Post on 12-Jan-2016
THE IMPACT OF NUTRITON ON CARCASS QUALITY
GENE PESTI1 & JOHN DRIVER2
1UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA2JACKSON LABORATORY
USA
THE IMPACT OF NUTRITON ON CARCASS QUALITY
• PROTEIN & ENERGY ON CARCASS LEAN & FAT– INEXPENSIVE DIETS -> FAT CARCASSES
• DIETARY CU LEVELS– CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN MEAT
• CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS– MARGINAL LEVELS -> BROKEN BONES & BRUISES
GMP - UGA 3
From Donaldson et al., 1956
GMP - UGA 4
From Donaldson et al., 1956
GMP - UGA 5
From Donaldson et al., 1956
• Growth Not Related to C/P Ratio
• No “Optimums” Evident
GMP - UGA 6
From Donaldson et al., 1956
• Carcass Composition fits C/P Ratio Well
• No “Optimums” Evident
GMP - UGA 7
From Donaldson et al., 1956• Carcass
Composition Related to C/P Ratio
• Carcass Composition Related to C & P Levels
GMP - UGA 8
Pesti, G.M., T.S. Whiting & L.S. Jensen, Poultry Science 62:490 (1983)
• Altering the form of the diet alters the carcass composition response to dietary energy
GMP - UGA 9
Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
1,500
1,550
1,600
1,650
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
Dietary Lysine (%)
Body Weight Gain (g) Abdominal Fat (%)
Gain
Fat
GMP - UGA 10
Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.11,600
1,650
1,700
1,750
1,800
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
Dietary Methionine & Cystine (%)
Body Weight Gain (g) Abdominal Fat (%)
Gain
FAT
GMP - UGA 11
Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)
20 25 30 35 40 45 501,200
1,250
1,300
1,350
1,400
1,450
2.2
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.28
2.3
2.32
2.34
2.36
2.38
2.4
Percent Protein
Live Body Weight (g) Feed Conversion Ratio
Gain
FCR
GMP - UGA 12
Data of M.-L. Grisoni (INRA, 1991)
20 25 30 35 40 45 501,200
1,250
1,300
1,350
1,400
1,450
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Percent Protein
Live Body Weight (g) Abdominal Fat Pad (g)
Gain
Fat Pad
24% Protein 16% Protein
24% Protein 16% Protein
HMG-CoA reductase•REGULATES CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS•REGULATES FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS•IS COPPER SENSITIVE
COPPER STATUS
CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
COPPER STATUS
CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
?
DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER GROWTH (from Bakalli et al., 1995).
Weight Gain (kg) Age (days)
Dietary copper supplementation (mg/kg)
0 250 PSE*
Experiment 1 42 1.846b 1.963a 0.019
Experiment 2 21 0.647 0.642 0.010
Experiment 3 21 0.663 0.666 0.012*PSE = Pooled Standard Error
DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER COMPOSITION (from Bakalli et al., 1995).
Plasma total cholesterol
(mg/100 mL)
Age (days)
Dietary copper supplementation (mg/kg)
0 250 PSE*
Experiment 1 42 149a 129b 4
Experiment 2 21 132a 113b 4
Experiment 3 21 154a 106b 5*PSE = Pooled Standard Error
DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER COMPOSITION (from Bakalli et al., 1995).
Breast muscle cholesterol(mg/100g)
Age (days)
Dietary copper supplementation (mg/kg)
0 250 PSE*
Experiment 1 42 57a 43b 1
Experiment 2 21 50a 37b 3
Experiment 3 21 48a 33b 2*PSE = Pooled Standard Error
Johnson, M.A., 1986. J. Nutrition 116:802
OTHER KNOWN EFFECTS OF DIETARY COPPER
• COPPER ACCUMULATES IN BONES• SOFT PORK IN SWINE
DIETARY COPPER VERSUS BROILER COMPOSITION (from Bakalli et al., 1995).
Fatty Acid Compositon
Age (days)
Dietary copper supplementation (mg/kg)
0 250 PSE*
Experiment 1 42 ? ? ?
Experiment 2 21 ? ? ?
Experiment 3 21 ? ? ?*PSE = Pooled Standard Error
DIETARY CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS AND CARCASS QUALITY
•P IS EXPENSIVE •POTENTIAL POLLUTANT•NUTRITIONISTS MINIMIZE USE
•Ca IS INEXPENSIVE•DECREASES FAT ABSORPTION•NUTRITIONISTS MINIMIZE USE
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
O
O
O
O
O
OP
P
P
P
P
P
OOOH
O
OO
O
O
O
OOOH
O
OHO
O
OHO
INOSITOL PHYTATE (HEXAPHOSPHOINOSITOL)
Mn +2
Ca +2
Fe +2
Na +
K+
Introduction• A suitable combination of 1αOH-D3 (1A) and
phytase in the diet could reduce requirements for both inorganic Ca and P sources
• Implications:– Reduced P in excreta– Improved feed efficiency– Lower requirements of nutrients which
interact with Ca and P
ObjectivesTo determine:
1. The feasibility of replacing a portion of dietary Ca and P with a combination of phytase and 1A under commercial grow-out conditions
2. Which phase of production is more responsive to the combination of supplements (Starter or Grower/Finisher)
ObjectivesTo determine:
1. The feasibility of replacing a portion of dietary Ca and P with a combination of phytase and 1A under commercial grow-out conditions
2. Which phase of production is more responsive to the combination of supplements (Starter or Grower/Finisher)
3. The implications of Ca and P replacement in terms of carcass processing
Materials and Methods• Ca & P deficient (mash) diets were mixed:
1. Starter phase2. Grower/Finisher phase
• Diets were mixed with and without:– 1000 FTU/kg Natuphos Phytase (P)– 5g/kg 1-OH-cholecalciferol (1A)
P + 1A• 5 Feeding Regimens were used
Feeding Regimens
Starter (0 – 18 d) Grower (19 – 35 d)
10.60% Ca 0.24%nPP -
0.30% Ca 0.14%nPP -
20.60% Ca 0.24%nPP -
0.30% Ca 0.14%nPP P + 1A
30.60% Ca 0.24%nPP P + 1A
0.30% Ca 0.14%nPP -
40.60% Ca 0.24%nPP P + 1A
0.30% Ca 0.14%nPP P + 1A
50.90% Ca 0.45%nPP -
0.80% Ca 0.45%nPP -
Feeding Regimens
Starter (0 – 18 d) Grower (19 – 35 d)
1
2
3
4
5
PENS = 4
PENS = 4
PENS = 4
PENS = 4
PENS = 8
Parameters Measured• BWG, FI & FCR from 0 to 18 and 19 to 35 days• 10 birds were selected on days 18 and 35 and:• Left tibias were collected for % Tibia Ash determination • Right tibias were sliced and scored for incidence and
severity of P & Ca rickets & TD
Parameters Measured• Tibias snapped during
evisceration
• Broken clavicles
• Bloody breast muscles
• Broken femurs
ResultsBody Weight Gain (0 to 35 d)
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 0
0 P+1A
P+1A 0
P+1A P+1A
Control Control
Bod
y W
eigh
t G
ain
(g)
19 to 35d
0 to 18d
b ba a a
c bcb a a
0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →
B BA A A
ResultsFCR (feed to gain ratio)
b b
0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →
1.25
1.35
1.45
1.55
1.65
1.75
1.85
0 0
0 P+1A
P+1A 0
P+1A P+1A
Control Control
Feed
Con
vers
ion
(g fe
ed/g
gai
n)
0 to 18d
19 to 35d
0 to 35d
a ab b b
bc
ab b
ABABABB
A
Results% Tibia Ash at 18 & 35 d
b ba a a
0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
0 0
0 P+1A
P+1A 0
P+1A P+1A
Control Control
Tibi
a A
sh (%
) .
18d
35d
d
bb
c
a
cd
a
b
a a
Results% Phosphorus Rickets at 18 & 35 d
0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 0
0 P+1A
P+1A 0
P+1A P+1A
Control Control
P R
icke
ts In
cide
nce
(%)
18d
35d
a
b
c c c
Results% Broken Tibias After Evisceration
0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →
a
ab
ab
b b0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
0 0
0 P+1A
P+1A 0
P+1A P+1A
Control Control
Bro
ken
Tibi
as (%
)
Results% Broken Clavicles After De-boning
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 0
0 P+1A
P+1A 0
P+1A P+1A
Control Control
Bro
ken
Cla
vicl
es (%
) .
0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →
ab
a
a a
b
Results% Bloody Pectoralis Minor After De-boning
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 0
0 P+1A
P+1A 0
P+1A P+1A
Control Control
Blo
ody
Pect
oral
is M
inor
(%)
.
0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →
a
ab
a
ab
b
Results% Broken Femurs After De-boning
0 to 18 d → 19 to 35 d →
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 0
0 P+1A
P+1A 0
P+1A P+1A
Control Control
Bro
ken
Fem
urs
(%)
.
Conclusion
• The P+1A combination was required only during the Starter Phase to optimize BWG and FCR and eliminate bone disease
• Feeding P+1A at the very low levels of dietary Ca and P used was not sufficient to obtain maximum bone ash or prevent all bones from breaking during processing
Implications• The combination of 1A and Phytase is a very
promising alternative to inorganic Ca and P sources.
• The value of both supplements depends upon their price and availability as well as dietary levels of Ca and P and Phytin P
• Future testing should be conducted to determine how much dietary Ca and P can be replaced by the combination of these two supplements
SUMMARY
• CARCASS LEAN MEAT YIELD IS RELATD TO – CARCASS LIPID LEVELS– PROTEIN LEVEL– ENERGY LEVEL– FEED FORM
• IF ENERGY BECOMES SCARCE & PROTEIN ABUNDANT, THE PROBLEM OF FAT CARCASSES MAY TAKE CARE OF ITSELF
SUMMARY
• CARCASS LIPID PROFILES CAN BE EASILY INFLUENCED:– DIETARY FATTY ACIDS– FEEDING PHARMACOLOGICAL LEVELS OF CU
• DIETARY MINERALS ARE BECOMING VERY EXPENSIVE– REMEMBER TO EVALUATE CARCASSES WHENEVER
EVALUATING MINERAL LEVELS