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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,Florence-Darlington Technical College

C H A P T E R 1

The Human Body: An Orientation

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The Human Body—An Orientation

Anatomy

•Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

Physiology

•Study of how the body and its parts work or function

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Anatomy—Levels of Study

•Gross anatomy

•Large structures

•Easily observable

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.1

Mouth (oral cavity)Tongue

Esophagus

Liver

Gallbladder

Small intestineDuodenumJejunumlleum

Anus

Parotid gland

Salivary glandsSublingual glandSubmandibulargland

Pharynx

StomachPancreas(Spleen)

Large intestine

Descendingcolon

CecumSigmoid colonRectumAppendixAnal canal

Transversecolon

Ascendingcolon

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Anatomy—Levels of Study

•Microscopic anatomy

•Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye

•Structures can only be viewed with a microscope

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.4c

Pyloricsphincter

Gastric pits

Surfaceepithelium

Mucousneck cells

Parietal cells

Gastricglands

Chief cells

Ga

str

ic p

itG

as

tric

gla

nd

(c)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.4d

Pepsinogen PepsinHCl

Parietal cells

Chief cells

Enteroendocrinecell

(d)

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Levels of Organization of a Complex Organism

1. ATOMS

2. MOLECULES

3. CELLS

4. TISSUES

5. ORGANS

6. ORGAN SYSTEMS

7. ORGANISM

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1

Organismal levelHuman organisms are made up of many organ systems.

Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely.

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues.

Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules.

Smooth muscle cell

Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules.

Molecules

2

Atoms

1

Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells.

3

Smoothmuscletissue

Epithelialtissue

Smoothmuscletissue

Connectivetissue

Bloodvessel(organ)

4

5

Cardio–vascularsystem

6

Bloodvessels

Heart

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 1

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 2

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© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 4

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 5

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 6

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Organ System Overview

• Integumentary

•Forms the external body covering

•Protects deeper tissue from injury

•Helps regulate body temperature

•Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

skin

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Organ System Overview

•Skeletal•Protects and supports body organs

•Provides muscle attachment for movement

•Site of blood cell formation

•Stores minerals

CARTILAGE

JOINT

BONES

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Organ System Overview

•Muscular•Produces movement

•Maintains posture

•Produces heat

SKELETALMUSCLES

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Organ System Overview

•Nervous•Fast-acting control system

•Responds to internal and external change

•Activates muscles and glands

BRAIN

SPINAL CORD

NERVES

SENSORYRECEPTORS

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2e

Ovary (female)

Testis (male)

Pancreas

Adrenal glands

Thymus gland

Thyroid gland(parathyroid glandson posterior aspect)

Pituitary gland

Pineal gland

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Organ System Overview

•Endocrine•Secretes regulatory hormones

•Growth

•Reproduction

•Metabolism

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Organ System Overview

•Cardiovascular•Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart

•Oxygen

•Carbon dioxide

•Nutrients

•Wastes

HEART

BLOOD VESSELS

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Organ System Overview

•Lymphatic•Returns fluids to blood vessels

•Cleanses the blood

•Involved in immunity

LYMPH NODES

LYMPHATICVESSELS

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2h

Pharynx

Nasalcavity

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchus

Left lung

• Respiratory

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2i

Oral cavity

Esophagus

Stomach

Smallintestine

Anus

Rectum

Largeintestine

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Organ System Overview

•Digestive

•Breaks down food

•Allows for nutrient absorption into blood

•Eliminates indigestible material as feces

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2j

Kidney

Ureter

Urinarybladder

Urethra

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Organ System Overview

•Urinary

•Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

•Maintains acid-base balance

•Regulates water and electrolytes

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Prostategland

Penis

Seminalvesicles

Vasdeferens

Testis

Scrotum

Vagina

Ovary

Uterinetube

Mammaryglands(in breasts)

Uterus

Figure 1.2k–l

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•Reproductive

•Produces offspring

•Testes

produce sperm and male hormone

•Ovaries

produce eggs and female hormones

Organ System Overview

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NutrientsHeart

Interstitial fluid

Blood

Food

Digestive systemTakes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)

Respiratory systemTakes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

Cardiovascular systemVia the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbondioxide to disposal organs

Urinary system Eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes and excess ions

Feces Urine

Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid

O2

CO2

Integumentary systemProtects the body as a whole from the external environment

CO2O2

What does this slide

represent?

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Necessary Life Functions

•Maintain boundaries

•Movement

•Locomotion

•Movement of substances

•Responsiveness

•Ability to sense changes and react

•Digestion

•Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

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Necessary Life Functions

•Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body

•Break down complex molecules into smaller ones

•Build larger molecules from smaller ones

•Produces energy

•Regulated by hormones

•Excretion

•Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions

•Wastes may be removed in urine or feces

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Necessary Life Functions

•Reproduction

•Occurs on cellular level or organismal level

•Produces future generation

•Growth

•Increases cell size and number of cells

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Survival Needs

•Nutrients

•Chemicals for energy and cell building

•Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

•Oxygen

•Required for chemical reactions

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Survival Needs

•Water

•60 to 80 percent of body weight

•Most abundant chemical in the human body

•Provides for metabolic reaction

•Stable body temperature

•37°C (98°F)

•Atmospheric pressure

•Must be appropriate for gas exchange

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Homeostasis

•Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment

•A dynamic state of equilibrium

•Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life

•Homeostatic imbalance

•A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

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How is homeostasis maintained?

•The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 1

IMBALANCE

VARIABLE (in homeostasis)

Stimulusproduceschange invariable.

1

IMBALANCE

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 2

Receptor Receptor detects change.

IMBALANCE Stimulusproduceschange invariable.

1

IMBALANCE

2

VARIABLE (in homeostasis)

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 3

Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center.

Receptor

ControlCenter

Receptor detects change.

Afferentpathway

IMBALANCE

VARIABLE (in homeostasis)

Stimulusproduceschange invariable.

1

3

IMBALANCE

2

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 4

Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center.

Receptor

ControlCenter

Effector Receptor detects change.

Afferentpathway

Efferentpathway

IMBALANCE

VARIABLE (in homeostasis)

Stimulusproduceschange invariable.

Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector.

1

3 4

IMBALANCE

2

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 5

Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to control center.

Receptor

ControlCenter

Effector Receptor detects change.

Afferentpathway

Efferentpathway

IMBALANCE

VARIABLE (in homeostasis)

Stimulusproduceschange invariable.

Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector.

Responseof effector feedsback to reducethe effect ofstimulus andreturns variableto homeostatic level.

1

3 4

5

IMBALANCE

2

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Feedback Mechanisms

•Negative feedback

•Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

•Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity

•Works like a household thermostat

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Feedback Mechanisms

•Positive feedback

•Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

•In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

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The Language of Anatomy

•Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

•Exact terms are used for

•Position

•Direction

•Regions

•Structures

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Regional Terms

•Anterior body landmarks

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Cervical

Umbilical

Pubic (genital)

PelvicInguinal(groin)

(a) Anterior/Ventral

KEY:

Deltoid

Digital

Lower limbCoxal (hip)

Patellar

Fibular

Pedal (foot)

Digital

Upper limb

Acromial

Brachial (arm)

Antecubital

Antebrachial

Carpal (wrist)

Manus (hand)

Crural (leg)

Tarsal (ankle)

Femoral (thigh)

CephalicFrontalOrbitalNasal

BuccalOral Mental

Thorax

Abdomen

Back (Dorsum)

ThoracicSternalAxillary

Abdominal

(forearm)

Figure 1.5a

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Regional Terms

•Posterior body landmarks

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5b(b) Posterior/Dorsal

Gluteal

Sacral

Lumbar

Vertebral

Back (dorsal) Scapular

Cervical

CephalicOccipital (back of head) Acromial

Brachial (arm)

Olecranal

Antebrachial

Manus (hand)Digital

Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal

Sural (calf)

Fibular

Pedal (foot)Calcaneal

Plantar

Upper limb

KEY:

Thorax

Abdomen

Back (Dorsum)

(forearm)

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Superior (cranial or cephalad):

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior (caudal): away from the head end or toward the

lower part of a structure or the

body; below

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Ventral (anterior):

toward or at the front of the body; in front

ofDorsal

(posterior): toward or at the backside of the body; behind

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Medial: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on

the outer side of

Intermediate: between a more

medial and a more lateral structure

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Proximal: close to the origin of the

body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body

trunk

Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of

attachment of a limb to the body

trunk

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1

Superficial: toward or at

the body surface

Deep: away from the body surface;

more internal

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Body Planes and Sections• A sagittal section • divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts.• A median, or midsagittal,• section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts.

• A frontal, or coronal, • section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts.

• A transverse, or cross, • section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts.

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(a) Median (midsagittal)

Vertebralcolumn

(b) Frontal (coronal) plane

Rightlung Heart

Leftlung

(c) Transverse plane

Liver Aorta SpleenSpinalcord

Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneousfat layer

Stomach

Figure 1.6

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Body Cavities

•Dorsal body cavity (2)

•Cranial cavity houses the brain

•Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord

•Ventral body cavity (2) Separated by?

•Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and others

•Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs

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Cranial cavity

Spinal cavity

Thoraciccavity

Diaphragm

Abdominalcavity

Pelviccavity

Ab

do

min

op

elvi

cca

vit

y

KEY:

Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavityFigure 1.7

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BODY QUADRANTS

ABDOMINAL CAVITY IS DIVIDED INTO 4 SECTIONS

URQULQLRQLLQ

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Right upperquadrant(RUQ)

Right lowerquadrant(RLQ)

Left upperquadrant(LUQ)

Left lowerquadrant(LLQ)

Figure 1.8

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b

Righthypo-

chondriacregion

Epigastricregion

Rightlumbarregion

Umbilicalregion

Right iliac(inguinal)

region

Hypogastric(pubic)region

Left iliac(inguinal)

region

Leftlumbarregion

Lefthypo-

chondriacregion

(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

Liver

Gallbladder

Ascendingcolon of largeintestine

Small intestine

Cecum

Appendix

Diaphragm

Stomach

Transversecolon of largeintestine

Descendingcolon of largeintestine

Initial part ofsigmoid colon

Urinarybladder

BODY REGIONS