moratorium in order to achieve sustainable environment.
7. Indonesia’s Forest Moratorium: Impacts and Next Steps written by
Kemen Austin, Ariana Alisjahbana, etc. Washington, DC. 2014
Through its moratorium, Indonesia has proven that Indonesia is willing to
improve its forest management. The commitment of Indonesia on sustainable
development is shown through forest moratorium. This opportunity lets Indonesia
to reform the way Indonesia manage their forest for global climate stability and
Indonesia. This paper reveals the challenges on the implementation of the
moratorium from local to state level.
They stated that most local officials do not really know about the forest
moratorium. The poor understanding by the local officials on forest moratorium
has resulted the moratorium progressed poorly. This led to ineffectiveness of
forest moratorium implementation.
The limited technical guidance provided is also a challenge in
implementing the moratorium. Implementing, monitoring and enforcing the
moratorium will be effective if the local officials understood the moratorium.
Decentralization is the reason on why the national government has to provide the
local government with clear understanding on the moratorium.
The third challenge is the reform of governance. The government
progresses this reform slowly. This moratorium should be the momentum for the
government to develop better changes in managing its resources. The permitting
process, spatial planning, coordinating data, better transparency and access are the
keys to developed.
28
The creation of opportunity in developing forest management is the
important point of this moratorium. The reduction of deforestation and gas
emissions will help Indonesia in achieving sustainable development. They also
argued that this moratorium would impact Indonesia for a long-term if the
government were capable in utilizing the opportunities with good leadership and
careful measures.
This paper benefits this research for its detailed information on the
challenges of the moratorium. The analyses of this paper would strengthen the
arguments provided on this research. The maximum utilization of this
moratorium, if it were done in the right way, would definitely help Indonesian
government in developing its forest management.
II.2 Conclusion of the Chapter
The seven literatures reviewed by the author highlights the essentials of
this topic, which are forest and deforestation. SDGs play as the common guidance
in creating a harmonious and prosperous life on the earth. The SDGs also
mentions one important point for this study, which is ensuring environmental
sustainability. In this context, forestry has a central role in ensuring environmental
sustainability.
Since forests have a very vital role in mitigating climate change, the
preservation of forests should be done seriously. Deforestation, on the other hand,
is an obstructive factor in achieving sustainable environment. Deforestation
activities is not only destructing the environment, but it interrupts the life cycle
happening on the face of earth since the living and non-living components depend
on the forest.
In brief, the SDGs are the guidance that Indonesia and any other countries
have to respect. The standpoint of Indonesian government in environmental
context has been shown through the policies implemented in combating
deforestation. Since forests play vital role in ensuring environmental
sustainability, those policies shall then resolve the issue of deforestation in
Indonesia.
29
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This part will uncover the systematical route in the writing of this
research. This part is intended to show how this research will be explain. It
clarifies the method for inquiring about with a specific end goal to examine
the primary issue of the research. It will legitimize the strategy and rationale
in leading this research with a specific end goal to build an acknowledgeable
result.
III.1 Research Method
This research using qualitative research methodology. Qualitative
research methodology understanding is a method to see a problem to
generalizations. Qualitative research methods prefer to use in-depth analysis
techniques. That is to examine a problem one by one, from the case to case.
Because in the leather methodologies believe that the nature of a problem is
different from the nature of the other problem. The purpose of this
qualitative methodology is not a generalization but an in-depth
understanding of a problem. Qualitative research itself serves to provide
substantive categories and qualitative research hypotheses.38
When discussing research strategy, it isn't just discussing the
exploration strategies yet additionally talking into the rationale behind the
strategies utilized as a part of the setting of research think about and clarifies
why utilizing a particular technique or method and expressing the reason on
for what reason not holding a candle to the current situation others with the
goal that examination results are equipped for being recognized either by the
analyst himself or others.
38 McLeod, S. (2010). Qualitative vs Quantitative Data | Simply Psychology. [online]
Simplypsychology.org. Available at: https://www.simplypsychology.org/qualitative-
quantitative.html [Accessed 1 Mar. 2018].
30
In this writing, the analyst receives qualitative technique and library
investigate. Qualitative strategy gives a great deal of commitments in
examine to (1) increment the comprehension of what is going on, (2)
comprehension of who are being influenced in which way, (3) break down
why specific effects are happening and (4) surveying how approach can be
made strides. The benefits of subjective technique enables the writer to
dissect and investigate the more profound understanding to the marvel in
which the peruse on edge and willing to offer regard for the exploration.
The arrangement of library inquire about is investigation of history
and archives. The official archives that Indonesian government discharges
with respect to the Millennium Development Goals and deforestation issue
in Indonesia will help the author in directing this examination. Diaries,
reports and articles distributed will likewise contribute in giving a more
grounded premise to the examination.39
This theory will then give profound, thorough knowledge on the usage
of SDGs target 15.2 by the Indonesian Government concentrating on woods
cover region issue especially in Riau province Indonesia. It will give point
by point communication, all around broke down strategy, and clarifying the
angle of the Indonesian Government on the marvels in actualizing the
objective SDGs target 15.2.40 This theory will be advanced with essential
assets and additionally auxiliary assets as it directs the subjective approach
that advantages the perusers by giving far reaching, profound data.
III.2 Research Framework
This examination will got from the United Nations' projects to be
specific sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), concentrating just on the
natural issue. As recognized, one of UN's projects on condition exists in
39 UNDP in Indonesia. (2015). Sustainable Development Goals. [online] Available at:
http://www.id.undp.org/content/indonesia/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html [Accessed
14 Mar. 2018]. 40 Ibid
31
SDGs target 15.2.41 The SDGs target15.2 are concentrating on
incorporating the practical standards into state arrangement that, in this
exploration, focuses to the timberland cover territory issue. The specialist
will then break down the SDGs target 15.2 by Indonesia government.42 The
point of view of the Indonesian Government will be portrayed through its
approach and procedure in satisfying the dedication. This exploration will
additionally evaluate the part of Indonesian government on the usage of
SDGs target 15.2 in Indonesia to satisfy its dedication in making a more
economical condition. The consequence of this exploration subsequently
will state whether the Indonesian government had effectively executed the
SDGs target 15.2.43
III.3 Research Time and Place
Place of research : Adam Kurniawan Library, President University
: National Library of Indonesia, Jakarta
: University of Indonesia Library, Depok
Table 3.1 Research Timeframe
Activities November December January February March
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Research
Composing
of theory
Submissions
nof final
draft
41 United Nations. (2015). sustainable Development Goals. [online] Available at:
http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018]. 42 Setkab.go.id. (2016). Inilah Perpres Pelaksanaan Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan
Berkelanjutan SDGs. [online] Available at: http://setkab.go.id/inilah-perpres-pelaksanaan-
pencapaian-tujuan-pembangunan-berkelanjutan-sdgs/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018]. 43 Setkab.go.id. (2016). Inilah Perpres Pelaksanaan Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan
Berkelanjutan SDGs. [online] Available at: http://setkab.go.id/inilah-perpres-pelaksanaan-
pencapaian-tujuan-pembangunan-berkelanjutan-sdgs/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018].
32
III.4 Research Instruments
Internet: In this high-innovation time, Internet has turned out to be one
a player in individuals' life that couldn't be isolated, including the procedure
of proposal composing. Web helps the specialist with its borderless ability
in getting to every single required datum and data during the time spent
postulation composing.
Books, Journals and Reports: The specialist devours much essential
and profitable data from books, diaries and reports. Indeed, even some basic,
compelling data helps the specialist in mapping, composing the proposition.
The books, diaries and reports utilized are analyzed in the writing survey
segment.
Media Articles: during the time spent written work this postulation,
the specialist additionally accumulates media articles keeping in mind the
end goal to get more vital information and took after by dissecting fragment
utilizing similar technique. In this manner, the information and data
accumulated could be shifted into the significant, dependable information or
data that the scientist may obtain for the proposition.
33
CHAPTER IV
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND THE
INDONESIAN FOREST CONDITION (2015-2017)
In this chapter, the writer would like to inform the reader regarding the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and specifically to the Goal 15 Target 2.
After that, the writer would like to briefly introduce the deforestation term as well
as provide the explanation of forest condition in Indonesia particularly in Riau
province.
Basically, SDGs has 17 goals, however, this thesis would like to focus on
the goal 15 regarding the “life on land” and will be specific to the target no. 2
which talking about forest sustainability. It will lead to the discussion regarding
deforestation. Deforestation is the removal of forest land and the impact surely
will threaten the lives of living species. In Indonesia which is a country blessed
with the natural resources including the extensive tropical forests has faced
deforestation in some part of the country. Riau, for instance, has faced the issue of
deforestation since a long time but popularly known in 2013 until 2014.
Therefore, this chapter will provide the overview before we going to the analysis
chapter.
The global commitment of SDGs was prepared by President Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono and David Cameron (UK) and the President of Liberia, Sir
John Earlaf as a member of the High Level Panel which was held by the UN to
formulate the concept of global development of MDGs. Now, President Jokowi
who leads the Working Cabinet with Pak Jusuf Kalla, carrying the Nawa Cita
development agenda which is packaged in RPJMN since 2015-2019. It turns out
that the development agenda is compatible with the 17 goals contained in the
SDGs. "Indonesia is touted as a few countries in the world that quickly respond to
SDGs as one of the references in its development platform.
34
IV.1 Sustainable Development Goals
IV.1.1 UN Summit Sustainable Development Goals 2015
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) platform is officially
over. During the 15 years of implementation of the MDGs, Indonesia
achieved 49 of the 67 targeted indicators. These achievements resulted in
significant improvements and improvements in the various areas of
national development. SDGs are a new development agreement that
encourages changes towards sustainable development based on human
rights and equity to promote social, economic and environmental
development. SDGs are enforced with universal, integration and inclusive
principles to ensure that no one will be missed or "No-one Left Behind".44
The end of the MDGs in 2015 is the start for countries in the world
to begin formulating a new platform in order to continue the noble ideals
of the MDGs. On August 2, 2015, at United Nations Headquarters, New
York, by acclamation of 193 UN member states adopted a document
entitled Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development. The meeting then continued with Sustainable Development
Summit which took place on 25-27 September 2015, in the same place.
The meeting, which was also attended by representatives from 193 UN
member states, successfully passed a document called Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), which contains 17 goals and is divided into
169 targets to make people's lives better.45
The role of government In contrast to the MDGs, methods and
methods for implementing SDGs require citizen participation. One way to
ensure the achievement of all objectives and targets of the SDGs is to
involve civil society groups. The government is responsible for
establishing the institutional joint committee or joint secretariat for
44 UNDP in Indonesia. (2015). Sustainable Development Goals. [online] Available at:
http://www.id.undp.org/content/indonesia/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html [Accessed
14 Mar. 2018]. 45 World Economic Forum. (2015). What are the Sustainable Development Goals?. [online]
Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/09/what-are-the-sustainable-development-
goals/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018].
35
sustainable development in the country. In Indonesia itself, the
implementation of the SDGs agenda is built on the experience of
governments implementing the MDGs agenda. Under the administration of
President Joko Widodo, Indonesia is serious in the effort to achieve the
indicators of SDGs.46 This begins with the integration of 169 indicators of
SDGs into the National Medium Term Development Plan (RPJM) 2020-
2040.47
The regulation is also a legitimacy and legal basis for the agenda of
SDGs agenda in Indonesia in the future. Implementation of SDGs also
means implementing national development objectives and maintaining
sustainable improvements in the welfare of the people. It also maintains
the sustainability of the social life of the community, maintains the quality
of the environment and inclusive development, and the implementation of
good governance that is able to maintain the quality of life from one
generation to the next. For Indonesia, SDGs are not only relevant to global
commitments, but also guidelines for becoming a developed country.
If previously the MDGs have 8 goals to be achieved by the global
community, among others; 1) Coping with poverty and hunger, 2)
Achieving universal primary education, 3) promoting gender equality and
empowering women, 4) reducing child mortality, 5) improving maternal
health, 6) combating HIV / AIDS, malaria and other infectious diseases ,
7) Ensure the carrying capacity of the environment, 8) Develop a global
partnership for development.48 SDGs has 17 goals to be achieved by the
world community, among others:49
46 Setkab.go.id. (2016). Inilah Perpres Pelaksanaan Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan
Berkelanjutan SDGs. [online] Available at: http://setkab.go.id/inilah-perpres-pelaksanaan-
pencapaian-tujuan-pembangunan-berkelanjutan-sdgs/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018]. 47 Setkab.go.id. (2016). Inilah Perpres Pelaksanaan Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan
Berkelanjutan SDGs. [online] Available at: http://setkab.go.id/inilah-perpres-pelaksanaan-
pencapaian-tujuan-pembangunan-berkelanjutan-sdgs/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018]. 48 MDGs. (2015). Millennium Development Goals. [online] Available at:
http://www.mdgfund.org/node/922 [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018]. 49 United Nations. (2015). sustainable Development Goals. [online] Available at:
http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2018].
36
1. No Poverty
Goal 1 has 7 targets to be achieved globally. The core of these
targets is to end any form of poverty. Based on the fact sheets of
SDGs Indonesia, there are still 22.76 Indonesians living below the
national poverty line with three provinces with the highest
poverty levels of NTT, Papua and West Papua.50
2. Zero Hunger
Goal 2 has 8 targets to be achieved globally. The core of the target
is to eliminate hunger, achieve good food and nutrition, and
improve sustainable agriculture. Based on fact sheet of SDGs
Indonesia. in the period 2007-2013, underweight increased from
18.4% to 19.6%.51
3. Good Health and Well-being
The 3rd goal has 13 targets to be achieved globally. The core of
these targets is to ensure a healthy life and improve the wellbeing
of the entire population of all ages. Based on the fact sheets of
50 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2016). Goal 15 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge
Platform. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg15 [Accessed 15 Mar.
2018]. 51 Ibid
Figure IV.1 Sustainable Development Goals (sourece:
sustainabledevelopment.un.org)
37
Indonesia's SDGs show the better condition in 1991-2015, the
maternal mortality rate decreased from 390 per 100,000 live births
to 305 per 100,000 live births and in the same period, from 68 per
1000 live births to 23 per 1000 live births.52
4. Quality Education
The 4th goal has 10 targets to be achieved globally. The
core of these targets is to ensure the inclusive and equitable
quality of education and to enhance lifelong learning
opportunities for all. Based on data. In 2016, the enrollment rate
for SD / MI / equal to 109.31%, for junior / MTs / equivalent level
of 90.12% and for SMA / SMK / MA / equal to 80.89% with 97 ,
7% of Indonesians aged 15-24 are already literate.53
5. Gender Equality
The fifth goal has 9 targets to be achieved globally. The
core of these targets is to achieve gender equality and empower
women. Based on the data, the percentage of violence against
women is still quite high around 41.7% of women aged 15-64
years’ experience at least 1 of 4 types of violence (physical, sexual,
emotional, and economic) during their lifetime, where cases of
violence are higher in regions urban area of 36.3% compared to the
village ratio of 29.5%.54
6. Clean Water and Sanitation
The 6th goal has 8 targets to be achieved globally. The core
of the target is to ensure the availability and management of clean
water and sustainable sanitation for all. Based on the data,
approximately 70.97% of households in Indonesia in 2015 have
52 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2016). Goal 15 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge
Platform. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg15 [Accessed 15 Mar.
2018]. 53 Ibid 54 Ibid
38
access to adequate drinking water but only about 62.14% of
households in Indonesia have proper sanitation.55
7. Affordable and Clean Energy
The 7th goal has 5 targets to be achieved globally. The core
of these targets is to ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable, and modern energy for all. Based on data. In 2016, the
electrification ratio in Indonesia has reached 91.16% meaning that
there are still 8.84% of Indonesian people still have no access to
electricity, and the problem of renewable energy utilization in
Indonesia, such as energy from wind, water and geothermal power
is only 7 %, whereas Indonesia has geothermal energy which is
very potential to be developed.56
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
The 8th goal has 12 targets to be achieved globally. The core
of these targets is to promote inclusive and sustainable economic
growth, productive and comprehensive employment opportunities,
and decent work for all. Based on fact sheet of SDGs Indonesia. By
2016, out of 43 million young people (15-24 years), 25% are not in
education, work or training with the National Open Unemployment
rate of 5.61% and the Youth Unemployment Rate of 19, 54%.57
9. Industry Innovation and Infrastructure
The 9th goal has 8 targets to be achieved globally. The core
of the target is to build robust infrastructure, improve inclusive and
sustainable industries, and drive innovation. Based on the fact
throwing of Indonesia's SDGs, the growth rate of manufacturing
industry reached 4.29% in 2016, and the sector is able to absorb
13.24% of labor and contribute 21.39% of Indonesia's GDP.
55 Ibid 56 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2016). Goal 15 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge
Platform. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg15 [Accessed 15 Mar.
2018]. 57 Ibid
39
10. Reduce Inequalities
The 10th goal has 10 targets to be achieved globally. The
core of these targets is to reduce intra and inter-state gap. Based on
the fact sheets of Indonesian SDGs, the Indonesian GNI coefficient
decreased from 0.41 in 2015 to 0.39 in 2016. However, there are
still 122 districts / municipalities defined as disadvantaged areas
2015-2019 by the government.58
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
The 11th goal has 10 targets to be achieved globally. The
core of these targets is to make cities and settlements inclusive,
safe, resilient and sustainable. Based on fact sheet of SDGs
Indonesia. In 2015, about 87.92% of households in Indonesia have
occupied a habitable home and in the period 2014-2015 only 61%
or 357 cities / regencies have met the criteria as a city of good
scale.59
12. Responsible Consumption and Production
The 12th goal has 11 targets to be achieved globally. The
core of these targets is to ensure sustainable production and
consumption patterns. Based on fact sheet of SDGs Indonesia. By
2016, nearly 100% of Hazardous and Toxic Waste from 1,640
companies (121,655,524.23 tonnes) has been managed. However,
the application of 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) in garbage banks
only reduces 0.014% of waste generation.60
13. Climate Action
The 13th goal has 5 targets to be achieved globally. The core
of these targets is to take immediate action to address climate
change and its impact. Based on fact sheet of SDGs Indonesia.
Disaster data and information in 2016, as many as 2,139,124 people
58 Ibid 59 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2016). Goal 15 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge
Platform. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg15 [Accessed 15 Mar.
2018]. 60 Ibid
40
suffered from disasters. Therefore, to reduce the disasters caused by
climate change 33 of 34 provinces have prepared Local Action
Plans for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction.
14. Life Below Water
The 14th goal has 10 targets to be achieved globally. The
core of the target is to conserve and utilize sustainably marine and
ocean resources for sustainable development. Based on fact sheet of
SDGs Indonesia. Indonesia has the largest coral reef ecosystem in
the world reaching 2.5 million ha and about 6.20% in very good
condition.61
15. Life on Land
The 15th goal has 12 targets to be achieved globally. The
core of these targets is to protect, rotate, and improve sustainable
use of land-based ecosystems, manage forests sustainably, halt
desertification, restore land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss.
Based on the fact sheet of Indonesian SDGs, there has been an
increase in cases of illegal distribution of Crops and Wildlife that
has been handled up to 43 cases (2015) to 51 cases (2016).62
16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
The goal of the 16th has 12 targets to be achieved globally.
The core of these targets is to strengthen an inclusive and
peaceful society for sustainable development, providing access
to justice for all and building effective, accountable, and
inclusive institutions at all levels. Based on the fact sheet of
SDGs Indonesia, in terms of financial reporting. In 2015 the
financial statements of 71% of ministries / agencies, 85% of
provinces, 54% of districts and 65% of cities in Indonesia
received Unqualified Opinion, and in the same year for the
61 Ibid 62 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2016). Goal 15 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge
Platform. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg15 [Accessed 15 Mar.
2018].
41
Anti-Corruption Behavior Index from 0 to 5, at a value of
3.59%.63
17. Partnerships for the Goals
The 17th goal has 19 targets to be achieved globally. The core of
the target is to strengthen the means of implementing and
revitalizing global partnerships for sustainable development.
Based on fact sheet of SDGs Indonesia. Remittances received by
Indonesia increased from 6,736 million USD in 2011 to 8,860
million USD in 2016 and in the same period, the contribution of
Indonesian remittances increased from 0.75% to 0.95%.64
This research concerns about SDGs goal 15 target 2 about life on
land, because the core all this research would explain the forest
conditions in Indonesia. And what are the plan of Indonesia government
and SDGs to handle the problem.
IV.1.2 Goal No.15 Target 2
Secure, reestablish and advance reasonable utilization of
earthbound biological communities, economically oversee woodlands,
battle desertification, and stop and invert arrive debasement and end
biodiversity misfortune.
“SDGs goal 15.2 is about promoting the sustainable for all
type of forest, and combating deforestation and restore degraded
forestland”.65
The reason behind this goals was due to the dependency of
human being with the earth. It aims to promote, protect and restore
63 Ibid 64 Ibid. 65 UNDP. (2016). Goal 15: Life on land. [online] Available at: http://www.id.undp.org
/content/indonesia/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land.html [Accessed
15 Mar. 2018].
42
the sustainable land.66 This is necessary to provide a favorable and
habitatle living land.
Moderating different types of life ashore requires a focused on
push to secure, reestablish and advance the preservation and
economical utilization of earthbound and different biological
communities. Objective15 centers particularly around practical
timberland administration, reestablishing debased land and
effectively destroying desertification, diminishing corrupted
characteristic natural surroundings and completion biodiversity
misfortune.
In the vicinity of 1990 and 2015, the world's timberland zone
was diminished from 31.7 per cent of the world's aggregate land
territory to 30.7 per cent. The misfortune is for the most part because
of backwoods transformation to other land utilizes, for example,
horticultural improvement and foundation. In the interim, different
zones are changed into timberlands through planting, scene
reclamation or normal woodland development. Because of the adjust
of the two procedures and the push to moderate deforestation, the
loss of worldwide woodland territories declined from 7.3 million
hectares every year in the 1990s to 3.3 million hectares for each year
finished the period 2010 to 2015.67
To secure spots that contribute altogether to worldwide
biodiversity, ensured zones have been characterized and
distinguished as key biodiversity territories.68 By 2014, 15.2 percent
of the world's earthly and freshwater situations are ensured by
secured zones. The level of earthly biodiversity territories canvassed
in secured regions has expanded, from 16.5 percent in 2000 to 19.3
66 United Nations. (2015). GOAL 15: Life on land. Retrieved from
https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/sustainable-development-goals/why-do-
sustainable-development-goals-matter/goal-15 67 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2016). Goal 15 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge
Platform. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg15 [Accessed 15 Mar.
2018]. 68 Sustainabledevelopment.un.org. (2016). Goal 15 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge
Platform. [online] Available at: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg15 [Accessed 15 Mar.
2018].
43
percent by 2016. In a similar period, the offer of shielded freshwater
biodiversity has expanded from 13.8 percent to 16.6 percent, and the
offer of real biodiversity zones under security has developed from
18.1 percent to 20.1 percent.69
Spotlight on Goal 15 to stop biodiversity misfortune happens
at a basic minute, the same number of types of creatures of land and
water, winged animals and warm blooded animals coast toward
eradication. As indicated by the International Red List Index for
Nature Conservation, creatures of land and water are declining most
quickly in Latin America and the Caribbean, fundamentally because
of chytrid growth malady, one of the numerous expanding untamed
life illnesses around the world. The best elimination chance for
winged creatures and well evolved creatures is found in Southeast
Asia, basically because of marsh woods transformation. In any case,
the decay is unavoidable, with the danger of annihilation in
vertebrate species has been turned around in five little island creating
countries (Cook Islands, Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles and Tonga)
because of preservation measures in the course of recent decades.70
Preservation endeavors can likewise be foiled by poaching
and untamed life exchange. Since 1999, no less than 7,000 types of
creatures and plants have been identified in illicit exchange, and the
rundown of globally secured species keeps on developing.
Contrasting the measure of the legitimate exchange untamed life
items (around 900,000 exchanges for each year) against the quantity
of seized natural life (around 16,000 seizures for each year) gives a
sign of the unlawful untamed life exchange scope. The estimation of
legitimate and illicit natural life items can likewise be looked at. For
instance, the recorded seizure estimation of the Crocodylus variety
69 Ibid 70 SDGs. (2016). Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and
halt biodiversity loss — SDG Indicators. [online] Available at:
https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/goal-15/ [Accessed 28 Mar. 2018].
44
speaks to between 0.4 percent and 0.6 percent of the fare esteem
secured by this species law in the vicinity of 2009 and 2013, with no
evident propensity.71
Progress in the conservation and use of terrestrial forms and
terrestrial ecosystems in a sustainable direction is uneven. The rate of
progress of forest loss has slowed and improvements in forest
management have continued in a sustainable direction and protection
of important areas of biodiversity. However, declining trends in land
productivity, loss of biodiversity, illegal fishing and trafficking in
wildlife continue to be serious concerns.
The net loss in forest status remains slow, and the biomass
balance of forests in hectare status is stable. There is further forest
stewardship and the rise of areas under long-term management plans
and voluntary certification. From 2010 to 2015, the annual loss of the
forest area worldwide was less than half that of the 1990s. The
proportion of the forested area decreased from 31.6 per cent in 1990
to 30.8 per cent in 2010 and 30.6 per cent in 2015.72
15 per cent of the land is currently under protection, but not
all important areas of biodiversity. Guarding essential biodiversity is
needed to strengthen the management of natural resources and the
conservation of biodiversity. Between 2000 and 2015, the average
international coverage of terrestrial biodiversity, freshwater and
mountain areas by protected areas increased from 35 per cent to 47
per cent, from 32 per cent to 43 per cent, and from 39 per cent To 49
per cent, respectively.73
71 SDGs. (2016). Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and
halt biodiversity loss — SDG Indicators. [online] Available at:
https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/goal-15/ [Accessed 28 Mar. 2018]. 72 Dahal, G., Larson, A. dan Pacheco, P. (2015). Hasil reformasi untuk mata pencaharian, kondisi
hutan dan keadilan. [online] Pusat Penelitian Kehutanan Internasional. Tersedia di:
https://www.cifor.org/library/3199/outcomes-of-reforms-for-livelihoods-forest-condition-and-
equity/ [Diakses 28 Maret 2018]. 73 Ibid
45
In 2017, 76 per cent of the world's mountainous regions were
covered with some kind of green vegetation, including forests,
shrubs, grasses and crops. The green cover on the mountains is the
lowest in Central Asia (31 per cent), the highest in Oceania
(excluding Australia and New Zealand) (98 per cent).74
In the period from 1998 to 2013, about one fifth of the
surface area covered by vegetation showed the presence of persistent
and deteriorating productivity trends. South America and Africa are
the hardest hit. In some cases, advanced stages of land degradation
lead to desertification in dry areas, particularly in pastoral lands and
rangelands. The erosion of land and soil undermines the security and
development of all countries. Against the effects of diminishing land
and desertification through the permanent management of land is key
to beautifying the lives and ways of creating more than a billion
individuals who are currently under threat.75
Biodiversity loss continues at an alarming rate according to
the red list index. The risk of coral reef extinction is growing at a
much faster rate among all resident population groups, as a result of
increased climate change and local impacts. Chytrid, another source
of confusion, destroys many amphibians and increases the risk of
extinction.
The international community pledges to preserve
biodiversity. Two international conventions aim at sharing benefits
from the use of genetic resources in a fair and equitable manner. As
of April 2017, 144 republics have ratified the Global Treaty on Plant
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and 96 have ratified the
Nagoya Protocol on the Acquisition of Genetic Resources and the
74 Ibrahim, Y. (2016). Vegetation and Land Cover Change in the Context of Land Degradation.
[ebook] Leicester: University of Leicester, p.15. Available at:
https://lra.le.ac.uk/bitstream/2381/39744/1/2017IBRAHIMYZPhD.pdf [Accessed 28 Mar. 2018]. 75 Ibid
46
Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Arising out of their
Utilization.
IV.2 Deforestation in Indonesia
IV.2.1 Definitions of Deforestation
Deforestation is the process of removing natural forests by
logging for timber harvesting or converting forest land into non-
forested land.76 Can also be caused by a forest fire either
intentionally or occurs naturally. Deforestation threatens the lives
of mankind and other living species. The greatest contribution to
climate change occurring today is the result of deforestation.77
Deforestation in these areas eliminates critical habitats,
disrupts ecosystems and causes the extinction of many potential
species, including irreplaceable species that can be used to make
medicines, which may be essential for the healing or effective
treatment of the world's most devastating diseases.78
Deforestation also contributes to global warming-tropical
deforestation accounts for about 20 percent of all greenhouse
gases-and has a significant impact on the global economy.79 While
some may receive direct economic benefits from activities that
result in deforestation, their short-term gains can not offset the
long-term negative economic losses.
Forests have beneficial effects on living things, forests as giver
of oxygen and also carbon dioxide absorber already provide
benefits for human survival as well as the environment. But now,
no doubt, the deforestation is a problem that is very alarming, how
76 Mumoki, F. (2006). THE EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION ON OUR ENVIRONMENT
TODAY. Retrieved March 28, 2018, from https://www.tigweb.org/youth-
media/panorama/article.html?ContentID=7611 77 World Wildlife Fund. (2015). Deforestation | Threats | WWF. [online] Available at:
https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018]. 78 Ibid 79 Scientificamerican. (2010). Deforestation and Its Extreme Effect on Global Warming. Retrieved
March 28, 2018, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/deforestation-and-global-
warming/
47
not, the forest is now a lot of switch function so that it will threaten
the survival of humans and the environment. Many forests are now
deforested due to selfish manpower by illegal logging and also land
conversion, without realizing it will be a source of disaster for life.
Not only humans are threatened, but also other living ecosystems
will be threatened because the Forest is a complex ecosystem that
affects almost every species on earth.80
Currently deforestation occurs almost all over the world, where
the damage is largely due to human activities. According to the
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), nearly
7.3 million hectares of forest worldwide are lost every year.81 This
will certainly be more threatening to human life, Trigger
deforestation activities of the forest is an industrial activity,
especially wood industry. Another factor is due to the conversion
of forest into plantation land or can also be used as residential land
for residents. Of course this should be overcome because every day
more and more forests are barren and this will certainly have
adverse effects on life will mainly be a source of great natural
disasters.82
80 World Wildlife Fund. (2015). Deforestation | Threats | WWF. [online] Available at:
https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018]. 81 United Nations. (2010). Deforestation in decline but rate remains alarming, UN agency says |
UN News. Retrieved March 28, 2018, from https://news.un.org/en/story/2010/03/333612-
deforestation-decline-rate-remains-alarming-un-agency-says 82 Science, L. and Earth, P. (2013). Deforestation: Facts, Causes & Effects. [online] Live Science.
Available at: https://www.livescience.com/27692-deforestation.html [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018].
48
This figure, show burned forest area by mining: 24.183, food
crops: 346.039, estate crops: 72.763, palm oil concession: 505.887,
forestry concession: 233.414, swamp forest: 176.179, natural forest:
259.376, others: 807.369.
Impacts Due to Forest Degradation
1. Lowering Oxygen Quality
Forests are the largest producer that produces Oxygen (O2),
the forest also helps absorb greenhouse gases that cause global
warming. That is why there is a term that says that forests are the
lungs of the earth. But the amount of degraded forest will make a
decrease in the quality of oxygen. Because the less plants that exist in
the forest, the less oxygen is produced. The result is the quality of
oxygen will decrease.83
2. Causes of Great Flood
83 IPCC.(2015) Impacts of Desertification. Retrieved March 28, 2018, from
http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg2/index.php?idp=404
Figure IV.2 Hectares Burned by Land Type (source: CIFOR Indonesia)
49
The more rampant illegal logging will make forests more bare,
this will certainly become pemici the occurrence of large floods and
also banjir bandang. because the least trees in the forest will not be
able to absorb rain water. So when the rain comes, the water will
overflow because it can not be absorbed by the tree roots.84
3. Drought disaster
Drought disaster can occur due to forest destruction. When the
trees are few in number, the water is absorbed too little. So the ground
water also becomes less. Less groundwater can cause natural
disasters.85
4. Landslide Causes
Plants and Trees in the Forest Area will be the reinforcement
of the soil structure, so when there is heavy rain, the water is not
directly about the soil because the root of the tree will become a
rainwater absorber. But deforestation and deforestation will trigger
major landslides. because it is not adalagi plant roots that can absorb
rain water.86
5. Disruption of the water cycle
We know that trees have an important role in the water cycle,
which absorbs rainfall and produces water vapor that will later be
released into the atmosphere. In other words, the fewer the number of
trees on earth, the water content in the air that will be returned to the
ground in the form of rain is also small.87
IV.2.2 Forest Condition in Indonesia
Indonesia 1945 constitutions believe that the forest, as a gift
and grace of God Almighty mandated to the nation of Indonesia,
is a wealth controlled by the state and provide benefits for
84 Ibid 85 Ibid 86 Ibid 87 IPCC.(2015) Impacts of Desertification. Retrieved March 28, 2018, from
http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg2/index.php?idp=404
50
human beings who must be grateful, managed and utilized
optimally and preserved for the greatest prosperity of the people
as stated in the 1945 Constitution of the State of the Republic of
Indonesia. The utilization and use of forest areas shall be carried
out appropriately and sustainably by considering ecological,
social, and economic functions and to maintain.88
Sustainability for present and future generations. And there
has been forest destruction caused by the use of forests and the
use of forest areas that are not in accordance with the provisions
of laws and regulations. And also the destruction of forests, in
particular illegal logging, unlicensed mining, and unlicensed
plantations has resulted in state losses, damage to social and
cultural life and the environment, and increased global warming
that has become a national, regional and international issue.89
Indonesian government also believe that destruction of
forests has become an extraordinary, organized, and
transnational crime committed by a sophisticated modus
operandi, has threatened the survival of society so that in order
to prevent and eradicate effective forest destruction and the
provision of a deterrent effect requires a strong legal basis and
which able to ensure the effectiveness of law enforcement.
Indonesia is blessed with one of the most extensive and
diverse tropical forests of its biodiversity in the world. Tens of
millions of Indonesians rely on their livelihoods and livelihoods
from forests, either from collecting various types of forest
products to meet their livelihood needs or working in the wood
processing industry. This tropical forest is a habitat of flora and
fauna whose abundance is unparalleled by other countries of
88 Sanitasi. (2011). Undang-undang No. 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan. Retrieved March 28,
2018, from http://www.sanitasi.net/undang-undang-no-41-tahun-1999-tentang-kehutanan.html 89 Matthews, E., Achmaliadi, R., Brown, D. and Fatah, Y. (2002). The State of the forest:
Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Watch Indonesia, p.15.
51
equal size. Even today almost every scientific expedition
conducted in Indonesia's tropical forests always results in the
discovery of new species.
Forest Cover Area in Indonesia
Year Total Area
2009 133.453.366,98
2010 131,279,115.98
2011 130,609,014.98
2012 128.220.010,10
2013 124.022.848,67
90
Table above show that the conditions of forest cover area in
Indonesia year by year. There are decreasing number of area year by
years. Indonesia's "economic miracle" in the 1980s and 1990s turned
out to be partly by destroying the environment and violating the
rights and traditions of local communities. For example, one of the
fastest growing sectors of the economy, the pulp and paper industry,
was established without first establishing indispensable industrial
timber estates to secure the supply of pulpwood. Instead, these pulp
factories rely on their raw materials from massive natural forest
clearance.91 The Indonesian economy is marred by disobedience to
law and corruption.
Illegal logging has been taking place overwhelmingly in huge
volumes over the years and is believed to have destroyed 10 million
90 Garg, T. (2017). Ecosystems and Human Health: The Local Benefits of Forest Cover in
Indonesia. Ecosystems and Human Health: The Local Benefits of Forest Cover in Indonesia, 3.
doi:10.2139/ssrn.3010785 91 Matthews, E., Achmaliadi, R., Brown, D. and Fatah, Y. (2002). The State of the forest:
Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: Forest Watch Indonesia, p.15.
Table IV.1 Forest Cover Area in Indonesia (Source: Ministry of
Forestry of Indonesia)
0
52
ha of forest.92 The wood processing industry in Indonesia operates in
a dimly lit legal system, where large corporations that until the 1997
economic crisis succeeded in attracting billions of dollars of
investment from Western countries, turned out to get more than half
the supply of wood raw materials from illegal sources. Timber is
routinely smuggled across the borders of neighboring countries,
causing the Indonesian Government to lose millions of dollars every
year.93
While the evidence for the destruction is so great, the picture
of the damage is still blurred because of conflicting data, inaccurate
information, and conflicting claims and arguments. Therefore there
is an urgent need to conduct an objective assessment of Indonesia's
forest situation, which will result in a correct information base for
individuals and organizations seeking to make positive changes.
Every year, Indonesia loses 684,000 hectares of forests due to
illegal logging, forest fires, forest encroachment and forest
conversion. According to data released by the World Food and
Agriculture Agency (FAO) based on data from the Global Forest
Resources Assessment (FRA), Indonesia ranks second highest in the
world for forest loss after Brazil is in first place. In fact, Indonesia is
called a megadiverse country because it has the largest forest with
the richest biodiversity in the world.94
According to the latest data from the Ministry of
Environment and Forests in Indonesia, the total forest area currently
reaches 124 million hectares, but from 2010 to 2015, Indonesia ranks
92 Illegal-logging.info. (2015). Indonesia | Illegal Logging Portal. [online] Available at:
https://www.illegal-logging.info/regions/Indonesia [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018]. 93 Ibid. 94 Ministry of Foresty of the Republic of Indonesia. (2011). Kehutanan Indonesia. Pusat Humas
Kementerian Kehutanan.
53
second highest loss of forest area reaching 684,000 hectares per
year.95
Unfortunately, forest destruction in the country is quite
apprehensive. Based on the Ministry of Forestry records, at least 1.1
million hectares or 2% of Indonesia's forests are shrinking every
year.96 Data from the Ministry of Forestry say that of the remaining
130 million hectares of forest in Indonesia, 42 million hectares have
been cleared.97
The greatest damage or threats to natural forests in Indonesia
are illegal logging, forest conversion into plantations, forest fires and
unsustainable forest exploitation both for residential, industrial, and
encroachment development. The increasingly severe forest
destruction caused disruption of the forest ecosystem and
surrounding environment. An obvious example of the more frequent
occurrence is the spatial conflict between wildlife and humans. The
destruction of wildlife habitat forests causes them to compete with
humans for food and living spaces, often ending up losses for both
sides. The destruction of the forest has been a threat to all living
things.
IV.2.2.1 Riau Forrest conditions
Riau Province is located on the east coast of the island of
Sumatra, geographically next to north bordering Malacca
Strait and North Sumatra province, next to south bordering
the provinces of Jambi and the province of West Sumatra;
next east with the provinces of Riau Islands and the
Malacca Strait; West Side bordering the provinces of West
Sumatra and the province of North Sumatra. Riau
95 Ministry of Foresty of the Republic of Indonesia. (2011). Kehutanan Indonesia. Pusat Humas
Kementerian Kehutanan 96 Ibid. 97 Ibid
54
Province stretched from the slopes of Bukit Barisan to the
Malacca Strait, located between 01005'00 '' South Latitude
to 02025'00 '' North Latitude or between 100'00'00 "East
Longitude to 105005'00" East Longitude. Provincial
Region Riau consists of 9 districts (Kuantan Singgingi,
Indragiri Hulu, Indragiri Hilir, Pelalawan, Siak, Kampar,
Rokan Hulu, Bengkalis and Rokan Hilir) and 2
municipalities of Pekanbaru and Dumai.98
From the chart above, we can see the declining of
forest area in Riau Province since 1982 until 2015. The
declining of forest was due to the illegal use of forests,
including ongoing illegal logging in Riau Province, the rate
of natural forest destruction of Riau reaches 160,000
hectares per year.99 Apart from that, the forest fire also
keeps happening in Riau. Until 2016, the fire spot in Riau
forest has been increased dramatically.100
98 Riau, P. (2010). Riau Province. [online] Riau.go.id. Available at:
https://www.riau.go.id/home/content/61/data-umum [Accessed 15 Mar. 2018]. 99 WWF Indonesia. (2005). Degradasi Tinggi, Hutan Riau Akan Gundul. Retrieved April 21, 2018,
from https://www.wwf.or.id/?5321/degradasi-tinggi-hutan-riau-akan-gundul 100 Hardjanti, A. (2016, July 11). Awal Juli 2016, Pembakaran Hutan di Riau Meningkat Tajam.
Retrieved from http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2016/07/awal-juli-2016-pembakaran-hutan-
di-riau-meningkat-tajam
Figure IV.3 Riau Province forest area (source: Jikalahari
(Riau Forest Rescue Team) Document)
55
Deforestation is a problem in Riau province area.
The decreasing number of forest area would be the special
attantion from the local government. There are current
data about the number of forest area in Riau province. This
report was prepared by David LA Gaveau and his team,
after examining the condition of forests in Riau one month
after Singapore was hit by the worst pollution of forest
fires in June 2013. Singapore's air pollution index for 24
hours when it reached the highest number, 246 or entered
in the category " very unhealthy ".
In terms of land use, the results of David's research
and the team in the field found that most fires (82%)
occurred in Riau occurred on non-forest land classified as
133,216 hectares. Only 7% (12,037 hectares) of burned
land fell into the forest category before the fire
occurred.101 Interestingly, five years ago, more than half of
this burning field (58%, 94,308 hectares) was still in the
forest. And as many as 57% of non-forest burned areas are
"forest graves" because the land has been cultivated and
the trees have been felled and dead.102
In terms of ownership, the research team found that
52% of the burned area (84,717 hectares) was included in
the concession area in the sense that the area has been
granted permission to be processed into plantations.
However, 60% of this burning concession area (50,248
hectares, or 31% of the total burned area) is also inhabited
by the community.103
As many as 48% of the total burned area belongs to
the Ministry of Forestry. According to the research team,
101 Kurniawan, S. P. (2015, January 01). The role of fire in changing land use and livelihoods in
Riau-Sumatra. Retrieved March 28, 2018, from https://www.cifor.org/library/1541/the-role-of-fire-
in-changing-land-use-and-livelihoods-in-riau-sumatra/ 102 Ibid 103 Ibid
56
deforestation occurring in the region was triggered by fires
and still "seizing" land tenure status with local government.
The problem is complicated, because the research team
found farming activities by the community a month after
the landfire occurred.
Areas of forest fires also occur in areas already
prepared as plantation land. Trees are felled and dead, water
in peatlands is drained. Water loss and natural canopy
systems increase the risk of forest fires triggered by
extreme dry season conditions. According to the research
team, forest fires will continue to occur if the conversion of
natural forests and peatlands into oil palm plantations
The Regulation on the Spatial Area of Riau
Territory is contained in the Decree of the Minister of
Forestry no. 173 of 1986 on Forest Land Use Arrangement
(TGHK) and Local Regulation no. 10 of 1994 on Provincial
Spatial Planning (RTRWP) Level 1 Riau 1994-2009 which
contains about the direction of spatial use as a Reference
and Tools of coordination between sectors in developing
the policy of Riau Province Development until today. In
TGHK and Riau RTRWP the land area of Riau is 9,456,160
Ha (still including Riau Islands Province).104 TGHK
contains the division of Spatial Use based on Forest
Function into 5 Classifications namely Protection Forest,
Nature and Tourism Forest, Limited Production Forest,
Permanent Production Forest, and Conversion Production
Forest. While RTRWP divide the direction of space
utilization into 2 Great Classification that is Protected Area
and Area of Cultivation. Protected Areas include Nature
Conservation Area, Forest Nature Reserve Area, The Local
104 Jikalahari.or.id. (2017). Riau RTRWP for the People, Not for a Few Companies and Corporate
Monopoly - Jikalahari. [online] Available at: http://jikalahari.or.id/kabar/rilis/rtrwp-riau-untuk-
rakyat-bukan-untuk-segelintir-pemodal-dan-monopoli-korporasi/ [Accessed Mar. 15th. 2018].
57
Protected Area, and the Area that provides the Protection of
the Lower Area. While Cultivation Area covers Production
Forest Area, Plantation, Industry, Tourism, Agriculture,
Settlement and others, and Priority area.
Indonesian constitutions Law no. 24 of 1992 on
Spatial Planning, RTRWP preparation is done by referring
to the RTRWN (National Spatial Plan), then RTRWK
(Spatial Plan of Regency / City) also must refer to RTRWP.
It is intended that there is synchronization of Development
between National Level, Province and District / City. The
RTRWN is prepared for a 25-Year term, RTRWP for the
15-Year Term, and RTRWK for ten year period. Revisions
or Review can be made every 5 Years.105 Revision or
Review aims to reconcile various regional, national and
international policy developments that may arise on the
way.106
The importance of Spatial Planning means that
every Development policy made by the Provincial and
Regency / City Governments is not out of the existing
spatial use directives. Implicitly Spatial also contains about
the division of authority between the Central Government
and the Regions, either in the Determination / Change of
the Status of Forest Areas, the granting of allocations of
space for Investment and Development of Settlements /
Urban and Rural, and others. When viewed from the
perceptive Ecological Spatial also serves to provide
certainty for the protection / maintenance of the area,
ecosystems, and habitats that have high ecological value.
Then the meaning will be wider when viewed from the
Perspective of Social, Economy, Culture and Politics.
105 Ibid 106 Ibid
58
CHAPTER V
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS 15 TARGET 2 IN RIAU
PROVINCE (2015-2017)
In this chapter, the writer would provide the analysis of the research and
also answering the research question. This chaper consist of the integration of
SDGs into Indonesian policy such as the “Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan
Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca” (RAN-GRK) / National Actional Plan for Reducing
Greenhous Gas Emisson and the Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation
(REDD), and the implementation of the policy mentioned above to address the
forest issue in Riau Province.
RAN-GRK basically focusing to reduce the greenhouse gas and REDD
itself focus on the forest issue. This chapter will provide the analysis on how these
two policiees can be use as the strategy to solve the deforestation issue in the Riau
Province.
V.1 The Integration of SDGs Goals 15 Target 2 into Indonesian
Policy on Forest Cover Area
V.1.1 National Action Plan for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
(RAN-GRK)
The National Action Plan for GHG Emission Reduction
(RAN-GRK) is a working document that provides the foundation
for various Ministries / Agencies and Local Governments for the
implementation of activities that directly and indirectly will
reduce greenhouse gas emissions within the framework of
reducing the rate of climate change global. Greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions alone are generated from nature and various
development activities primarily from activities in the fields of
forestry, peatland, sewage, agriculture, transportation, industry
59
and energy. This has been the concern of many parties related to
the occurrence of global climate change that symptoms and
impacts have been felt by various countries in the world including
Indonesia.107
This document is structured as part of a long-term (RPJP)
and medium-term development plan (RPJM) within the
framework of sustainable development policies to address the
impacts of climate change, specifically to reduce GHG emissions,
especially for some priority development areas.108 The
compilation of this document is also a follow up of Indonesia's
commitment to tackling global climate change issues, delivered
by President Soesilo Bambang Yudhoyono in his speech to the G-
20 leaders at a meeting in Pittsburgh, USA, September 25,
2009.109
Under the scenario of SNC (Second National
Communication) the level of emissions in Indonesia is expected
to increase from 1.72 Giga ton CO2e in 2000 to 2.95 Giga ton
CO2e in 2020110. The calculations will be reviewed periodically
using better methodology, data and information. These emissions
increase, largely due to activities or activities in the fields of
forestry and peatlands, agriculture, energy, industry and
transportation, and waste. Greenhouse Gas Emission Scenario
(GHG) 2000-2020 Under this condition, Indonesia has voluntarily
committed to reducing GHG emissions by 26 percent by 2020
107 Darajati, W. (2011). IMPLEMENTASI RENCANA RENCANA AKSI NASIONAL
NASIONAL PENURUNAN PENURUNAN EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA. [online] Iesr.or.id.
Available at: http://iesr.or.id/wp-content/uploads/Bappenas-PP-61.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 108 Apki.net. (2010). Panduan Penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah Pengurangan Emisi Gas Rumah
Kaca (RAD-GRK). [online] Available at: http://apki.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Panduan-
Penyusunan-RAD-Pengurangan-Emisi-GRK.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 109 Ibid 110 UNFCCC. (2008). UNFCCC. INDONESIA SECOND NATIONAL COMMUNICATION
UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE,
VII. doi:10.3411/col.11240401
60
from the emissions level of BAU (Bussiness as Usual).111 If the
SNC scenario is used for GHG emission reduction targets by 20%
by 26% is 0.767 Giga ton CO2e, and an additional possibility of
15 percent (0.477 Giga ton CO2e) to 41 percent if there is
international funding support. The amount of GHG emission
reduction figures will also still be recalculated more accurately
using better methodology, data and information.112
This document is expected to be an integrated, concrete,
measurable and actionable action plan for 2010-2020. In addition,
the action plan is based on measurable, reportable and verifiable
(MRV) principles, in order to be accountable for the results, in
accordance with principles to be implemented by the UNFCCC
for climate change mitigation activities undertaken by the state of
party.113
In order to realize the above objectives and targets, it is
necessary to formulate various interventions and action plans that
are adapted to the policy of climate change mitigation program
implemented and supported by various Ministries / Institutions
such as:
111 Ranradgrk.bappenas.go.id. (2015). POTRET RENCANA AKSI DAERAH PENURUNAN
EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA (RAD-GRK). [online] Available at:
http://ranradgrk.bappenas.go.id/rangrk/admincms/downloads/publications/Potret_RAD-GRK.pdf
[Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 112 Ranradgrk.bappenas.go.id. (2015). POTRET RENCANA AKSI DAERAH PENURUNAN
EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA (RAD-GRK). [online] Available at:
http://ranradgrk.bappenas.go.id/rangrk/admincms/downloads/publications/Potret_RAD-GRK.pdf
[Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 113 Nature.or.id. (2016). Kebijakan Nasional Perubahan Iklim. [online] Available at:
https://www.nature.or.id/publikasi/laporan-dan-panduan-kehutanan/modul-knpi.pdf [Accessed 27
Mar. 2018].
61
Table V.1 National and Regional Action Framework114
Ministries /
Institutions
Duties
Minister of National
Development
Planning/ Bappenas
receiving RAD-GRK documents as
determined by the Governor Regulation no
later than 12 months after the enactment of
Presidential Regulation No. 61/2011.
Minister of
Domestic Affairs
in charge of facilitating the preparation of
RAD-GRK together with the Minister of
PPN / Head of Bappenas and the Minister
of Environment acceptance of RAD-GRK
documents that have been set by The
Governor.
Minister of
Environment
establishing guidelines for implementation
inventory of GHG, coordinate the
implementation of inventory GHG
emissions and GHG emission change
tendencies including carbon stores at the
national level.
Provincial
Government
obliged to prepare Regional Action Plan
for Decline Greenhouse Gas Emissions
(RAD-GRK) based on RAN-GRK
and regional development priorities
In short, RAN-GRK has injected the principles of
Sustainable Development Goals target 15.2 by awering the
environment sustainable into its center idea. The integration of
114 Bappenas.go.id. (2010). RENCANA AKSI NASIONAL PENURUNAN EMISI GAS RUMAH
KACA. [online] Available at:
https://www.bappenas.go.id/files/8414/1214/1620/naskah_akademis.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].
62
SDGs target 15.2 by the government of Indonesia into RAN-GRK
is approved since the values of SDGs target 15.2 are discovered
within RAN-GRK. Thus, the process in ensuring environmental
sustainability is confirmed through this policy.
V.1.2 Reducing Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+)
Task Force
In 2009, Indonesia became one of the first developing
countries to formally commit to voluntary emissions
reductions.115 This emission reduction commitment is 26 percent
of the business as usual (BAU) scenario by 2020 with its own
resources or 41 percent if it gets international assistance. To
realize this commitment, the government has issued Presidential
Regulation (Perpres) no. 61/2011 on the National Action Plan for
GHG emission reduction (RAN-GRK) and Presidential
Regulation (Perpres) no. 71/2011 on GHG inventory. REDD + is
one of the key elements of RAN-GRK's operationalization in the
areas of forest management, peatland and agriculture.116 REDD +
will also be developed within the framework of low-carbon and
green economy development, to ensure that climate change
mitigation measures from the land use sector are in line with
Indonesia's sustainable development needs and policies.
Indonesia is the country with the third largest tropical forest
in Indonesia after Brazil and Zaire and owns 10% of the rest of
the world's resources.117 Timber forest products are one of the
115 WIJAYA, A., WIBOWO, K., & CLORINDA. (2015). World Resource Institute. HOW CAN
INDONESIA ACHIEVE ITS CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION GOAL? AN ANALYSIS OF
POTENTIAL EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS FROM ENERGY AND LAND-USE POLICIES, I, 1-
3. Retrieved March 29, 2018, from http://www.wri-indonesia.org/sites/default/files/WRI Layout
Paper OCN v7.pdf 116 Jdih.kemenkeu.go.id. (2007). UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 26
TAHUN 2007. [online] Available at:
http://www.jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2007/26TAHUN2007UU.htm [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 117 Sunderlin, W., Larson, A., Duchelle, A., Resosudarmo, I., Huynh, T., Awono, A. and Dokken,
T. (2013). How are REDD+ Proponents Addressing Tenure Problems? Evidence from Brazil,
Cameroon, Tanzania, Indonesia, and Vietnam. [online] Science Direct. Available at:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X13000193 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].
63
mainstay forest products that support national economic growth.
Riau Province is one of 9 (nine) forested in Indonesia which is
established by the government as a province of REDD
Implementation. Riau Province with extensive forest area and
largest peatland in Sumatra and including the largest contributor
of CO2 emission in Indonesia. In line with the designation of Riau
Province as a pilot province, the Riau Governor has established a
Provincial REDD Task Force tasked with preparing at the
Provincial level. REDD institutions are established in efforts to
reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degeneration as
outlined in the REDD National Strategy.118
Riau province with large forest areas and the largest
peatland in Sumatra has a strong commitment to support
government policy in reducing emissions from deforestation and
forest degradation activities, and expressed interest in being a
pilot location of REDD + implementation province. Indonesia and
Norway and / or Indonesia's cooperation with other countries on
REDD + implementation. Implementation of REDD + in Riau
must meet the principles of effectiveness, efficiency, fairness,
transparency and accountability, so that REDD + projects can
have a positive impact on indigenous and local communities. The
REDD + project implements Free Prior Informed Consent (FPIC)
from the planning to monitoring and evaluation of REDD +
implementation.
The REDD+ is an important part of the environmental
conservation strategic policy which has been proclaimed by Riau
Provincial Government to improve environmental quality and
avoid the image as an area that often produce environmental
pollution. The strategic policy of the environment will continue to
be run continuously and synergies with other development plans
118 Ibid.
64
which are also a priority are the improvement of human resources,
the empowerment of the populist economy and the efforts of
poverty alleviation, the provision of infrastructure in an effort to
increase investment as well as the realization of good governance
Clean Governance).119
Implementation of REDD + especially in developing
countries requires support from local actors. The REDD +
mechanism is an international issue that requires real action at the
local national level. Therefore, the solution of deforestation and
forest degradation problems at the national level can not be
separated from the solution of national development problems as
a whole. In addition, the forestry sector is unique in all developing
country forest owners, many policy instruments and programs
designed to address climate change issues but directly or
indirectly contribute to mitigating the negative impacts of climate
change.120
Environmental threats do not recognize national boundaries
and no country or group of countries can cope with environmental
threats. Global environmental damage is a major challenge to
global prosperity. A clean, universally beneficial environment
while the global environmental framework is harmful to all
people, whether large or small.
At the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development or the "Earth Summit" held in Rio de Janeiro
and representatives from 172 countries and 2,400 NGOs gathered
to discuss ways to reduce tensions in the global environment
while encouraging sustainable development to reduce tensions
between the wishes of the developing countries, poor countries to
119 GoRiau.com. (2014). Selamatkan Lingkungan, Pemprov Riau Teken MoU Implementasi
REDD+. [online] Available at: https://www.goriau.com/berita/umum/selamatkan-lingkungan-
pemprov-riau-teken-mou-implementasi-redd.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 120 Ibid
65
build fast-paced economies and the preferences of rich countries
to enforce environmental and development boundaries. as Buzan
puts it in his book People, states and Fear: "security is concerned
with environmental problems, where issues that threaten the
survival of a particular collective unit will be seen as a threat
existential.121
Forests are a source of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) absorbers
and support the national economic growth with the utilization of
wood in the forest. livelihoods 90% of the 1.2 billion people
living in extreme poverty. Forests are also used as a source of
PAD timber (Local Original Opinion) needed for local
development. Forests also play a major role in maintaining water
supply and cycles. Nevertheless, its presence is threatened by land
clearing practices.7 Deforestation and forest degradation are the
causes of an increase of up to a hundred times the extinction of
world species and up to 20% of total GHG emissions that exceed
world transport. Climate change is a reality of common concern to
the international community.122
The Decree of the President of the Republic of Indonesia
19/2010 on Task Force (Task Force) Preparation for the
Establishment of Institutional REDD +, which ended its term on
30 June 2011 was the response of the Government of Indonesia to
the Government of Norway which has signed the agreement with
the Indonesian government as a form of support. The results of
this first REDD + Task Force include a draft National REDD +
Strategy which has been widely consulted with various parties,
Inpres 10/2011 on Delays on New Licenses and Completion of
Primary Forest and Peatland Forest Governance, as well as
121 Redd.unfccc.int. (2013). Fact Sheets - REDD+. [online] Available at:
http://redd.unfccc.int/fact-sheets.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 122 Ibid
66
selection and implementation of activities in Kalimantan Province
Central as the first REDD + Pilot Province in Indonesia.123
The second REDD + Institutional Task Force (Task Force)
was established through Presidential Decree 25/2011 in
September 2011. REDD + in Indonesia will enter the institutional
development and implementation of a largely implemented
strategic program in Riau province. This second Task Force
consists of 10 working groups (Pokja). Each Pokja is chaired by
elected people from government and non-governmental groups
who work intensively and build relationships across sectors.124
The REDD + Working Group supports the preparation of
Indonesia's REDD + institutional establishment with a new
approach. This approach will synergistically synthesize the work
of policy makers at the national level by accommodating
knowledge and aspirations at the local level in the hope of
becoming a transparent, participatory, and accountable institution.
This is in line with good governance that is authoritative,
responsive, and adaptive to the rapidly evolving world. At the end
of 2012, the REDD + Task Force terminated its working period
with the following outputs:125
Draft Presidential Decree on the Establishment of REDD +
Institutions, which includes the Financial Management Scheme
(FREDDI) and the MRV Strategy;
Multi-Door Approach Law Guidelines and Academic
Documents on One Door License;
Guidelines for Mainstreaming REDD + into MP3EI's Greening
Development Planning System and Guidelines;
123 Ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id. (2016). Dukungan Menuju Implementasi REDD+ di Provinsi Riau -
Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim. [online] Available at:
http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/berita-ppi/2701-pembangunan-kph-dan-konsep-pengelolaannya-
dukungan-menuju-implmentasi-redd-di-provinsi-riau.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 124 Ibid 125 Ibid
67
National REDD + Strategy Document and Provincial Strategic
Paper and Action Plan (SRAP) West Sumatra, Riau, West Papua
and East Kalimantan;
In October 2009, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
committed to reducing Indonesia's CO2 emissions by 26%,
compared to business as usual scenario by 2020, this is the biggest
commitment given by the growing economic power. With the
support of international finance, President Yudhoyono is also
committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by up to 41%.
The Government of Norway welcomed this commitment and
approved the signing of Letter of Intent (LoI) on 26 May 2010.
Norway will contribute to Indonesia based on verified emissions
reductions that are in line with the REDD + scheme.126
In September 2010, President Yudhoyono set up a REDD +
Task Force to ensure that REDD + implementation works well
through Presidential Decree No.19 / 2010. Dr. Kuntoro
Mangkusubroto was elected as Chair of this cross-sectoral task
force, and South Kalimantan was elected by the President as a pilot
province of the REDD + program in Indonesia in December
2010.127
The REDD+ Task Force has mainstreamed the principles from
Sustainable Development Goals target 15.2 into its central.128 In
ensuring environmental sustainability, this policy has absorbed the
sustainable development principles so that the implementation of
REDD+ in Indonesia could be succeeded. Forest conservation,
carbon stocks enhancement, and sustainable forest management
126 Ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id. (2016). Dukungan Menuju Implementasi REDD+ di Provinsi Riau -
Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim. [online] Available at:
http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/berita-ppi/2701-pembangunan-kph-dan-konsep-pengelolaannya-
dukungan-menuju-implmentasi-redd-di-provinsi-riau.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 127 Ibid 128 Lima, M. G., Kissinger, G., Visseren-Hamakers, I. J., Braña-Varela, J., & Gupta, A. (2017).
The Sustainable Development Goals and REDD : Assessing institutional interactions and the
pursuit of synergies. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics,
17(4), 589-606. doi:10.1007/s10784-017-9366-9
68
through REDD+ Task Force mechanism are the confirmations for
Indonesia’s commitment in ensuring environmental sustainability.
V.2 The Implementation of Indonesian Policy on Forest Cover
Area Issue in Riau Province
The Government of the Republic of Indonesia (GOI) has produced some
regulations and policies on climate change adaptation and mitigation. Some
of the regulations directly related to climate change include:129
• Presidential Regulation No. 61 of 2011 on the National Action Plan for
Emission Reduction Greenhouse Gases (RAN GRK)
• Presidential Regulation No. 71 of 2011 on the Implementation of National
Greenhouse Gas Inventory
• Presidential Instruction Number 10 Year 2011 on Delaying of New
Licenses and Completion of Primary Forest and Peat Land Governance
• Permenhut No. P.68 of 2008 on the Implementation of Demonstration
Activities for Reducing Carbon Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation (REDD).
• Permenhut No. P.30 of 2009 on Procedures for Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation & Forest Degradation (REDD)
• Permenhut No P.36 of 2009 concerning Procedures for Licensing of
Utilization Business of Carbon Absorption and / or Storage in Production
Forest and Protected Forest.
• Presidential Decree of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 Year 2010
concerning Task Force on Preparing for REDD + Institutional
Establishment
• Presidential Instruction of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 Year
2011 on Delaying of New Licenses and Completion of Primary Forest and
Peat Land Governance
• Presidential Decree No. 25 of 2011 on the REDD + Institutional
Preparation Task Force
129 Darajati, W. (2018). IMPLEMENTASI RENCANA RENCANA AKSI NASIONAL
NASIONAL PENURUNAN PENURUNAN EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA. [online] Iesr.or.id.
Available at: http://iesr.or.id/wp-content/uploads/Bappenas-PP-61.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].
69
• Regulation of the Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia
Number: P. 20 / Menhut-II / 2012 on Carbon Harvesting
• Presidential Decree Number 5 Year 2015 on the amendment of
Presidential Decree No. 25 Year 2011 on Institutional Preparation Task
Force of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
(REDD +)
In 2010 the Government of Indonesia vowed to diminish discharges by 26%
(41% with universal help) on a the same old thing situation by 2020.130
Regulatory streams, under President Joko Widodo, have decided need activity
inside the Nawa Cita (Nine Priorities) national structure , which incorporates
ensuring Indonesian subjects, advancing provincial and territorial
improvement, enhancing personal satisfaction, and enhancing worldwide
efficiency and intensity. These center missions are reliable with national
responsibilities towards low-carbon advancement and environmental change,
where environmental change adjustment and alleviation are an incorporated
and cross-cutting need of the National Medium Term Development Plan.131
The accompanying needs for activity change in 2015-2019 will be completely
incorporated into Indonesia's National Medium-Term Development Plan by
2020. Given its essential geographic position in the worldwide ocean transport
line (thermohaline dissemination), the biggest archipelagic nation and its huge
tropical rain woods with assorted variety biodiversity, high carbon stock
esteem and vitality and mineral assets, Indonesia perceived its part to play in
the battle against worldwide environmental change.132 Nonetheless, Indonesia
is defenseless against catastrophic events that are probably going to be
bothered by environmental change, particularly in marsh territories over the
archipelago. In this way, Indonesia sees adjustment and moderation of
130 Bappenas.go.id. (2010). RENCANA AKSI NASIONAL PENURUNAN EMISI GAS RUMAH
KACA. [online] Available at:
https://www.bappenas.go.id/files/8414/1214/1620/naskah_akademis.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 131 Ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id. (2016). Dukungan Menuju Implementasi REDD+ di Provinsi Riau -
Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim. [online] Available at:
http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/berita-ppi/2701-pembangunan-kph-dan-konsep-pengelolaannya-
dukungan-menuju-implmentasi-redd-di-provinsi-riau.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 132 Ibid.
70
environmental change and ocean based land adjustment as a basic key thought
in accomplishing atmosphere strength in nourishment, water and vitality.
V.2.1 The Implementation of RAN-GRK
The National Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas Emission
Reduction (RAN GRK) contains a Work Plan Document for the
implementation of various activities that directly and indirectly
reduce greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with national
development targets.133 In accordance with the commitment of the
Government of Indonesia to address the international agreement
on climate change, the target of greenhouse gas emission
reduction through its own business (26%) from the Forestry
Sector is 0.672 Giga Tons CO2e, while the target of greenhouse
gas emission reduction scheme with international support (41% of
the Forestry Sector is 1,039 Giga Tons of CO2e (Presidential
Regulation No. 61 of 2011).134
The policies set out in order to achieve the GHG emission
reduction targets with schemes (26%) and (41%) are as follows: •
GHG emissions reductions, increasing environmental comfort,
preventing disasters, absorbing labor and increasing people's
income and country.135
• Management of network systems and water systems in
swamps
• Maintenance of swamp reclamation networks (including
existing peatlands)
• Increase productivity and efficiency of agricultural
production on peatlands with the lowest possible emissions and
absorb CO2 optimally.
133 Bappenas.go.id. (2010). RENCANA AKSI NASIONAL PENURUNAN EMISI GAS RUMAH
KACA. [online] Available at:
https://www.bappenas.go.id/files/8414/1214/1620/naskah_akademis.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 134 Ibid 135 Ibid
71
• The strategies set forth in Presidential Regulation No. 61 of
2011 for the implementation of the National Action Plan for
Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction (RAN GRK) are as follows:
• Suppressing deforestation and forest degradation rates to
reduce GHG emissions
• Increase plantings to increase GHG absorption
• Increase forest safeguarding efforts against wildfires and
illegal logging and implementation of Sustainable Forest
Management (SFM)
• Improved the water system (network) and dividing blocks, and
stabilizes the water level on the swamp water network
• Optimizing land and water resources without deforestation
• Implement agricultural land management technology with the
lowest possible GHG emission and absorb CO2 optimally.
In addition, documents on climate change have been
established, including: National Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas
Emission Reduction (RAN - GRK) and Indonesia Climate Change
Sectorial Roadmap (ICCSR). RAN-GRK is a long-term planning
document that regulates GHG emission reduction efforts related to
the substance of the Long Term Development Plan (RPJP) and the
Medium Term Development Plan (RPJM). RAN-GRK is a key
reference for development actors at national, provincial and district
/ city levels in the planning, implementation, monitoring and
evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions reductions. The
legalization process of RAN GRK is made through the Presidential
Regulation.136
RAN GRK mandates the Provincial Government to develop an
action plan for emission reduction for the province level,
hereinafter referred to as the Regional Action Plan for Greenhouse
136 Ranradgrk.bappenas.go.id. (2014). POTRET RENCANA AKSI DAERAH PENURUNAN
EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA (RAD-GRK). [online] Available at:
http://ranradgrk.bappenas.go.id/rangrk/admincms/downloads/publications/Potret_RAD-GRK.pdf
[Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].
72
Gas Emission Reduction (RAD-GRK).137 The substance of RAN-
GRK is the basis for each province in developing RAD-GRK in
accordance with its capabilities and its relevance to the
development policies of each province. Thus, RAD-GRK will then
be established through the Governor's Regulation of Riau Province.
The preparation of RAD-GRK is expected to be a bottom-up
process that illustrates how the steps each province will take in
reducing greenhouse gas emissions, in accordance with their
respective capacities. Furthermore, each provincial government
needs to calculate its own greenhouse gas emissions, reduction
targets, and the type of sector to be reduced emissions.138
In order to follow up the implementation in more detail, the
RAN GRK advocates the need to make RAD-GRK as a working
document that forms the basis for local governments, communities
and the private sector to undertake direct and indirect activities
aimed at reducing GHG emissions in 2010-2020 with reference to
regional development plans. As mentioned in Presidential
Regulation no. 61 of 2011 on the Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas
Emission Reduction in article 2, paragraph 2, which mandates that
RAN GRK is the basis for government, local government,
community and business sector in planning, implementing,
monitoring and evaluating RAD-GRK.139
Indonesia's commitment to reducing Greenhouse Gases is
implied through the National Action Plan to Reduce Greenhouse
Gas Emissions. As Indonesia implements regional autonomy,
implementation of RAN-GRK conducted at the provincial level
should be undertaken through the Local Action Plan to Reduce
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (RAD-GRK). The implementation of
137 Ibid 138 Ibid 139 Apki.net. (2010). Panduan Penyusunan Rencana Aksi Daerah Pengurangan Emisi Gas Rumah
Kaca (RAD-GRK). [online] Available at: http://apki.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Panduan-
Penyusunan-RAD-Pengurangan-Emisi-GRK.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].
73
RAD-GRK will involve the Government of Indonesia's efforts to
combat deforestation.140
Data from BAPPENAS indicates that at least 15 provinces
have less than 30 percent in preparing RAD-RGK. The provinces
included in this category are Aceh, Jambi, Riau, Bengkulu, Riau
province, North Sulawesi, South Sulawesi, Maluku, West Papua,
East Nusa Tenggara, West Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and
West Sulawesi.141
Wahyuningsih, staff of the Institute for Essential Services
Reform, in Jakarta, stated that, 'the challenge is to identify regional
Greenhouse Gas Emission issues. The classification of emission
sources and emission status must be clear. 'This statement is based
on their research on the realization of RAN-GRK in Indonesia.
Identification of GHG emissions at the regional level is still a
challenge that must be faced in implementing RAD-GRK
effectively.142 In another judgment, Deddy Ratih, a Bioregion and
Climate Campaigner from WALHI, stated that the policy
considered a solution in reducing emission levels turned out to be
the cause of reducing greenhouse gas emissions insignificantly. He
stated that by looking at greenhouse gas emission reduction
scenarios, land and forest use change only contributed 14 percent
from 26 percent level while other sectors such as energy and
transport, industry and waste did not seem to be prioritized by the
Indonesian government.143 However, in addition to the
insignificant contribution of the forestry sector, the implementation
of this policy remains to be done vigorously.
140 Ibid 141 Solopos News. (2012, September 1). 15 Provinsi Belum Selesaikan RAD. Retrieved January 19,
2015, from Solopos News: http://www.solopos.com/2012/09/01/gas-rumah-kaca-15-provinsi-
belum-selesaikan-rad-323880 142 Darajati, W. (2018). IMPLEMENTASI RENCANA RENCANA AKSI NASIONAL
NASIONAL PENURUNAN PENURUNAN EMISI GAS RUMAH KACA. [online] Iesr.or.id.
Available at: http://iesr.or.id/wp-content/uploads/Bappenas-PP-61.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 143 Ibid
74
According to a report in Proceedings of National Academy of
Sciences, contractors in Riau province have increased conversion
of peatlands into oil palm plantations that have forced the
destruction of forests and increased the rate of Greenhouse Gas
Emissions. This deforestation activity, if continued, will result in
RAD-GRK implementation in Riau province being non-existent.
The conversion of 280,000 Ha from one million hectares of
unavoidable land where the most likely situation is the conversion
of 35 percent of all terrestrial citizens to oil palm plantations by
2020.144
In Riau province, investments for mining, oil palm plantations
and logging concessions acquire most of Riau province. The total
area of investment is 12.8 million ha from 15.3 million Ha.145
Territorial land of people and forests of Riau province and
peatlands is converted into mining, oil palm plantations and
logging concessions. This area of 12.8 million ha has contributed to
an increase in the amount of gas emissions that are in conflict with
RAD-GRK.146
WALHI notes that, from 2011-2015, the percentage of forest
destruction activities has increased by 300 percent. In 2012, there
were 198 cases while in 2015 there were 369 cases, an increase of
86.36 percent, in 1.2 million ha involving 139,874 families. This
implies that the implementation of RAD-GRK in Riau province
still faces serious challenges in urging law enforcement.147 These
144 CHRYSOLITE, H., UTAMI, A., WIJAYA, A. and FRIEDRICH, J. (2015). INDONESIAN
CLIMATE POLICY AND DATA IN CAIT INDONESIA CLIMATE DATA EXPLORER.
[online] Wri.org. Available at:
https://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/Indonesian_Climate_Policy_And_Data_In_Cait_Indonesia_
Climate_Data_Explorer_Pindai.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 145 Susanti, A., & Burgers, P. (2013). EUROPEAN REPORT DEVELOPMENT. Oil Palm
Expansion in Riau Province, Indonesia: Serving People, Planet, Profit ?, 1, 13-14.
doi:10.1107/s0108768107031758/bs5044sup1.cif 146 Susanti, A., & Burgers, P. (2013). EUROPEAN REPORT DEVELOPMENT. Oil Palm
Expansion in Riau Province, Indonesia: Serving People, Planet, Profit ?, 1, 13-14.
doi:10.1107/s0108768107031758/bs5044sup1.cif 147 Ibid
75
forest destructive activities really have an impact on increasing
levels of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere.148
In other circumstances, a spokesman from the Coalition, Tama
S., said that law enforcers have kidnapped 207 environmental
activists since January 2015. This is a shame because the arrests of
these activists occurred because of their investigation of alleged
corruption in the natural resource sector. This activist really helps
people who are victims of agrarian conflict.149
This phenomenon in implementing RAN-GRK is contradictory
to the establishment of President SBY which displays the
environment as a companion. People who struggle for the rights of
local communities and the environment turn out to be a reprobate
person.150 Law enforcement on the implementation of RAN-GRK
is carried out in the wrong way.
In the implementation of RAN-GRK, especially in Riau
province through RAD-GRK, there are still some violations and
errors in the process. Efforts to reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
are far from successful even though the sustainable development
principle values aimed at low emissions development are in this
policy. The release of gas emissions into the Earth’s atmosphere
for deforestation and forest degradation in RAN-GRK practices has
described incompetent results for environmental sustainability. The
implementation of RAD-GRK in Riau province has not fully
targeted the 15.2 Sustainable Development Goals target. The
values in SDGs 15.2 target have been very well injected into this
policy. However, the implementation of RAD-GRK in Riau
148 Ibid 149 CHRYSOLITE, H., UTAMI, A., WIJAYA, A. and FRIEDRICH, J. (2015). INDONESIAN
CLIMATE POLICY AND DATA IN CAIT INDONESIA CLIMATE DATA EXPLORER.
[online] Wri.org. Available at:
https://www.wri.org/sites/default/files/Indonesian_Climate_Policy_And_Data_In_Cait_Indonesia_
Climate_Data_Explorer_Pindai.pdf [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 150 Mongabay. (2012, April 29). Temuan Studi: Sawit Penyebab Utama Kerusakan Lahan Gambut
Riau. Retrieved January 19, 2018, from Mongabay:
76
province has some implications in the 15.2 Sustainable
Development Goals target.
V.2.2 The Implementation of REDD+
Riau Province with a land area of approximately 8.9 million
ha, is generally dominated by peatland (the largest peatland in
Sumatra) of 4.09 million Ha (46%). Peatland is an area that has
important value in climate change control, in which contained high
carbon stock. If the area is damaged, for example, burned or
occupied for other purposes (agricultural land, plantation,
settlement), it is conceivable how the carbon stock in it is released
into the air and will contribute enormously to the decreasing air
quality and climate change.151
As mandated by Law No. 41 of 1999 on Forestry that the
concept of forest area management is by the establishment of
FMU, and with the development of FMU is expected forest
management in Indonesia to become sustainable forest
management. In line with the COP-13 decision in Bali, in
preparation for REDD + implementation, Demonstration Activities
(DA) can be developed. One of the REDD + activities in Indonesia
is implemented in KPH, namely in KPH Tasik Besar Serkap, Riau
Province. With support from cooperation between the governments
of Indonesia and South Korea, since 2013 at this location has been
built REDD + activities under the title "Korea Indonesia FMU /
REDD + Joint Project at Tasik Besar Serkap".152
Head of Riau Provincial Forestry Office in his speech at the
opening of KPH and REDD + Operationalization Training at
Premiere Hotel - Pekanbaru on March 22, 2016, stated that with
151 Nature.or.id. (2018). Kebijakan Nasional Perubahan Iklim. [online] Available at:
https://www.nature.or.id/publikasi/laporan-dan-panduan-kehutanan/modul-knpi.pdf [Accessed 27
Mar. 2018]. 152 Ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id. (2018). Pertanyaan Seputar REDD+ dan Implementasi REDD+ di
Indonesia. [online] Available at: http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/index.php/berita-ppi/33-
beranda?start=15 [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].
77
FMU development forest area management system will ensure the
sustainability of forest functions and benefits on economic,
ecological and social aspects, and hopes that in the future Riau
Province can get support from various stakeholders both
domestically and abroad through REDD + program. This support is
expected to be used to support the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions in forestry and land.153
Riau Provincial Government signed a memorandum of
understanding (MoU) with Emissions Reduction Management
Agency from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD +).154
"We appreciate the basic implementation of REDD +
in Riau, in order to save the environment and climate
change can be implemented, The signing of the
Memorandum of Understanding demonstrates the
harmonious spirit of Riau Province and BP REDD +
for emissions reductions. REDD + is not just about
reducing emissions, but also entire ecosystems such
as communities whose lives are synergistic with forest
life." said REDD + Chief Heru Prasetyo.155
The object of the MoU is the preparation, implementation and
supervision of REDD + Program implementation in all districts and
cities in Riau Province. Next, another object is the implementation
of the Forest and Land Fire Prevention Program in Riau Province,
especially in areas prone to forest and land festivals.156 REDD + is
a mechanism for sustainable forest management to maintain and
improve forest cover, ensure renewable and renewable resources,
153 Ibid 154 Ibid 155 GoRiau.com. (2014). Selamatkan Lingkungan, Pemprov Riau Teken MoU Implementasi
REDD+. [online] Available at: https://www.goriau.com/berita/umum/selamatkan-lingkungan-
pemprov-riau-teken-mou-implementasi-redd.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018]. 156 GoRiau.com. (2014). Selamatkan Lingkungan, Pemprov Riau Teken MoU Implementasi
REDD+. [online] Available at: https://www.goriau.com/berita/umum/selamatkan-lingkungan-
pemprov-riau-teken-mou-implementasi-redd.html [Accessed 27 Mar. 2018].
78
and conservation of forest asset value. REDD+ is established under
Presidential Regulation No. 62 of 2013 to manage REDD +
implementation in Indonesia.157
The REDD + scheme provides widespread benefits to
society, industry, environmental conservation and others, as the
practice will continue to provide access to economic development
to alleviate poverty through sustainable forest management.
Reforestation initiatives in deforested and degraded forest areas are
also considered in REDD + schemes. More countries will support
or ratify REDD + as part of a future climate change deal.
However, it should be noted that REDD + schemes require a more
comprehensive framework to accommodate all aspects that could
lead to more carbon storage transactions and wider
implementation.158 However, there are several problems in REDD+
implementation in Riau province.
REDD+
Location
Principle of
Transparency
Principle of
Participation
Principle of
Accountability
Riau
province
- communities
still do not
understand the
purpose and
objectives of
REDD +
implementation
- The public
does not know
that its territory
belongs to
- The community is
not involved in the
process of
identifying,locating,
and restructuring
the REDD + area.
- The mapping
is only limited
to settlements
and
community
farms alone,
customary
forests and
REDD +
locations have
not been
157 Ibid 158 Ibid
Table V.2 Monitoring of REDD + conditions (source: Forest Watch Indonesia)
79
REDD +.
- Communities
do not know
about conflict
resolution
mechanisms
- Communities
do not know
yet about the
benefit sharing
mechanism.
mapped
- There is no
report
document for
the
community
- There are
overlaps of
REDD +
licenses with
some gold
mining
permits in
Riau province
The implementation of REDD + programs by the REDD +
Task Force and the Indonesian government does not fulfill
Indonesia's promise to reduce deforestation and forest degradation
in Indonesia, particularly in Riau province. Although the principles
in the Sustainable Development Goal target 15.2 have been
positively integrated, the implementation of REDD + programs in
the field is not sufficient in demonstrating this green commitment
of Indonesia. The REDD + program needs more attention and
development to successfully implement of Sustainable
Development Goals 15.2 targets in ensuring environmental
sustainability.159
159 Rochmayanto, Y. (2015). ANALISIS RESIKO KEGAGALAN IMPLEMENTASI REDD+ DI
PROVINSI RIAU. [online] E-journal Analisis Kebijakan Hutan. Available at:
http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/JAKK/article/view/324 [Accessed 27
Mar. 2018].
80
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION
SDGs or Sustainable Development Goals, are 17 goals with 169 measurable
achievements and deadlines set by the United Nations as a development world
agenda for the benefit of people and the planet. This goal is proclaimed jointly by
cross-government countries at UN resolutions issued on 21 October 2015 as joint
development ambitions until 2030.
The SDGs are a continuation of the Millennium Development Goals
(MGDs) signed by leaders of 189 countries as the Millennium Declaration at UN
headquarters in 2000 and are no longer valid since the end of 2015. A new
sustainable development agenda is set up to address world leadership demands in
addressing poverty, inequality, and climate change in the form of concrete action.
One of the 17 target sdgs is about living on the mainland listed in target
number 15. Indonesia's opinion on this issue has been well recognized in the
international community. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)
rewards the President of the Republic of Indonesia as "Champion of the Earth" for
his "policy leadership" in preserving the earth. Indonesia's role in climate change
mitigation, because Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest tropical
forests on earth, is very important. Through the policies issued by the Indonesian
government, Indonesia hopefully can contribute significantly in ensuring
environmental sustainability.
However, implementation of this policy did not happen as expected. There
are many challenges in the implementation process of SDGs 15.2 target. Riau
Province as the largest emitter in Indonesia is the object of this research for
bioregion condition. Implementation of SDGs 15.2 targets in Riau Province faces
several challenges such as synergy between government, awareness and
understanding of the implemented policies, and poor law enforcement.
This condition illustrates that the implementation of Sustainable
Development Goals target 15.2 in Riau province is not effective in ensuring
environmental sustainability. Although the extent of forest cover in Riau Province
81
has increased gradually, the policies adopted by the Government of Indonesia are
not sufficient to accommodate the SDGs 15.2 targets as there are still many
violations and environmental damage found during the implementation of the
policy.
The Government of Indonesia has integrated the principles of sustainable
development well into the RAN-GRK, REDD+ Task Force. But the
implementation of these policies in the field is not as projected to happen.
Challenges such as awareness and understanding of policies, poor law
enforcement, government synergy, poor transparency and permission issues have
had an impact on the implementation of these policies. Therefore, the
implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals target of 15.2 in Riau
Province does not meet the expectations in ensuring environmental sustainability
for a better earth.
82
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89
APPENDICES
90
Law No. 41 in 1999
UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 41 TAHUN
1999
TENT
ANG
KEHU
TANA
N
DENGAN RAHMAT TUHAN YANG
MAHA ESA
PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA,
Menimbang :
a. bahwa hutan, sebagai karunia dan amanah Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang
dianugerahkan kepada Bangsa Indonesia, merupakan kekayaan yang dikuasai oleh Negara, memberikan manfaat serbaguna bagi umat manusia, karenanya wajib disyukuri, diurus, dan dimanfaatkan secara optimal, serta dijaga kelestariannya untuk sebesar-besar kemakmuran rakyat, bagi generasi sekarang maupun generasi mendatang;
b. bahwa hutan, sebagai salah satu penentu sistem penyangga kehidupan dan
sumber kemakmuran rakyat, cenderung menurun kondisinya, oleh karena itu keberadaannya harus dipertahankan secara optimal, dijaga daya dukungnya secara lestari, dan diurus dengan akhlak mulia, adil, arif, bijaksana, terbuka, profesional, serta bertanggung-gugat;
c. bahwa pengurusan hutan yang berkelanjutan dan berwawasan mendunia, harus
menampung dinamika aspirasi dan peran serta masyarakat, adat dan budaya,
serta tata nilai masyarakat yang berdasarkan pada norma hukum nasional;
d. bahwa Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1967 tentang Ketentuan-ketentuan
Pokok Kehutanan (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1967 Nomor 8) sudah tidak
sesuai lagi dengan prinsip penguasaan dan pengurusan hutan, dan tuntutan
perkembangan keadaan, sehingga perlu diganti;
91
e. bahwa berdasarkan pertimbangan sebagaimana dimaksud pada huruf a, b, c, dan d perlu ditetapkan undang-undang tentang Kehutanan yang baru.
Mengingat :
1. Pasal 5 ayat (1), Pasal 20 ayat (1), Pasal 27, dan Pasal 33 Undang-Undang Dasar
1945;
2. Ketetapan MPR RI Nomor XV/MPR/1998 tentang Penyelenggaraan Otonomi Daerah; Pengaturan, Pembagian, dan Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Nasional yang Berkeadilan; serta Perimbangan Keuangan Pusat dan Daerah dalam Kerangka Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia;
3. Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-pokok
Agraria (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1960 Nomor 104, Tambahan Lembaran Negara
Nomor 2034);
4. Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam
Hayati dan Ekosistemnya (Lembaran Negara Tahun 1990 Nomor 49,
Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3419);
5. Undang-undang Nomor 24 Tahun 1992 tentang Penataan Ruang (Lembaran
Negara
Tahun 1992 Nomor 115, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3501);
6. Undang-undang Nomor 23 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup
(Lembaran Negara Tahun 1997 Nomor 68, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3699);
7. Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah (Lembaran
Negara Tahun 1999 Nomor 60, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 3839);
Dengan Persetujuan DEWAN PERWAKILAN
RAKYAT REPUBLIK INDONESIA,
MEMUTUSKAN :
Menetapkan :
UNDANG-UNDANG TENTANG KEHUTANAN.
BAB I KETENTUAN
UMUM
Bagian Kesatu
Pengertian
P
a
s
92
a
l
1
Dalam undang-undang ini yang dimaksud dengan:
a. Kehutanan adalah sistem pengurusan yang bersangkut paut dengan hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan yang diselenggarakan secara terpadu.
b. Hutan adalah suatu kesatuan ekosistem berupa hamparan lahan berisi sumber
daya alam hayati yang didominasi pepohonan dalam persekutuan alam
lingkungannya, yang satu dengan lainnya tidak dapat dipisahkan.
c. Kawasan hutan adalah wilayah tertentu yang ditunjuk dan atau ditetapkan oleh
Pemerintah untuk dipertahankan keberadaannya sebagai hutan tetap.
d. Hutan negara adalah hutan yang berada pada tanah yang tidak dibebani hak atas
tanah.
e. Hutan hak adalah hutan yang berada pada tanah yang dibebani hak atas tanah.
f. Hutan adat adalah hutan negara yang berada dalam wilayah masyarakat
hukum adat.
g. Hutan produksi adalah kawasan hutan yang mempunyai fungsi pokok memproduksi hasil hutan.
h. Hutan lindung adalah kawasan hutan yang mempunyai fungsi pokok sebagai
perlindungan sistem penyangga kehidupan untuk mengatur tata air,
mencegah banjir, mengendalikan erosi, mencegah intrusi air laut, dan
memelihara kesuburan tanah.
i. Hutan konservasi adalah kawasan hutan dengan ciri khas tertentu, yang mempunyai fungsi pokok pengawetan keanekaragaman tumbuhan dan satwa serta ekosistemnya.
j. Kawasan hutan suaka alam adalah hutan dengan ciri khas tertentu, yang
mempunyai fungsi pokok sebagai kawasan pengawetan keanekaragaman
tumbuhan dan satwa serta ekosistemnya, yang juga berfungsi sebagai wilayah
sistem penyangga kehidupan.
k. Kawasan hutan pelestarian alam adalah hutan dengan ciri khas tertentu, yang
mempunyai fungsi pokok perlindungan sistem penyangga kehidupan,
pengawetan keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan dan satwa, serta pemanfaatan
secara lestari sumber daya alam hayati dan ekosistemnya.
l. Taman buru adalah kawasan hutan yang ditetapkan sebagai tempat wisata
berburu.
m. Hasil hutan adalah benda-benda hayati, nonhayati dan turunannya, serta jasa yang berasal dari hutan.
n. Pemerintah adalah Pemerintah Pusat.
93
o. Menteri adalah menteri yang diserahi tugas dan bertanggung jawab di bidang
kehutanan.
Bagian
Kedua
Asas dan
Tujuan
P
a
s
a
l
2
Penyelenggaraan kehutanan berasaskan manfaat dan lestari, kerakyatan, keadilan, kebersamaan, keterbukaan, dan keterpaduan.
P
a
s
a
l
3
Penyelenggaraan kehutanan bertujuan untuk sebesar-besar kemakmuran
rakyat yang berkeadilan dan berkelanjutan dengan:
a. menjamin keberadaan hutan dengan luasan yang cukup dan sebaran yang
proporsional; b. mengoptimalkan aneka fungsi hutan yang meliputi fungsi
konservasi, fungsi lindung, dan fungsi produksi untuk mencapai manfaat lingkungan, sosial, budaya, dan ekonomi, yang
seimbang dan lestari;
c. meningkatkan daya dukung daerah aliran sungai;
d. meningkatkan kemampuan untuk mengembangkan kapasitas dan keberdayaan masyarakat secara partisipatif, berkeadilan, dan berwawasan lingkungan sehingga
mampu menciptakan ketahanan sosial dan ekonomi serta ketahanan terhadap akibat perubahan eksternal; dan
e. menjamin distribusi manfaat yang berkeadilan dan berkelanjutan.
Bagian
Ketiga
Penguasaan
Hutan
P
a
s
a
94
l
4
(1) Semua hutan di dalam wilayah Republik Indonesia termasuk kekayaan alam
yang terkandung di dalamnya dikuasai oleh Negara untuk sebesar-besar
kemakmuran rakyat.
(2) Penguasaan hutan oleh Negara sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1)
memberi wewenang kepada Pemerintah untuk:
a. mengatur dan mengurus segala sesuatu yang berkaitan dengan hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan;
b. menetapkan status wilayah tertentu sebagai kawasan hutan atau kawasan hutan sebagai bukan kawasan hutan; dan
c. mengatur dan menetapkan hubungan-hubungan hukum antara orang
dengan hutan, serta mengatur perbuatan-perbuatan hukum
mengenai kehutanan.
(3) Penguasaan hutan oleh Negara tetap memperhatikan hak masyarakat hukum
adat, sepanjang kenyataannya masih ada dan diakui keberadaannya, serta tidak
bertentangan dengan kepentingan nasional.
B
A
B
I
I
STATUS DAN FUNGSI
HUTAN
P
a
s
a
l
5
(1) Hutan berdasarkan statusnya terdiri dari:
a. hutan
negara, dan
b. hutan hak.
(2) Hutan negara sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) huruf a, dapat
berupa hutan adat.
(3) Pemerintah menetapkan status hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1)
dan ayat
(2); dan hutan adat ditetapkan sepanjang menurut kenyataannya masyarakat
hukum adat yang bersangkutan masih ada dan diakui keberadaannya.
95
(4) Apabila dalam perkembangannya masyarakat hukum adat yang
bersangkutan tidak ada lagi, maka hak pengelolaan hutan adat kembali kepada
Pemerintah.
P
a
s
a
l
6
(1) Hutan mempunyai tiga fungsi, yaitu:
a. fungsi
konservasi, b.
fungsi
lindung, dan
c. fungsi
produksi.
(2) Pemerintah menetapkan hutan berdasarkan fungsi pokok sebagai berikut:
a. hutan
konservasi, b.
hutan
lindung, dan
c. hutan
produksi.
P
a
s
a
l
7
Hutan konservasi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 6 ayat (2) huruf a terdiri dari :
a. kawasan hutan suaka alam,
b. kawasan hutan pelestarian
alam, dan c. taman buru.
96
P
a
s
a
l
8
(1) Pemerintah dapat menetapkan kawasan hutan tertentu untuk tujuan khusus.
(2) Penetapan kawasan hutan dengan tujuan khusus, sebagaimana dimaksud
pada ayat
(1) diperlukan untuk kepentingan umum seperti:
a. penelitian dan
pengembangan, b.
pendidikan dan latihan,
dan
c. religi dan budaya.
(3) Kawasan hutan dengan tujuan khusus sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat
(1), tidak mengubah fungsi pokok kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud
dalam Pasal 6.
P
a
s
a
l
9
(1) Untuk kepentingan pengaturan iklim mikro, estetika, dan resapan air, di
setiap kota ditetapkan kawasan tertentu sebagai hutan kota.
(2) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), diatur dengan
Peraturan
Pemerintah.
BAB III
PENGURUSAN
HUTAN
P
a
s
al
1
0
(1) Pengurusan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 4 ayat (2) huruf a, bertujuan untuk memperoleh manfaat yang sebesar-besarnya serta serbaguna
dan lestari untuk kemakmuran rakyat.
97
(2) Pengurusan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), meliputi
kegiatan penyelenggaraan:
a. perencanaan
kehutanan, b.
pengelolaan hutan,
c. penelitian dan pengembangan, pendidikan dan latihan, serta
penyuluhan kehutanan, dan
d. pengawasan.
BAB IV
PERENCANAAN
KEHUTANAN
Bagian
Kesatu
U
m
u
m
P
a
s
al
1
1
(1) Perencanaan kehutanan dimaksudkan untuk memberikan pedoman dan arah
yang menjamin tercapainya tujuan penyelenggaraan kehutanan sebagaimana
dimaksud dalam Pasal 3.
(2) Perencanaan kehutanan dilaksanakan secara transparan,
bertanggung-gugat, partisipatif, terpadu, serta memperhatikan kekhasan
dan aspirasi daerah.
P
a
s
al
1
2
Perencanaan kehutanan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 10 ayat (2) huruf a,
meliputi:
a. inventarisasi hutan,
b. pengukuhan kawasan hutan,
98
c. penatagunaan kawasan hutan,
d. pembentukan wilayah pengelolaan
hutan, dan e. penyusunan rencana
kehutanan.
Bagian Kedua
Inventarisasi
Hutan
P
as
al
13
(1) Inventarisasi hutan dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui dan memperoleh data dan
informasi tentang sumber daya, potensi kekayaan alam hutan, serta lingkungannya
secara lengkap.
(2) Inventarisasi hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilakukan dengan survei mengenai status dan keadaan fisik hutan, flora dan fauna, sumber daya manusia, serta
kondisi sosial masyarakat di dalam dan di sekitar hutan.
(3) Inventarisasi hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) terdiri dari:
a. inventarisasi hutan tingkat
nasional, b. inventarisasi hutan
tingkat wilayah,
c. inventarisasi hutan tingkat daerah aliran
sungai, dan d. inventarisasi hutan tingkat unit
pengelolaan.
(4) Hasil inventarisasi hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), ayat (2), dan ayat (3)
antara lain dipergunakan sebagai dasar pengukuhan kawasan hutan, penyusunan
neraca sumber daya hutan, penyusunan rencana kehutanan, dan sistem informasi
kehutanan.
(5) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), ayat (2), dan ayat
(3) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
Bagian
Ketiga
Pengukuhan Kawasan
Hutan
99
P
as
al
14
(1) Berdasarkan inventarisasi hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 13,
Pemerintah menyelenggarakan pengukuhan kawasan hutan.
(2) Kegiatan pengukuhan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1),
dilakukan untuk memberikan kepastian hukum atas kawasan hutan.
P
as
al
15
(1) Pengukuhan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 14 dilakukan melalui proses sebagai berikut:
a. penunjukan kawasan hutan,
b. penataan batas
kawasan hutan, c.
pemetaan kawasan hutan,
dan d. penetapan kawasan
hutan.
(2) Pengukuhan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilakukan
dengan memperhatikan rencana tata ruang wilayah.
Bagian
Keempat
Penatagunaan Kawasan
Hutan
P
as
al
16
(1) Berdasarkan hasil pengukuhan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal
14 dan
Pasal 15, Pemerintah menyelenggarakan penatagunaan kawasan hutan.
(2) Penatagunaan kawasan hutan meliputi kegiatan penetapan fungsi dan penggunaan
kawasan hutan.
100
(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2) diatur dengan
Peraturan Pemerintah.
Bagian
Kelima
Pembentukan Wilayah Pengelolaan
Hutan
P
as
al
17
(1) Pembentukan wilayah pengelolaan hutan dilaksanakan untuk tingkat:
a. propinsi,
b.
kabupaten/kota
, dan c. unit
pengelolaan.
(2) Pembentukan wilayah pengelolaan hutan tingkat unit pengelolaan dilaksanakan dengan mempertimbangkan karakteristik lahan, tipe hutan, fungsi hutan, kondisi daerah aliran sungai, sosial budaya, ekonomi, kelembagaan masyarakat setempat termasuk masyarakat hukum adat dan batas administrasi Pemerintahan.
(3) Pembentukan unit pengelolaan hutan yang melampaui batas administrasi Pemerintahan karena kondisi dan karakteristik serta tipe hutan, penetapannya diatur secara khusus oleh Menteri.
P
as
al
18
(1) Pemerintah menetapkan dan mempertahankan kecukupan luas kawasan hutan dan penutupan hutan untuk setiap daerah aliran sungai dan atau pulau, guna optimalisasi manfaat lingkungan, manfaat sosial, dan manfaat ekonomi masyarakat setempat.
(2) Luas kawasan hutan yang harus dipertahankan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) minimal 30 % (tiga puluh persen) dari luas daerah aliran sungai dan atau pulau dengan sebaran yang proporsional.
P
as
al
19
(1) Perubahan peruntukan dan fungsi kawasan hutan ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah
dengan didasarkan pada hasil penelitian terpadu.
101
(2) Perubahan peruntukan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) yang berdampak penting dan cakupan yang luas serta bernilai strategis, ditetapkan oleh
Pemerintah dengan persetujuan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat.
(3) Ketentuan tentang tata cara perubahan peruntukan kawasan hutan dan perubahan fungsi kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
Bagian
Keenam
Penyusunan Rencana
Kehutanan
P
as
al
20
(1) Berdasarkan hasil inventarisasi sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 13, dan dengan mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor lingkungan dan kondisi sosial masyarakat, Pemerintah menyusun rencana kehutanan.
(2) Rencana kehutanan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) disusun menurut
jangka waktu perencanaan, skala geografis, dan menurut fungsi pokok kawasan
hutan.
(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2) diatur dengan
Peraturan Pemerintah.
BAB V
PENGELOLAAN HUTAN
Bagian
Kesatu
U
m
u
m
P
as
al
21
Pengelolaan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 10 ayat (2) huruf b, meliputi
kegiatan:
a. tata hutan dan penyusunan rencana
pengelolaan hutan, b. pemanfaatan hutan dan
penggunaan kawasan hutan,
c. rehabilitasi dan reklamasi hutan, dan
102
d. perlindungan hutan dan konservasi alam.
Bagian
Kedua
Tata Hutan dan Penyusunan Rencana
Pengelolaan
P
a
s
al
2
2
(1) Tata hutan dilaksanakan dalam rangka pengelolaan kawasan hutan
yang lebih intensif untuk memperoleh manfaat yang lebih optimal dan
lestari.
(2) Tata hutan meliputi pembagian kawasan hutan dalam blok-blok berdasarkan ekosistem, tipe, fungsi dan rencana pemanfaatan hutan.
(3) Blok-blok sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) dibagi pada petak-petak berdasarkan intensitas dan efisiensi pengelolaan.
(4) Berdasarkan blok dan petak sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) dan ayat (3), disusun rencana pengelolaan hutan untuk jangka waktu tertentu.
(5) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2), ayat (3), dan ayat
(4) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
Bagian
Ketiga
Pemanfaatan Hutan dan Penggunaan Kawasan
Hutan
P
a
s
al
2
3
Pemanfaatan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 21 huruf b, bertujuan untuk
memperoleh manfaat yang optimal bagi kesejahteraan seluruh masyarakat secara
berkeadilan dengan tetap menjaga kelestariannya.
P
a
s
al
2
4
Pemanfaatan kawasan hutan dapat dilakukan pada semua kawasan hutan kecuali
pada hutan cagar alam serta zona inti dan zona rimba pada taman nasional.
103
P
a
s
al
2
5
Pemanfaatan kawasan hutan pelestarian alam dan kawasan hutan suaka alam serta taman buru diatur sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
P
a
s
al
2
6
(1) Pemanfaatan hutan lindung dapat berupa pemanfaatan kawasan,
pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan, dan pemungutan hasil hutan bukan kayu.
(2) Pemanfaatan hutan lindung dilaksanakan melalui pemberian izin usaha pemanfaatan kawasan, izin usaha pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan, dan izin
pemungutan hasil hutan bukan kayu.
P
a
s
al
2
7
(1) Izin usaha pemanfaatan kawasan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 26
ayat (2) dapat diberikan kepada: a. perorangan, b. koperasi.
(2) Izin usaha pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 26 ayat
(2), dapat diberikan kepada:
a.
perora
ngan,
b.
kopera
si,
c. badan usaha milik swasta Indonesia,
d. badan usaha milik negara atau badan usaha milik daerah.
(3) Izin pemungutan hasil hutan bukan kayu sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal
26 ayat
104
(2), dapat diberikan kepada:
a.
perora
ngan,
b.
kopera
si.
P
a
s
al
2
8
(1) Pemanfaatan hutan produksi dapat berupa pemanfaatan kawasan, pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan, pemanfaatan hasil hutan kayu dan bukan kayu,
serta pemungutan hasil hutan kayu dan bukan kayu.
(2) Pemanfaatan hutan produksi dilaksanakan melalui pemberian izin usaha
pemanfaatan kawasan, izin usaha pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan, izin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan kayu, izin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan bukan
kayu, izin pemungutan hasil hutan kayu, dan izin pemungutan hasil hutan
bukan kayu.
P
a
s
al
2
9
(1) Izin usaha pemanfaatan kawasan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 28 ayat
(2)
dapat diberikan kepada:
a. perorangan,
b. koperasi.
(2) Izin usaha pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal
28 ayat
(2) dapat diberikan kepada:
a.
perora
105
ngan,
b.
kopera
si,
c. badan usaha milik swasta Indonesia,
d. badan usaha milik negara atau badan usaha milik daerah.
(3) Izin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan bukan kayu sebagaimana dimaksud dalam
Pasal
28 ayat (2) dapat diberikan kepada:
a.
perora
ngan,
b.
kopera
si,
c. badan usaha milik swasta Indonesia,
d. badan usaha milik negara atau badan usaha milik daerah.
(4) Izin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan kayu sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 28 ayat (2) dapat diberikan kepada:
a.
perora
ngan,
b.
kopera
si,
c. badan usaha milik swasta Indonesia,
d. badan usaha milik negara atau badan usaha milik daerah.
(5) Izin pemungutan hasil hutan kayu dan bukan kayu sebagaimana dimaksud
dalam
106
Pasal 28 ayat (2) dapat diberikan kepada:
a.
perora
ngan,
b.
kopera
si.
P
a
s
al
3
0
Dalam rangka pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat, setiap badan usaha milik negara, badan usaha milik daerah, dan badan usaha milik swasta Indonesia yang memperoleh izin usaha pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan, izin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan kayu dan bukan kayu, diwajibkan bekerja sama dengan koperasi masyarakat setempat.
P
a
s
al
3
1
(1) Untuk menjamin asas keadilan, pemerataan, dan lestari, maka izin usaha pemanfaatan hutan dibatasi dengan mempertimbangkan aspek kelestarian
hutan dan aspek kepastian usaha.
(2) Pembatasan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) diatur dengan Peraturan
Pemerintah.
P
a
s
al
3
2
Pemegang izin sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 27 dan Pasal 29 berkewajiban untuk menjaga, memelihara, dan melestarikan hutan tempat usahanya.
P
a
s
al
107
3
3
(1) Usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan meliputi kegiatan penanaman, pemeliharaan, pemanenan, pengolahan, dan pemasaran hasil hutan.
(2) Pemanenan dan pengolahan hasil hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1)
tidak boleh melebihi daya dukung hutan secara lestari.
(3) Pengaturan, pembinaan dan pengembangan pengolahan hasil hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) diatur oleh Menteri.
P
a
s
al
3
4
Pengelolaan kawasan hutan untuk tujuan khusus sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 8 dapat diberikan kepada:
a. masyarakat hukum adat, b. lembaga pendidikan,
c. lembaga penelitian,
d. lembaga sosial dan keagamaan.
P
a
s
al
3
5
(1) Setiap pemegang izin usaha pemanfaatan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud
dalam Pasal 27 dan Pasal 29, dikenakan iuran izin usaha, provisi, dana
reboisasi, dan dana jaminan kinerja.
(2) Setiap pemegang izin usaha pemanfaatan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud
dalam
Pasal 27 dan Pasal 29 wajib menyediakan dana investasi untuk biaya pelestarian
hutan.
(3) Setiap pemegang izin pemungutan hasil hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam
Pasal
27 dan Pasal 29 hanya dikenakan provisi.
(4) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), ayat (2), dan ayat
(3)
diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
P
a
s
108
al
3
6
(1) Pemanfaatan hutan hak dilakukan oleh pemegang hak atas
tanah yang bersangkutan, sesuai dengan fungsinya.
(2) Pemanfaatan hutan hak yang berfungsi lindung dan konservasi dapat
dilakukan sepanjang tidak mengganggu fungsinya.
P
a
s
al
3
7
(1) Pemanfaatan hutan adat dilakukan oleh masyarakat hukum adat yang bersangkutan, sesuai dengan fungsinya.
(2) Pemanfaatan hutan adat yang berfungsi lindung dan konservasi dapat
dilakukan sepanjang tidak mengganggu fungsinya.
P
a
s
al
3
8
(1) Penggunaan kawasan hutan untuk kepentingan pembangunan di luar kegiatan kehutanan hanya dapat dilakukan di dalam kawasan hutan produksi dan kawasan hutan lindung.
(2) Penggunaan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dapat dilakukan tanpa mengubah fungsi pokok kawasan hutan.
(3) Penggunaan kawasan hutan untuk kepentingan pertambangan dilakukan
melalui pemberian izin pinjam pakai oleh Menteri dengan mempertimbangkan
batasan luas dan jangka waktu tertentu serta kelestarian lingkungan.
(4) Pada kawasan hutan lindung dilarang melakukan penambangan
dengan pola pertambangan terbuka.
(5) Pemberian izin pinjam pakai sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (3) yang berdampak penting dan cakupan yang luas serta bernilai strategis dilakukan oleh Menteri atas persetujuan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat.
P
a
s
al
3
9
Ketentuan pelaksanaan tentang pemanfaatan hutan dan penggunaan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 27, Pasal 29, Pasal 34, Pasal 36, Pasal 37, dan Pasal 38 diatur lebih lanjut dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
109
Bagian
Keempat
Rehabilitasi dan Reklamasi
Hutan
P
a
s
al
4
0
Rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan dimaksudkan untuk memulihkan, mempertahankan,
dan meningkatkan fungsi hutan dan lahan sehingga daya dukung, produktivitas, dan
peranannya dalam mendukung sistem penyangga kehidupan tetap terjaga.
P
a
s
al
4
1
(1) Rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan diselenggarakan melalui kegiatan:
a. reboisasi,
b.
penghija
uan, c.
pemeliha
raan,
d. pengayaan tanaman, atau
e. penerapan teknik konservasi tanah secara vegetatif dan sipil
teknis, pada lahan kritis dan tidak produktif.
(2) Kegiatan rehabilitasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilakukan di semua hutan dan kawasan hutan kecuali cagar alam dan zona inti taman nasional.
P
a
s
al
4
2
(1) Rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan dilaksanakan berdasarkan kondisi spesifik biofisik.
110
(2) Penyelenggaraan rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan diutamakan pelaksanaannya melalui pendekatan partisipatif dalam rangka mengembangkan potensi dan
memberdayakan masyarakat.
(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat
(2) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
P
a
s
al
4
3
(1) Setiap orang yang memiliki, mengelola, dan atau memanfaatkan hutan yang
kritis atau tidak produktif, wajib melaksanakan rehabilitasi hutan untuk tujuan
perlindungan dan konservasi.
(2) Dalam pelaksanaan rehabilitasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), setiap orang dapat meminta pendampingan, pelayanan dan dukungan kepada lembaga swadaya masyarakat, pihak lain atau Pemerintah.
P
a
s
al
4
4
(1) Reklamasi hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 21 huruf c, meliputi usaha untuk memperbaiki atau memulihkan kembali lahan dan vegetasi hutan yang rusak agar dapat berfungsi secara optimal sesuai dengan peruntukannya.
(2) Kegiatan reklamasi sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) meliputi
inventarisasi lokasi, penetapan lokasi, perencanaan, dan pelaksanaan
reklamasi.
(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat
(2) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
111
P
a
s
al
4
5
(1) Penggunaan kawasan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 38 ayat
(1) yang mengakibatkan kerusakan hutan, wajib dilakukan reklamasi dan atau
rehabilitasi sesuai dengan pola yang ditetapkan Pemerintah
(2) Reklamasi pada kawasan hutan bekas areal pertambangan, wajib
dilaksanakan oleh pemegang izin pertambangan sesuai dengan tahapan
kegiatan pertambangan.
(3) Pihak-pihak yang menggunakan kawasan hutan untuk kepentingan di luar kegiatan kehutanan yang mengakibatkan perubahan permukaan dan penutupan tanah, wajib membayar dana jaminan reklamasi dan rehabilitasi.
(4) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), ayat (2), dan ayat
(3)
diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
Bagian
Kelima
Perlindungan Hutan dan
Konservasi Alam
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Penyelenggaraan perlindungan hutan dan konservasi alam bertujuan menjaga hutan,
kawasan hutan dan lingkungannya, agar fungsi lindung, fungsi konservasi, dan fungsi
produksi, tercapai secara optimal dan lestari.
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Perlindungan hutan dan kawasan hutan merupakan usaha untuk:
a. mencegah dan membatasi kerusakan hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan
yang disebabkan oleh perbuatan manusia, ternak, kebakaran, daya-daya alam, hama, serta penyakit; dan
112
b. mempertahankan dan menjaga hak-hak negara, masyarakat, dan perorangan
atas hutan, kawasan hutan, hasil hutan, investasi serta perangkat yang berhubungan dengan pengelolaan hutan.
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(1) Pemerintah mengatur perlindungan hutan, baik di dalam maupun di luar
kawasan hutan. (2) Perlindungan hutan pada hutan negara dilaksanakan
oleh Pemerintah.
(3) Pemegang izin usaha pemanfaatan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 27 dan Pasal 29, serta pihak-pihak yang menerima wewenang pengelolaan hutan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 34, diwajibkan melindungi hutan dalam areal kerjanya.
(4) Perlindungan hutan pada hutan hak dilakukan oleh pemegang haknya.
(5) Untuk menjamin pelaksanaan perlindungan hutan yang sebaik-baiknya, masyarakat diikutsertakan dalam upaya perlindungan hutan.
(6) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), ayat (2), ayat (3),
ayat
(4), dan ayat (5) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
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Pemegang hak atau izin bertanggung jawab atas terjadinya kebakaran hutan di areal
kerjanya.
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(1) Setiap orang dilarang merusak prasarana dan sarana perlindungan
hutan. (2) Setiap orang yang diberikan izin usaha pemanfaatan
kawasan, izin usaha
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pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan, izin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan kayu dan
bukan kayu, serta izin pemungutan hasil hutan kayu dan bukan kayu, dilarang
melakukan kegiatan yang menimbulkan kerusakan hutan.
(3) Setiap orang dilarang:
a. mengerjakan dan atau menggunakan dan atau menduduki kawasan hutan secara tidak sah;
b. merambah kawasan hutan;
c. melakukan penebangan pohon dalam kawasan hutan dengan radius atau jarak sampai dengan:
1. 500 (lima ratus) meter dari tepi waduk atau danau;
2. 200 (dua ratus) meter dari tepi mata air dan kiri kanan
sungai di daerah rawa;
3. 100 (seratus) meter dari kiri kanan tepi sungai;
4. 50 (lima puluh) meter dari kiri kanan tepi anak sungai;
5. 2 (dua) kali kedalaman jurang dari tepi jurang;
6. 130 (seratus tiga puluh) kali selisih pasang tertinggi dan
pasang terendah dari tepi pantai.
d. membakar hutan;
e. menebang pohon atau memanen atau memungut hasil hutan di dalam hutan tanpa memiliki hak atau izin dari pejabat yang berwenang;
f. menerima, membeli atau menjual, menerima tukar, menerima titipan, menyimpan, atau memiliki hasil hutan yang diketahui atau patut diduga berasal dari kawasan hutan yang
diambil atau dipungut secara tidak sah;
g. melakukan kegiatan penyelidikan umum atau eksplorasi atau eksploitasi bahan tambang di dalam kawasan hutan, tanpa izin Menteri;
h. mengangkut, menguasai, atau memiliki hasil hutan yang tidak dilengkapi bersama-sama dengan surat keterangan sahnya hasil hutan;
i. menggembalakan ternak di dalam kawasan hutan yang tidak ditunjuk secara khusus untuk maksud tersebut oleh pejabat yang berwenang;
j. membawa alat-alat berat dan atau alat-alat lainnya yang lazim atau patut
diduga akan digunakan untuk mengangkut hasil hutan di dalam kawasan
hutan, tanpa izin pejabat yang berwenang;
k. membawa alat-alat yang lazim digunakan untuk menebang, memotong, atau membelah pohon di dalam kawasan hutan tanpa izin pejabat yang berwenang;
l. membuang benda-benda yang dapat menyebabkan kebakaran dan kerusakan
serta membahayakan keberadaan atau kelangsungan fungsi hutan ke dalam
kawasan hutan; dan
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m. mengeluarkan, membawa, dan mengangkut tumbuh-tumbuhan dan satwa liar
yang tidak dilindungi undang-undang yang berasal dari kawasan hutan tanpa izin
pejabat yang berwenang.
(4) Ketentuan tentang mengeluarkan, membawa, dan atau mengangkut tumbuhan dan atau satwa yang dilindungi, diatur sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
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(1) Untuk menjamin terselenggaranya perlindungan hutan, maka kepada
pejabat kehutanan tertentu sesuai dengan sifat pekerjaannya diberikan
wewenang kepolisian khusus.
(2) Pejabat yang diberi wewenang kepolisian khusus sebagaimana dimaksud pada
ayat
(1) berwenang untuk:
a. mengadakan patroli/perondaan di dalam kawasan hutan atau wilayah hukumnya;
b. memeriksa surat-surat atau dokumen yang berkaitan dengan pengangkutan hasil hutan di dalam kawasan hutan atau wilayah hukumnya;
c. menerima laporan tentang telah terjadinya tindak pidana yang menyangkut
hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan;
d. mencari keterangan dan barang bukti terjadinya tindak pidana yang menyangkut hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan;
e. dalam hal tertangkap tangan, wajib menangkap tersangka untuk diserahkan kepada yang berwenang; dan
f. membuat laporan dan menandatangani laporan tentang terjadinya tindak pidana yang menyangkut hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan.
B
A
B
V
I
PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN,
PENDIDIKAN DAN LATIHAN SERTA
PENYULUHAN KEHUTANAN
Bagian
Kesatu
U
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(1) Dalam pengurusan hutan secara lestari, diperlukan sumber daya manusia berkualitas yang bercirikan penguasaan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang didasari dengan iman dan taqwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, melalui penyelenggaraan penelitian dan pengembangan, pendidikan dan latihan, serta
penyuluhan kehutanan yang berkesinambungan.
(2) Dalam penyelenggaraan penelitian dan pengembangan, pendidikan dan latihan serta penyuluhan kehutanan, wajib memperhatikan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, kearifan tradisional serta kondisi sosial budaya masyarakat.
(3) Dalam penyelenggaraan penelitian dan pengembangan, pendidikan dan
latihan, serta penyuluhan kehutanan, Pemerintah wajib menjaga kekayaan plasma nutfah khas Indonesia dari pencurian.
Bagian
Kedua
Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Kehutanan
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(1) Penelitian dan pengembangan kehutanan dimaksudkan untuk mengembangkan kemampuan nasional serta budaya ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dalam pengurusan hutan.
(2) Penelitian dan pengembangan kehutanan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan
kemampuan pengurusan hutan dalam mewujudkan pengelolaan hutan secara lestari dan peningkatan nilai tambah hasil hutan.
(3) Penyelenggaraan penelitian dan pengembangan kehutanan
dilakukan oleh Pemerintah dan dapat bekerja sama dengan perguruan
tinggi, dunia usaha, dan masyarakat.
(4) Pemerintah mendorong dan menciptakan kondisi yang mendukung peningkatan kemampuan untuk menguasai, mengembangkan, dan memanfaatkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi kehutanan.
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al
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(1) Pemerintah bersama-sama dengan dunia usaha dan masyarakat mempublikasikan hasil penelitian dan pengembangan kehutanan serta mengembangkan sistem informasi dan pelayanan hasil penelitian dan
pengembangan kehutanan.
(2) Pemerintah wajib melindungi hasil penemuan ilmu pengetahuan dan
teknologi di bidang kehutanan sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-
undangan yang berlaku.
(3) Izin melakukan penelitian kehutanan di Indonesia dapat diberikan kepada
peneliti asing dengan mengacu kepada peraturan perundang-undangan yang
berlaku.
Bagian
Ketiga
Pendidikan dan Latihan
Kehutanan
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55
(1) Pendidikan dan latihan kehutanan dimaksudkan untuk mengembangkan
dan meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia kehutanan yang terampil,
profesional, berdedikasi, jujur serta amanah dan berakhlak mulia.
(2) Pendidikan dan latihan kehutanan bertujuan untuk membentuk sumber daya manusia yang menguasai serta mampu memanfaatkan dan mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi dalam pengurusan hutan secara adil dan lestari, didasari iman dan taqwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa.
(3) Penyelenggaraan pendidikan dan latihan kehutanan dilakukan oleh
Pemerintah, dunia usaha, dan masyarakat
(4) Pemerintah mendorong dan menciptakan kondisi yang mendukung
terselenggaranya pendidikan dan latihan kehutanan, dalam rangka meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualitas sumber daya manusia.
Bagian
Keempat
Penyuluhan
Kehutanan
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6
(1) Penyuluhan kehutanan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan serta mengubah sikap dan perilaku masyarakat agar mau dan
117
mampu mendukung pembangunan kehutanan atas dasar iman dan taqwa kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa serta sadar akan pentingnya sumber daya hutan
bagi kehidupan manusia.
(2) Penyelenggaraan penyuluhan kehutanan dilakukan oleh Pemerintah,
dunia usaha, dan masyarakat.
(3) Pemerintah mendorong dan menciptakan kondisi yang mendukung
terselenggaranya kegiatan penyuluhan kehutanan.
Bagian
Kelima
Pendanaan dan
Prasarana
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7
(1) Dunia usaha dalam bidang kehutanan wajib menyediakan dana investasi
untuk penelitian dan pengembangan, pendidikan dan latihan, serta
penyuluhan kehutanan.
(2) Pemerintah menyediakan kawasan hutan untuk digunakan dan mendukung kegiatan penelitian dan pengembangan, pendidikan dan latihan, serta
penyuluhan kehutanan.
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Ketentuan lebih lanjut tentang penelitian dan pengembangan, pendidikan dan latihan, serta penyuluhan kehutanan diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
BAB VII PENGA
WASAN
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Pengawasan kehutanan dimaksudkan untuk mencermati, menelusuri, dan menilai pelaksanaan pengurusan hutan, sehingga tujuannya dapat tercapai secara maksimal dan sekaligus merupakan umpan balik bagi perbaikan dan atau penyempurnaan pengurusan hutan lebih lanjut.
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(1) Pemerintah dan Pemerintah Daerah wajib melakukan pengawasan
kehutanan. (2) Masyarakat dan atau perorangan berperan serta dalam
pengawasan kehutanan.
Pasal 61
Pemerintah berkewajiban melakukan pengawasan terhadap pengurusan
hutan yang diselenggarakan oleh Pemerintah Daerah.
Pasal 62
Pemerintah, Pemerintah Daerah, dan masyarakat melakukan pengawasan terhadap
pengelolaan dan atau pemanfaatan hutan yang dilakukan oleh pihak ketiga.
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Dalam melaksanakan pengawasan kehutanan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 60 ayat (1), Pemerintah dan Pemerintah Daerah berwenang melakukan pemantauan,
meminta keterangan, dan melakukan pemeriksaan atas pelaksanaan pengurusan
hutan.
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Pemerintah dan masyarakat melakukan pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan
pengelolaan hutan yang berdampak nasional dan internasional.
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Ketentuan lebih lanjut tentang pengawasan kehutanan diatur dengan Peraturan
Pemerintah.
BAB VIII PENYERAHAN
KEWENANGAN
119
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(1) Dalam rangka penyelenggaraan kehutanan, Pemerintah menyerahkan
sebagian kewenangan kepada Pemerintah Daerah.
(2) Pelaksanaan penyerahan sebagian kewenangan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas pengurusan hutan dalam rangka pengembangan otonomi daerah.
(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat
(2) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
BAB IX MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT
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(1) Masyarakat hukum adat sepanjang menurut kenyataannya masih ada dan diakui keberadaannya berhak:
a. melakukan pemungutan hasil hutan untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup sehari-hari masyarakat adat yang bersangkutan;
b. melakukan kegiatan pengelolaan hutan berdasarkan hukum adat yang
berlaku dan tidak bertentangan dengan undang-undang; dan
c. mendapatkan pemberdayaan dalam rangka meningkatkan
kesejahteraannya.
(2) Pengukuhan keberadaan dan hapusnya masyarakat hukum adat
sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) ditetapkan dengan Peraturan
Daerah.
(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat
(2) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
B
A
B
X
PERAN SERTA
MASYARAKAT Pasal 68
120
(1) Masyarakat berhak menikmati kualitas lingkungan hidup yang dihasilkan
hutan. (2) Selain hak sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), masyarakat
dapat:
a. memanfaatkan hutan dan hasil hutan sesuai dengan peraturan
perundang- undangan yang berlaku;
b. mengetahui rencana peruntukan hutan, pemanfaatan hasil
hutan, dan informasi kehutanan;
c. memberi informasi, saran, serta pertimbangan dalam
pembangunan kehutanan; dan
d. melakukan pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan pembangunan
kehutanan baik langsung maupun tidak langsung.
(3) Masyarakat di dalam dan di sekitar hutan berhak memperoleh kompensasi karena hilangnya akses dengan hutan sekitarnya sebagai lapangan kerja untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidupnya akibat penetapan kawasan hutan, sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
(4) Setiap orang berhak memperoleh kompensasi karena hilangnya hak atas
tanah miliknya sebagai akibat dari adanya penetapan kawasan hutan sesuai
dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
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(1) Masyarakat berkewajiban untuk ikut serta memelihara dan menjaga
kawasan hutan dari gangguan dan perusakan.
(2) Dalam melaksanakan rehabilitasi hutan, masyarakat dapat meminta pendampingan, pelayanan, dan dukungan kepada lembaga swadaya masyarakat, pihak lain, atau Pemerintah.
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(1) Masyarakat turut berperan serta dalam pembangunan di bidang kehutanan.
(2) Pemerintah wajib mendorong peran serta masyarakat melalui berbagai
kegiatan di bidang kehutanan yang berdaya guna dan berhasil guna.
(3) Dalam rangka meningkatkan peran serta masyarakat Pemerintah dan
Pemerintah
Daerah dapat dibantu oleh forum pemerhati kehutanan.
(4) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dan ayat (2) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
121
B
A
B
X
I
GUGATAN
PERWAKILAN
Pasal 71
(1) Masyarakat berhak mengajukan gugatan perwakilan ke pengadilan dan atau melaporkan ke penegak hukum terhadap kerusakan hutan yang merugikan kehidupan masyarakat.
(2) Hak mengajukan gugatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) terbatas
pada tuntutan terhadap pengelolaan hutan yang tidak sesuai dengan peraturan perundang- undangan yang berlaku.
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Jika diketahui bahwa masyarakat menderita akibat pencemaran dan atau kerusakan hutan sedemikian rupa sehingga mempengaruhi kehidupan masyarakat, maka instansi
Pemerintah atau instansi Pemerintah Daerah yang bertanggung jawab di bidang kehutanan dapat bertindak untuk kepentingan masyarakat.
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(1) Dalam rangka pelaksanaan tanggung jawab pengelolaan hutan, organisasi bidang kehutanan berhak mengajukan gugatan perwakilan untuk kepentingan pelestarian fungsi hutan.
(2) Organisasi bidang kehutanan yang berhak mengajukan gugatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) harus memenuhi persyaratan:
a. berbentuk badan hukum;
b. organisasi tersebut dalam anggaran dasarnya dengan tegas
menyebutkan tujuan didirikannya organisasi untuk kepentingan
pelestarian fungsi hutan; dan
c. telah melaksanakan kegiatan sesuai dengan anggaran dasarnya.
B
A
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B
X
II
PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA
KEHUTANAN Pasal 74
(1) Penyelesaian sengketa kehutanan dapat ditempuh melalui pengadilan atau di luar pengadilan berdasarkan pilihan secara sukarela para pihak yang bersengketa.
(2) Apabila telah dipilih upaya penyelesaian sengketa kehutanan di luar pengadilan, maka gugatan melalui pengadilan dapat dilakukan setelah tidak
tercapai kesepakatan antara para pihak yang bersengketa.
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(1) Penyelesaian sengketa kehutanan di luar pengadilan tidak berlaku terhadap tindak pidana sebagaimana diatur dalam undang-undang ini.
(2) Penyelesaian sengketa kehutanan di luar pengadilan dimaksudkan untuk mencapai kesepakatan mengenai pengembalian suatu hak, besarnya ganti rugi, dan atau mengenai bentuk tindakan tertentu yang harus dilakukan untuk memulihkan fungsi hutan.
(3) Dalam penyelesaian sengketa kehutanan di luar pengadilan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) dapat digunakan jasa pihak ketiga yang ditunjuk bersama oleh para pihak dan atau pendampingan organisasi nonPemerintah untuk membantu penyelesaian sengketa kehutanan.
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(1) Penyelesaian sengketa kehutanan melalui pengadilan dimaksudkan untuk
memperoleh putusan mengenai pengembalian suatu hak, besarnya ganti rugi, dan atau tindakan tertentu yang harus dilakukan oleh pihak yang kalah dalam sengketa.
(2) Selain putusan untuk melakukan tindakan tertentu sebagaimana dimaksud
pada ayat (1), pengadilan dapat menetapkan pembayaran uang paksa atas
keterlambatan pelaksanaan tindakan tertentu tersebut setiap hari.
BAB
XIII
PENYI
123
DIKA
N
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(1) Selain Pejabat Penyidik Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia, Pejabat Pegawai Negeri Sipil tertentu yang lingkup tugas dan tanggung jawabnya meliputi pengurusan hutan, diberi wewenang khusus sebagai penyidik sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Acara Pidana.
(2) Pejabat Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil sebagaimana dimaksud pada
ayat (1), berwenang untuk:
a. melakukan pemeriksaan atas kebenaran laporan atau keterangan
yang berkenaan dengan tindak pidana yang menyangkut hutan,
kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan;
b. melakukan pemeriksaan terhadap orang yang diduga melakukan tindak pidana yang menyangkut hutan, kawasan hutan,
dan hasil hutan;
c. memeriksa tanda pengenal seseorang yang berada dalam kawasan hutan atau wilayah hukumny
d. melakukan penggeledahan dan penyitaan barang bukti tindak pidana yang menyangkut hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan
sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku;
e. meminta keterangan dan barang bukti dari orang atau badan hukum sehubungan dengan tindak pidana yang menyangkut hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan;
f. menangkap dan menahan dalam koordinasi dan pengawasan
penyidik Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia sesuai Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Acara Pidana;
g. membuat dan menandatangani berita acara;
h. menghentikan penyidikan apabila tidak terdapat cukup bukti tentang
adanya tindak pidana yang menyangkut hutan, kawasan hutan, dan
hasil hutan.
(3) Pejabat Penyidik Pegawai Negeri Sipil sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) memberitahukan dimulainya penyidikan dan menyerahkan hasil penyidikannya kepada penuntut umum, sesuai Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Acara Pidana.
BAB XIV KETENTUAN
PIDANA
124
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(1) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (1) atau Pasal 50 ayat (2), diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 10 (sepuluh) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp 5.000.000.000,00 (lima milyar rupiah).
(2) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana
dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf a, huruf b, atau huruf c, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 10 (sepuluh) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp5.000.000.000,00 (lima milyar rupiah).
(3) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf d, diancam dengan pidana penjara
paling lama 15 (lima belas) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp5.000.000.000,00 (lima milyar rupiah).
(4) Barang siapa karena kelalaiannya melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana
dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf d, diancam dengan pidana penjara
paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp1.500.000.000,00 (satu
milyar lima ratus juta rupiah).
(5) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf e atau huruf f, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 10 (sepuluh) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp5.000.000.000,00 (lima milyar rupiah).
(6) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 38 ayat (4) atau Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf g, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 10 (sepuluh) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp5.000.000.000,00 (lima milyar rupiah
(7) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud
dalam asal 50 ayat (3) huruf h, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5 (lima) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp10.000.000.000,00 (sepuluh milyar rupiah).
(8) Barang siapa yang melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf i, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 3 (tiga)
bulan dan denda paling banyak Rp10.000.000,00 (sepuluh juta rupiah).
(9) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud
dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf j, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 5
(lima) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp5.000.000.000,00 (lima milyar rupiah).
(10) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf k, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 3 (tiga) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp1.000.000.000,00 (satu milyar rupiah).
(11) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud
dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf l, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 3
(tiga) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp1.000.000.000,00 (satu milyar rupiah).
(12) Barang siapa dengan sengaja melanggar ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (3) huruf m, diancam dengan pidana penjara paling lama 1 (satu) tahun dan denda paling banyak Rp50.000.000,00 (lima
puluh juta rupiah).
125
(13) Tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), ayat (2), ayat (3), ayat
(4),
ayat (5), ayat (6), ayat (7), ayat (9), ayat (10), dan ayat (11) adalah kejahatan,
dan tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (8) dan ayat (12) adalah
pelanggaran.
(14) Tindak pidana sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 50 ayat (1), ayat (2), dan ayat (3) apabila dilakukan oleh dan atau atas nama badan hukum atau badan usaha, tuntutan dan sanksi pidananya dijatuhkan terhadap pengurusnya, baik
sendiri-sendiri maupun bersama-sama, dikenakan pidana sesuai dengan ancaman pidana masing-masing ditambah dengan 1/3 (sepertiga) dari pidana yang dijatuhkan.
(15) Semua hasil hutan dari hasil kejahatan dan pelanggaran dan atau alat-alat
termasuk alat angkutnya yang dipergunakan untuk melakukan kejahatan dan
atau pelanggaran sebagaimana dimaksud dalam pasal ini dirampas untuk
Negara.
P
as
al
79
(1) Kekayaan negara berupa hasil hutan dan barang lainnya baik berupa
temuan dan atau rampasan dari hasil kejahatan atau pelanggaran
sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 78 dilelang untuk Negara.
(2) Bagi pihak-pihak yang berjasa dalam upaya penyelamatan kekayaan Negara sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) diberikan insentif yang disisihkan dari hasil lelang yang dimaksud.
(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (2) diatur oleh
Menteri.
B
A
B
X
V
GANTI RUGI DAN SANKSI
ADMINISTRATIF
Pasal 80
(1) Setiap perbuatan melanggar hukum yang diatur dalam undang-undang ini, dengan tidak mengurangi sanksi pidana sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 78, mewajibkan kepada penanggung jawab perbuatan itu untuk membayar ganti rugi sesuai dengan tingkat kerusakan atau akibat yang ditimbulkan kepada Negara, untuk biaya rehabilitasi, pemulihan kondisi hutan, atau tindakan lain
yang diperlukan.
(2) Setiap pemegang izin usaha pemanfaatan kawasan, izin usaha pemanfaatan jasa lingkungan, izin usaha pemanfaatan hasil hutan, atau izin pemungutan hasil hutan yang diatur dalam undang-undang ini, apabila melanggar ketentuan di luar ketentuan pidana sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal
78 dikenakan sanksi administratif.
126
(3) Ketentuan lebih lanjut sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), dan ayat (2) diatur dengan Peraturan Pemerintah.
BAB XVI
KETENTUAN
PERALIHAN
P
a
s
al
8
1
Kawasan hutan yang telah ditunjuk dan atau ditetapkan berdasarkan peraturan perundang- undangan yang berlaku sebelum berlakunya undang-undang ini dinyatakan tetap berlaku berdasarkan undang-undang ini.
P
a
s
al
8
2
Semua peraturan pelaksanaan dari peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang
kehutanan yang telah ada, sepanjang tidak bertentangan dengan undang-
undang ini, tetap berlaku sampai dengan dikeluarkannya peraturan
pelaksanaan yang berdasarkan undang-undang ini.
BAB XVII
KETENTUAN
PENUTUP
P
as
al
83
Pada saat mulai berlakunya undang-undang ini maka dinyatakan tidak berlaku:
1. Boschordonnantie Java en Madoera 1927, Staatsblad Tahun 1927 Nomor 221, sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Staatsblad Tahun 1931 Nomor 168, terakhir diubah dengan Staatsblad Tahun 1934 Nomor 63;
2. Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1967 tentang Ketentuan-ketentuan Pokok
Kehutanan
(Lembaran Negara Tahun 1967 Nomor 8, Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor
2823).
Pasal 84
Undang-undang ini mulai berlaku pada tanggal diundangkan.
127
Agar semua orang mengetahuinya, memerintahkan pengundangan undang-undang ini
dengan penempatannya dalam Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia.
1
Disahkan di Jakarta,
pada tanggal 30 September 1999
PRESIDEN REPUBLIK INDONESIA,
ttd
BACHARUDIN JUSUF HABIBIE
Diundangkan di Jakarta
pada tanggal 30 September 1999
MENTERI NEGARA SEKRETARIS
NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA,
ttd
M U L A D I
LEMBARAN NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA TAHUN 1999 NOMOR 167
2
Persidential Regulations No. 61 in 2011
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Riau Governor Regulations No. 11 in 2014
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24