Post on 13-Jan-2022
The 1st International Conference of
The HK+ Institute for
Integrated Medical Humanities
The 1st International Conference of
The HK+ Institute for Integrated Medical Humanities
Date September25,2020
Place KyungHeeUniversity
+Zoom(https://zoom.us/)
Epidemic Disease, Then and Now
Epidemic Disease, Then and Now
The HK+ Institute for Integrated Medical Humanities
26-6,Kyungheedae-ro,Dongdaemun-gu,Seoul,RepublicofKorea,
Humanities213ofKyungHeeUniversity
http://hkimh.khu.ac.kr
https://www.facebook.com/imhkhu/
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbn6qLo_mlYaKcENk74Pv0w
※ This international conference will be released on YouTube, we ask for your interest. This work was supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019S1A6A3A04058286)
Co-organizedby
OpeningAddress
Friday,September25,2020
09:40-09:50OpeningAddress
Park Yunjae(DirectorofIIMH)
09:50-10:00ConglatulatoryAddress
In-Cheol Park(DeanofHumanitiesCollege)
Session 1
10:00-11:00
Choi Sungmin(Moderator,KyungHeeUniversity)
Zangchunmei(China,QingdaoUniversity)
‘ResearchontheBlackDeathofGuDing’sNovel<XinSheng>’
Park Sungho(Korea,KyungHeeUniversity)
‘21stcenturypopularnarrative,infectiousdiseasesandhatred
-FocusingonzombiemoviesandAlienseries’
11:00-11:20 CoffeeBreak
11:20-12:20
Joe tegu(Moderator,KyungHeeUniversity)
Lee Eunyoung(Korea,KyungHeeUniversity)
‘EpidemicDiseaseandReligion-BuddhistReactions toOutbreaksof
DiseaseinthePastandPresent’
Yoon Eunkyung(KoreaKyungHeeUniversity)
‘「Sinchanbyeogonbang」:Joseon’sResponsetoanEpidemic’
12:20-14:50 Lunch
Session 2
15:00-16:00
Lee Sangduk(Moderator,KyungHeeUniversity)
Park Yunjae(Korea,KyungHeeUniversity)
‘TheSecret of K-prevention?HowKoreaHasBeenDealingwithNew
InfectiousDiseasesinthe21thCentury’
Iijima Wataru(Japan,AoyamagakuinUniversity)
‘ComparativeAnalysisontheRoleofCommunityHealthSystemsatthe
ageofAnti-COVID-19’
16:00-16:20 CoffeeBreak
16:20-17:20
Lee Sangduk(ModeratorKyungHeeUniversity)
Yuxinzhong(China,NankaiUniversity)
‘ResponsetoEpidemicDiseaseinAncientChinaandItsCharacteristics’
Mark Harrison(UK,OxfordUniversity)
‘PandemicsandProtest:HistoricalPerspectivesonCovid-19’
17:20- Reception
Program
In Organizing ‘Epidemic Diseases, Then and Now’ Conference
Welcome to the international conference ‘EpidemicDiseases, ThenandNow’heldbyHK+ Institute
atKyungHeeUniversity. This conferencewas supposed todealwith the trendsof studiesonmedical
humanitiesintheworld.However,COVID-19changedeverything.Atfirst,wepostponedtheconference
fromApril toSeptember, expecting theCOVID-19would stop spreadingafter the summer. Itwas just
wishfulthinking.Covid-19isstillabigproblemintheworld.Asscholarsstudyingmedicalhumanities,we
decidedtochangethetopicoftheconferencetoCOVID-19.
Covid-19,thelatestpandemic,isstillthreateningtheworld.Westillneitherhaveanyeffectivemethod
totacklethespreadofthevirusnorknowhowtheworldwillchangeafterthispandemic.Inthisrespect,
ahistoricalapproachwouldbeessentialtoprepareforthepost-coronaera.Themoreweknowhowthe
worldrespondedandovercamethepastepidemicdiseases,themoreeasilywewillfindawaytoescape
fromthesedifficulties.We,however,trynottonarrowouranglejustonhistory,asepidemicdiseaseshave
hadawideeffectoneverypartofthesociety.Everytimeepidemicdiseasesstrokethesociety,literature,
philosophyhadchangedtoagreatorsmallextent.Nodisciplineswerefreefromtheinfluenceofepidemic
diseases.
Asanorganizerofthisconference,Iwouldliketothankthespeakersfortheirinsightfulpresentations.
ResearchprofessorsinourHK+Institutedevotedtheirvaluabletimeinpreparingforthisconference.Thanks
fortheirefforts.Ihopethisconferencehelpsattendeesimaginethepost-corona-eraorwithcorona-era.
2020.9.25
Park Yunjae(KyungHeeUniversity,DirectorofIIMH)
02 + 03EpidemicDisease,ThenandNow
Reasearch on the Black Death of Gu Ding’s Novel <Xin Sheng>
04 + 05EpidemicDisease,ThenandNow
Name ZhangChunmei
Affiliation QingdaoUniversityofTechnology
Books AStudyonRealisticRecognitionofKoreanandChinese
NovelsinManchuria-FocusingonNovelsWrittenbyAn,
SugilandGuDing,PrincetonUniversity,2012
Articles “heRealityofJoseonImmigrantsinManchuriaAppearing
inAhnSu-gil’sNovelsNovel”, TheSocietyofKorean&
ChineseHumanities,2017.
epidemic inHsinkingwith his own uniquewriting techniques. This paper researched theBlack
Deathin<XinSheng>andanalyzedthecreativecharacteristicsofGuDing.
TheBlackDeathdescribedin<XinSheng>islymphaticBlackDeath,themainsymptomsarepus
inthelymphaticsandblackeningofthewholebody.Fleasthatliveonwildmiceorhousemiceare
themainvectoroftheBlackDeath.Atthattime,thegovernmentimplementedmeasuressuchas
epidemicpreventionandburning,vaccination,declarationofinfectedpersons,isolationofcontacts,
andclosureofentertainmentplaceswheremanypeoplegathered.However,peopleworriedthatthe
houseandpropertywouldbeburned,andtheydidnotactivelyreportthepatients.Onlypeoplelike
‘me’whounderstoodthedeadlynatureoftheblackdeathwouldactivelydeclare.GuDingdescribed
thelifeoftheisolatorsaccordingtohisownexperienceofbeingisolated.IntheChihayaHospital
wherepatientswereisolated,awardisolatednearly100suspectedpatients.Althoughtheward
wasoftendisinfected,miceandfleasstillappearedinthewardwheremanypeoplelivedtogether.
Therefore, the insulators’heartswere fullof thefearof theblackdeath, thefearofdoctors, the
expectationofdischarge,thefearofhouseburning,etc.
GuDing,whowasbaptizedbytheMay4thMovement,wasveryconcernedabouttherealsociety.
However,theseverecensorshiplawofJapaneseimperialismledtothreenarrativefeaturesinthe
novel.First,hesympathizedwiththeChinesepoliceandepidemicpreventionofficers,criticizedthe
JapanesedoctorsandnursesinChihayaHospital,anddescribedthefairnessoftheblackdeath,
which infectedboth theChineseand the Japanese,bringing satisfaction to theChinesepeople.
Second,inordernottoviolatetheArtandLiteraryGuidanceOutlineandEightNoDoctrine,thework
simplydescribedthecontradictionsbetweenChinaandJapan,ignoringthetragicconditionsofthe
BlackDeathpatients,andonlydescribedtheconditionsofthequarantined.Third,inordertocreate
“patriotismliterature”,thenovelemphasizedthenecessityofnationalenlightenmentandnational
unity in theprocessofdefeatingtheBlackDeath.TherampantBlackDeathhaddisappeared in
1940,buttheenlightenmentofinfectiousdiseasesandthethemeofunityinordertoovercomethe
epidemicthatGuDingputforwardin<XinSheng>stillhaseducationalsignificanceforuslivingin
moderntimes.
Keywords
BlackDeath;<XinSheng>,PuppetManchukuo;Isolation;Fear;PatriotismLiterature;Enlightenment
andUnity
Abstract
TheCOVID-19hasdevelopedintoaglobalpandemicandhascaused
about eight hundred thousand deaths all over the world. Throughout
the history ofmankind, infectious diseases spread in various countries,
but thescopeofCOVID-19 isunprecedented. In1940, theBlackDeath
spreadalloverHsinking(Changchun),NonganCounty,etc.GuDingcreated
thenovel<XinSheng>basedonhisownexperience.Atthattime, Japan
establishedPuppetManchukuo,andtookHsinkingasitscapital.Inorder
to control the citizens of the three provinces, the Japanese government
issued relevant aggressive policies in the political and economic fields.
UnderthestrictcontrolofliterarypublicationsofJapan’srulers,GuDing
foundedthemagazinesMingmingandYiwenzhi,andputforwardliterary
ideasof“writingandprinting”and“thedirectionofnonedirection”,which
mademanyworksofPuppetManchukuopublished,andhealsoleftalot
ofworks.GuDing’sworksnotonlyshowthedark realityof thepuppet
Manchukuo,butalsoshowatendencytoechothecurrentsituationofthe
puppetManchukuo. In <XinSheng>,GuDingdescribed theBlackDeath
21st Century Popular Narrative, Infectious Diseases and Hatred – Focusing on Zombie Movies and Alien Series
Abstract
The increase in public interest in infectious diseases and pandemic
wasinthe21stcentury.SincetheSARSin2003,theH1N1/09andMERS
pandemic has sparked interest in infectious diseases, and the recent
COVID-19pandemicischangingourlives.Assuch,infectiousdiseasesare
closelyrelatedtoourdailylifeinthe21stcentury.
However, popular narratives have been dealing with the subject of
infectiousdiseasesfromearlierthanthis.<DeathinVenice>(1971),based
on Thomas Mann’s work, was set in Venice, where cholera prevailed.
Cholera also appeared in the Korean movie <Gaebyeok>(1991). These
filmsuseculturalandhistoricalbackgroundsbasedoninfectiousdiseases.
Therearealsomanypopularnarrativescenteringontheinfectiousdisease
itself.Forexample,themini-series<TheStand>(1984)basedonanovelby
StevenKing,and<Outbreak>(1995),amoviewithanEbolamotif.
Name ParkSungho
Affiliation KyungHeeUniversity(IIMH)
Books OldorNow-Today’shumanitiesreadinnewspapers100
yearsago,Greenbee,2016.
Articles “AStudyonMentalDisordersofWomenFigures in ‘Sin-
soseol’(NewNovel)”,JournalofKoreanCulture,2020.
“Neurasthenia of Women Figures and Relocation of
‘Hwabyung’inAdaptedNovelsofMaeilshinbo”,Journalof
theSocietyKoreanLanguageandLiterature,2020.
On the other hand, the popular narrative that actively employs the imagination related to
infectiousdiseaseswithoutusing infectiousdiseasesas thesubjectmatter. Inparticular, in the
past,materialsthatwerenotrelatedtoinfectiousdiseasesweredealtwith,butasthe21stcentury
entered,suchworkswerecreatedtoconstructanewimaginationbyinsertingelementsofinfectious
diseases. Representative examples are the <Alien> series, which deals with the confrontation
betweenalienlifeandhumanity,andthezombiemovies,whichbeganinearnestfromthe<Resident
Evil>series.
TheAlienseriesbeganwith<Alien>,whichwasreleasedin1979.Thisfilm,whichisbasedonan
unknowncreatureencounteredfromtheoutsideworld,wasoriginallyclosetoaspace-horrormovie.
Theidentityofthealien(or“Xenomorph”)wasunknown,andthestoryofsurvivingthisunknown
horrorinanisolatedspacewasthemainoneofthismovie.Inthesubsequentwork,varioussettings
ofalienswereadded,andasaresult,theattributeofacommunityecologywithhighsocialitywas
given.
ThechangeintheAlienseriescamefrom<Alien:Prometheus>(2012).RidleyScott,whodirected
the firstseries,participated in thismovieagain,highlightingthe“”whowasthecreatorof the
Xenomorphsandthehumans.Thisextraterrestrialcreatureoriginallyappeared in<Alien>(1979),
butthenameandidentitywerenotspecificallyrevealedinthiswork.In<Alien:Prometheus>,Ridley
ScottadoptedanarrativethatrevealsthesecretsrelatedtothebirthoftheXenomorphsbynaming
thisextraterrestrialcreature“Engineers”andrevealingpartofitshistory.
Asmentionedearlier,Xenomorphswereoriginallydescribedonlyas“unknowncreatures”whose
identity or ecology was not clearly established. However, in James Cameroon’s <Aliens>(1985)
(releasedas<Alien2>inKorea),theecologyofXenomorphsissettolooksimilartothecombination
ofantsandparasiticbees.Itwassaidthatwhentheworkerskidnaphosts(usuallyhumans),the
queenlayseggsandhatchesthem,makingthehostasanincubator.Theimaginationthatcreated
thisecologystemsfromthecoloniallifeadoptedbybeesandants,andtheuniquereproductive
methodsseeninsometypesofparasiticbees,suchasEvanioidea.TheecologyofXenomorphshad
beenmaintainedinthelater<Alien3>(1992)and<Alien4>(1997).
However, in<Alien:Prometheus>, theseconceptsundergo rapidchanges.Aliens,orprimitive
Xenomorphs,aredepictedaslivingorganismsthathavebeentransformedby“blackliquid”infection
ratherthanasanativeorganismlivinginacolony.Humanswhoinhalethisblackliquidintotheir
bodyundergoaninfectionprocesstocreateamonstercalled“Trilobite”.Thereisalsoabiological
06 + 07EpidemicDisease,ThenandNow
tobecomeazombiebyradiation.However,airtransmissionwasnotwidelyadoptedinlaterzombie
movies. Itusuallyappearstobetransmittedbybodyfluids,andthisseemstoberelatedtothe
factthatthemethodofairtransmissionhaslimitationsinexpressingitinacinematicway.Thisis
becauseinthecaseofbodilyfluidtransmission,theimageoftransmissioncanbeclearlyconveyed
throughthesymbolicactof‘thezombiebites.’
Since the 2000s, infectious diseases have become the main factor in zombie movies. It is
explainedthatsomekindofvirusinfectshumansandturnsthemintozombies,andthese‘victims’
infectothersthroughbloodorsaliva.Theimaginationofinfectingothersthroughbitingisderived
from<Dracula>,butunlikeavampirewithaclearwill,zombiesdifferinthattheyarelikeunconscious
individuals,sotospeak,virusesthemselves.<WorldWarZ>(2013),whichbringstheprincipleofthe
immunesystemtofightagainstthezombievirus,and<IamaLegend>(2007),depictingapocalypse
causedbyazombievirusinsteadoftheworldofvampiresinoriginalfilm,areexamplesthatclearly
showtheinfluenceoftheinfectiousdiseaseonthezombiemovie.
Inthisway,zombiesoriginatingfrommagichavebeencompletelytransformedfrompopular
narratives, especially in the 21st century movies, into products of infectious diseases. In this
process,thezombiesweretransformedintotheresultofinfectionofalivingperson,nottheresult
ofrevivingthedead.Thenarrativethattheinfectedperson,thatis,the“patient”,becomesazombie
andattacksand infectsotherswasalso the resultofanakedportrayalof the fearof infectious
diseasesthatthepublichasinthe21stcentury.
AsaresultofemployingtheimaginationassociatedwithinfectiousdiseasesintheAlienseries
andzombiefilms,ironically,itplayedapartinforminganexclusivenotionofinfectiousdiseases.
Xenomorphs and zombies in thesemovies are beings that must be confronted and eradicated
againstthecharactersinthemovie.Asimpledichotomy,thatifyoudon’tgetridofthem,youdie,is
presentedasarationalmindset.
Theproblemisthattheseexistencesoriginatedfrompathogens,thatis,theyappearedasaresult
ofinfectiousdiseases.Aliensandzombiesthatappearedinpopularnarrativesofthe21stcentury
arethestartingpointof‘humans’.Inotherwords,humansexposedtothevirusaretransformedor
becomehosts.Therefore,inthefilms,“infectedhumans”aresometimesexcluded,isolated,orkilled
bythosewhodonot.Ontheotherhand,theactionsofthecharacterswhoemphasizebeing“the
samehuman”arecriticizedasbeingunrealistic,orevendescribedasaggravatingthesituation.The
imagination that shows that alien transformations vary depending on the infected species. For
example,ifanearthwormisinfected,itproduces“Hammerpede”,andifitisinfectedwithhuman
semen,itproduces“Trilobite”.
Inthesequel,<Alien:Covenant>(2017),theidentityof“blackliquid”willberevealed.Thisisa
biologicalweaponcreatedbyEngineers.Itisusuallyliquid,butwhenitpenetratesintoanorganism,
itdestroysandtransformscellsofvictim.Thesecharacteristicsaresimilartothoseofviruses.Even
inthescenewherethis“blackliquid”destroysEngineers,therearesomeelementsreminiscentof
viruses.Blackliquidisscatteredintheair,causingengineerstoinhaleit,thismethodoftenusedin
popularnarrativesrelatedtobiologicalweapons,like<ResidentEvil>or<Breakout>.
As such, the Alien series introduced the prequel series in the 2010s, actively introducing
imaginationrelatedtoinfectiousdiseases.Throughout<Alien:Prometheus>and<Alien:Covenant>,
theXenomorphistransformedfromanunknownalienlifeintoaby-productofavirus‘engineered’
byEngineers.Thisalsorepresentsthattheobjectoffearthatthepublicacceptshasbeentransferred
tovirusesfromalienlifeformsorunknownparasites.
Thesechangesalsoappearinzombiemovies.Originally,azombieappearedinvoodoo,andis
acorpsethatmovesasifitwerealivebecauseofthemagic.Ascanbeseenfromtheexpression
“undead”,itistobringbackapersonwhohasalreadydied.Insomecases,itissaidthataliving
personisconsideredazombie,butthereisnobigdifferencefromthecaseofacorpseinthatit
followstheordersofavoodooshaman.
Zombiesappear inthepopularnarrative inearnest in<NightofTheLivingDead>(1969).The
zombiesinthismoviehavenothingtodowithmagic.Forunknownreasons,corpsescomebackto
lifeandattackpeople.Butinthismovie,TVnewsmentions“radiationfromVenus”.Itappearsto
bebasedonfearandimaginationofextraterrestrialornuclearwar,butnosettingsordescriptions
reminiscentofinfectiousdiseasesappear.Infact,the“livingdead”inthismoviewasn’tcalleda
zombie fromthebeginning.Therewasonly thesettingthat thecorpsewouldrevive,and itwas
throughcriticismofthemediathatthenameofZombiewasgiven.
It was not until <Resident Evil>(2002) that the zombies in the movie were combined with
infectiousdiseases.There isa “T-Virus”,apathogen that causeszombies,andas it leaks from
theresearchcenter,itisasettingthathascausedazombiepandemic.Thissettingwastakenfrom
<BioHazard>(1996),theoriginalvideogameofthemovie,butitwasonlyinthemoviethatspecific
settingsrelatedtoviruseswereadded.Thezombievirusinthisfilmisinitiallydescribedasspreading
intheformofanaerosol,whichisalsoanimagelinkedto<NightoftheLivingDead>,whichissaid
08 + 09EpidemicDisease,ThenandNow
Epidemic Disease and Religion – Buddhist Reactions to Outbreaks of Disease in the Past
and Present
Abstract
In2020,COVID-19isthreateningtheworld,andKoreaisnoexception.
Ithasalsofacedhygienecrisesthreedistincttimesduringthisepidemic.
Twoofthecrisesweredirectlyrelatedtoreligiousactivities.Large-scale
groupinfectionsoccurredinaChristianchurchandamongstmembersofa
newreligioussect.Religiousactivitiesbybothorganizationscontributedto
thelargeclusterofinfections.
ItwouldbeinterestingtoseehowBuddhistshavereactedtoepidemics
both in the past and at present. Ekottara Āgama, Sutta-Nipāta and
Paramatthajotikā depict how Gautama Buddha dealt with an epidemic.
Once,BuddhawasinvitedtothecityofVesaliwhenitwassufferingfrom
an epidemic outbreak. Buddha accepted the invitation even though it
wasduringhisperiodofsummer retreat.AsBuddhaarrivedat thecity,
commonfactorinthesepopularnarrativesistheconfrontationwiththepeoplesufferingfromthe
infectiousdisease,ortheresultofit,ratherthantheconfrontationwiththeinfectiousdiseaseitself.
Theapproachtootherizingpatientswithinfectiousdiseasesratherthantheinfectiousdisease
itselfhasappearedseveraltimesintheCOVID-19outbreak.Intheearlydaysofthecrisis,some
conservativemedia and politicians deliberately used the names of “Wuhan Corona” or “Wuhan
Pneumonia”insteadoftheofficialname,COVID-19.Itwastheresultofputtingthetitleofcoping
withinfectiousdiseasesontopofpoliticalhatredtowardtheChinese.Thesameistrueofthecase
wherethewordzombieiscombinedwiththe“left”,whichreferstoaspecificpoliticalorientation,
tocreatea“Jwa-Zom(leftzombies)”.TherearemanycasesontheInternet inwhichpeoplewith
certainpoliticalorientationsareregardedas‘infectedbeings’,andtherejectionofthemratherthan
conversationsordiscussionswiththemisavalidresponse.
Ofcourse,itishardtoseethatthiswasmadeasaresultofadoptingtheimaginationrelated
toinfectiousdiseasesintheAlienseriesorzombiemovies.Rather,itwouldbeaccuratetoseethat
thefilmsaboveactivelyadoptedandspecificallyportrayedthisexclusivefearofinfectiousdiseases.
However,itshouldbenotedthatinthesefilms,diseasesandpatientsarenotdistinguished,and
theexclusivefearofpatientsispresentedastheonlywaytoresolvethesituation.Itisatimewhen
weneed to reflectonwhetherweareuncritically reproducing thenotionof“confrontation”with
infectiousdiseasesthroughthispopularnarrative.
Name LeeEunyoung
Affiliation KyungHeeUniversity(IIMH)
Articles “CanWeEnhanceMan’sMoralityUsingMedicalTechnol-
ogy?-ACriticalViewfromBuddhistMoralPerspective”,
TheJournalofhumanities,2020.
“A Study of the Golden Rule in Buddhism”, Journal of
Eastern-AsiaBuddhismandCulture,2020.
“A Buddhist Approach to One Health”, The Journal of
HumanitiesandSocialSciences,2020.
10 + 11EpidemicDisease,ThenandNow
thereitwasrainingheavily,causingfloodingthatsweptawaycorpsesandotherfilth.Seeingthis,
BuddhaaskedAnandatoreadtheRatanasuttatothepeople.Additionally,Buddhaandhisdisciples
sprinkledcleanwateraroundthecity.
Thisepisodedemonstratesthefollowingthreepoints.Firstly,Buddhaconsideredpeople’slives
andsafetytobemore importantthanhispersonalreligiouspractice.Secondly,Buddhaeffected
improvement in thehygieneandsanitarypracticesof thecity.Thirdly, theBuddhacaredfor the
psychologicalstabilityofthepeoplewhosufferedfromfearandanxietycausedbytheepidemic.
HowhaveKoreanBuddhists beendoingduring theCOVID-19pandemic?KoreanBuddhists
aregenerallyverycooperativetowardsgovernmentauthorities.Therefore,KoreanBuddhistorders
shutalltheirtemplesandstoppedallreligiousactivitiesinvolvingmassparticipation.Theyeven
postponedtheirbiggestannualevent,thecelebrationofBuddha’sbirthday.Thiswasfollowedby
thecancellationoftheBuddhistlanternparade,thelargestBuddhistannualeventinwhichover
threehundredthousandpeoplenormallygather,despitehavingalreadybegunpreparationsforthe
event.AllgatheringsweresubstitutedwithSNS(SocialNetworkService)gatheringsandfollowers
wereencouragedtoavoidface-to-facemeetingsandtotakecareoftheirpersonalhygiene.Five
thousand monks from the Jogye order donated the disaster relief fund. Buddhist monasteries
deliveredpacked lunches to themedics andgovernment officers fighting against thepandemic
throughoutthemonthofMarch.TheyalsoencouragedtheirfollowerstoreadBhaisajyaguruSutra(藥
師經)andRatanasutta(寶石經).AllthesearesucceedingofthepatriotictraditionofKoreanBuddhism
andremindfollowersofBuddha’sactivitiesinVesāli.
Howshouldreligiousorganizationsbehaveduringapandemic?Religiousorganizationsshould
first distinguish physical hygiene from psychological hygiene. They must entrust the former
to medical specialists and follow those specialists’ instructions. Maintaining social distance,
hygienepractices,andrapiddiagnosisandcureofepidemicdiseasemustbedirectedorpracticed
bygovernmentauthoritiesandmedics.Religiousorganizationsmust trynot to interfere insuch
activitiesbytheauthoritiesandmedics.Theyshouldalsoencouragetheirfollowerstofollowthe
instructionsofgovernmentauthorities.Instead,religiousorganizationsoughttofocusoneffortsto
improvethepsychologicalhygieneofthepeople.
ThereisaBuddhistsaying,“Youshouldnotbehitbythesecondarrow.”Thefirstarrowrefers
todisease,wounds,orfailureinourlives.COVID-19isthefirstarrow.Itisthedutyofmedicaland
hygienespecialiststoremovethisfirstarrow.Itiswrongtobelievethatreligiousfaithandactivities
cancurediseasesassuchabeliefcanbehighlydangerousandharmfulduringapandemic.
Thesecondarrowreferstoreactionssuchasgrief,anxiety,stress,ordepression.Itistheroleof
religiontoremovethissecondarrow.Ifpeoplearesufferingpsychologically,theycan’tbehealthy,
even if the pandemic is controlled. As the pandemic continues aftermore thanhalf a year, the
needforpsychologicalhygieneisbecomingincreasinglypressing.WhileBuddhistandsomeother
religiousorganizationsareverycooperativetowardsgovernmentpoliciestocontroltheCOVID-19
pandemic,theyalsoneedtomakeeffortstoimprovepsychologicalhygieneamongsttheirfollower.
12 + 13EpidemicDisease,ThenandNow
Name YoonEunkyung
Affiliation KyungHeeUniversity(IIMH)
Articles “The Concept of Healing in Korean Medicine-Focusing
ontheTextsDonguibogamandDonguisusebowon”,The
JournalofHumanities,2020.
manifestedasspecializedmedicaltextsthatweredistributedacrossthenation.InSejong’speriod,
『Byeokonbang』,acompilationofepidemicdiseaserelatedcontentsfromthe『Hyangyakjibseong-
bang』andthe『UibangYuchwi』waspublishedinhangul.DuringJungjong’srule,threemorebooks
werepublishedinresponsetoepidemicoutbreaks,the『Unhaebyeokonbang』,『SokByeokonbang』,
and『BunmunokyeokYihaebang』.OnthefourthyearofKingGwanghae’srule,ordersweregivento
royalphysicianHeoJun,knownforhisauthorshipofthe『DongUiBogam』,toputtogetheranupdat-
edtextonepidemicswhichresultedinthepublicationof『Sinchanbyeokonbang』.Attheendofthe
sameyearofitspublicationin1613,anotherbookwaspublishedtodealwithanewepidemicthat
wasbelievedtohaveoriginatedfromTangChinacalledthe『Byeokyeokshinbang』,alsoauthored
byHeo. Later in response toanoutbreakduringHyojong’s rule, the 『Byeokonshinbang』,which
followedthecontentsofHeo’s『Sinchanbyeokonbang』waspublishedinhangul.
The frequency of epidemics texts publication from14th to 17th century Joseon indicates the
frequencyofepidemicoutbreaksinthecountry.Theywereconciseincontentforquickapplication
inurgenttimes,whichcontainedpracticalknowledgesuchassimpleformulasthatcouldbeeasily
acquired.Whilemostoftheearlierbookswerefocusedontreatmentmethods,theywereseenas
lacking insomeaspects,namelypreventivemeasures,whichweresupplementedin laterbooks.
InthecaseofHeo’s『Sinchanbyeokonbang』, itsprecedingtext fromJungjong’speriodwasseen
asinsufficienttodealwiththelateroutbreak,andthusordersweregiventhatresultedinamore
comprehensivetextonepidemics.
Theresulting『Sinchanbyeokonbang』writtenbyHeoJunisconsistedoftheoriesoncausation
rangingfromweather,stateofQi,peoples’livinghabits,andviciousspirits,alongwithsymptoms
andtreatmentmethodsoftheepidemicdisease.Naturally,amongmethodsfordealingwithep-
idemics, there is amixtureofmedicineandshamanism fromcontemporaryperspectives. In the
chapter‘WaysofAvertingMisfortuneinanEpidemic[瘟疫禳法]’,itissuggestedthattheleaderofan
affectedvillageprayonsacredgroundstowardoffevilqi,orcertaincharacterswrittenwithcinnabar
beplacedoneithersidesofanentrance,orcharacterswritteninredbewornandswallowedbythe
person.Inthechapter‘WaysofDefeatingEpidemicDisease[瘟疫辟法]’,itissuggestedthatacertain
formulabesoakedinliquorandtakenfrequentlytowardoffQioftheviciousspirit,orwornaround
thechestinaredpouch.ChantingthenamesoftheGodsofthefourseasthreetimesinapurified
stateofmindwhentheroostercriesisalsodescribedtobeveryeffectiveindefeatingallsortsof
evilspiritsandepidemicdiseases.Inthechapteron‘HowtoPreventTransmission[不傳染法]’,oneis
instructedtoenteranaffectedhouseholdthroughtheleftside,andtostandorsitinthepresence
Abstract
Declaredasa‘pandemic’bytheWorldHealthOrganizationonMarch
11th,COVID19isaffectingcountlessnumberofpeopleacrosstheglobe.
While responses are varied in each country, the common issues are
centeredaroundpreventivemeasures fromvaccines toquarantine,as is
the case with fast-spreading infectious diseases. Here in South Korea,
wereadnewsheadlinesabout thenumberofnewlydiagnosedpatients
andvictimsofCOVID19eachday,whichhasbecome thebarometer for
thegovernment’sabilitytodealwiththeon-goingepidemic.Instructions
andcautionsaresenttoeachpersonviaphonemessagestopreventthe
diseasefromspreadingfurther.Whilediseasestodayareoftenpersonal
problemstobedealtwith,epidemicdiseasesareamatterofpublichealth
and therefore the collective responses of the people, often lead by the
governmentbecomescrucialtoitscontainment.
InJoseonKorea,epidemicdiseaseswerefrequentandfatal,posinga
greatthreattothepreservationofsocietyandsovereignpower.Thegovern-
menttookmeasurestocontaintheepidemicandtotreatitsvictims,which
『Sinchanbyeogonbang』: Joseon’s Response to an Epidemic
14 + 15EpidemicDisease,ThenandNow
ofapatientincertaindirectionssothatonedoesnotreceivethefoulenergythatthepatientemits
throughthemouthandvaginaofmaleandfemalepatients,respectively.
Questionsonwhetherthesesuggestionswereaffectivearebeyondthescopeofthispresentation.
WhatIwouldliketofocusonistheunderstandingofepidemicdiseasesofthetime,namelywhat
causesmassinfectionofthepeople.Inthechaptersthatexplainthecausesofepidemicdiseases,
majortheoriesthatareemployedarethoseoftheFiveCircuitsandtheFourSeasons,whereduring
theFirephaseitislikelythatepidemicdiseasesflourish,andmismatchofthefourseasonstothe
24seasonaldivisionsresultsinepidemicdiseases.Thisperspectiveisnotexclusivetoepidemic
diseases,butcommontoallpathologiesofEastAsianMedicinewherepeopleareconsistentlyunder
nature’sinfluence,andtowhoserelationshipdeterminestheperson’sbodilystate.However,the
otherelementthatwasunderstoodascausingepidemicdiseases-viciousspirits-playedarather
specificroleinhowthepeopleandthesocietyrespondedtoepidemicoutbreaks.
Asmentionedearlier,abigpartofdefendingoneselfandthecommunityfromepidemicdiseases
was towardoff vicious spirits. Thesewere spirits thatdidnothaveaplace to return to,which
insteadclungtocorruptenergythatwaspresentintheairandcausedharmtopeopleintheformof
infectionsdiseases.Therefore,toprotectoneselfandsocietyfromtheharmsofevilspirits,specific
measuressuchasaforementionedshamanisticpracticessuggestedinthe『Sinchanbyeokonbang』
werenecessary.Butwhataboutonasocietallevel?Whatmeasuresweretakenbythegovernment
whichsharedthebeliefthatepidemicdiseaseswerecausednotonlybyenvironmentalfactorsbut
maliciousspirits?
Joseonwasaconfuciansocietythatvaluedancestrallineageandheldworshipritualsto‘feed’
thedeceased.Amongthemanyritualsthatwereheldbythegovernment,therewasthe‘Yeoje[厲祭]’
whosepurposewastoconsoleandcalmthe‘viciousspirits[厲鬼]’responsibleforcausingepidemic
diseases.Thereceivingspiritswerethosewhocouldnotbefedthroughtheirownancestralworship
duetountimelyorforced,tragicdeath,whichturnedthemintobitter,maliciousspiritsthatwould
causeharmtothelivingoutofspite.Becausethesedeathswerecausedbywarfare,hunger,orother
largescaleeventsleadbyorfailedtoberemediedbythegovernment inwhichthepoorestand
mostvulnerablepeoplewereforcedtoparticipate,itwasbelievedthatthesespiritsbroughtabout
harmonasocietalscale,asaformofprotestorrevenge.Assuch,outbreakssuggestedthatthe
Kinghadfailedhispeopletoturnthemintoevilspiritsthatendangeredthelivingones.Therefore
itwascrucialthatthegovernmentheldregularritualstocalmthesespirits,notjustforthesakeof
respondingtotheangryspiritsdirectly,buttocomfortandreassurethelivingpeoplebyshowing
themthattheKing’sbenevolenceextendedasfarastherealmofthedeceased.Theuniqueformof
the‘Yeoje[厲祭]’supportsthisaspectoftheritual,mainlyinthattheorationusedintheritualwas
intheformofaKing’smessagetohissubjects,ratherthanaddressedtotheGodsasinothertypes
ofrituals.
Insuchcontext, theshamanisticcontents inthemedicaltext『Sinchanbyeokonbang』 isshed
newlight.Thatcertaincontentsare‘medical’whileothersare‘superstitious’(andthereforenotap-
plicableformoderndayepidemics)wouldnotbeanappropriateassessmentofthetext.Rather,we
needtounderstandthese‘superstitious’ritualsassiteswhereintheconnectionbetweenpolitics,
society,moralityandthebodybecomesvisible,wherethephenomenonofdiseasewhichwouldbe
categorizedasspecificallybelongingtotherealmofmedicinebycontemporarystandardsbecause
ithappenedinthebody,isunderstoodandpracticedotherwise.
『Sinchanbyeokonbang』wasagovernmentissuedbookthatwaswrittenbyroyalphysicianHeo
Juntoprovideup-to-dateknowledgeonwaystodealwiththeepidemicdiseaseforpeopletobetter
dealwiththeepidemicthathadtakenholdofthecountry.Fromitsperspectiveonthecausalfactors
ofthedisease,namelyviciousspirits,wecanseethatepidemicoutbreaksweretakentohavea
moralaspect.Physicalsymptomsanddiseasetransmissionweredealtwithbymeansofmedicinals
andpreventiveactions,whilethecauseofthediseasewasaddressedwithaversionandcalming
rituals.Thisprobablyfunctionedasawaytoestablishleadershipofthevillageleaderandsolidarity
amongtheaffectedvillagers,similartothegovernment-lead‘Yeoje[厲祭].’
16 + 17EpidemicDisease,ThenandNow
Name ParkYunjae
Affiliation KyungHeeUniversity(IIMH)
Books “Between Mission and Medicine: The Early History of
SeveranceHospital,”EncounteringModernity:Christianity
in East Asia andAsianAmerica,Honolulu:University of
HawaiiPress,2014.
Articles “SanitizingKorea:Anti-CholeraActivitiesofthePolicein
EarlyColonialKorea”SeoulJournalofKoreanStudies23-
2,2010.
“TheWorkofSherwoodHalland theHaijuTuberculosis
SanatoriuminColonialKorea,”KoreanJournalofMedical
History22-3,2013.
“CommercializationofMedicineintheLate19thandEarly
20thCenturyinKorea,”KoreaJournal55-2,2015.
inKoreaevensaidthatKoreawasneverheldinsuchhighregardintheglobalcommunitybefore.I
thinkthisisthefirsttime.Itissaidthatsuccessfuldiseasefightinghasbeenpossiblethankstode-
votedmedicalstaffandKoreanpeople’smaturesenseofcivicawareness.Takingastepfurther,I’d
liketoarguethatwehaveestablishedaninfectiousdiseasepreventionsystemsometimesdubbed
asK-preventionsysteminthecourseoffightingnewinfectiousdiseasesinthe21stcentury,and
thesystemhasplayedakeyroleinmanagingthecurrentpandemic.Particularly,I’dliketopointout
thattheexperienceofMERSoutbreakin2015wascrucialtobuildingtheK-preventionsystem.I’d
liketoalsodiscussfuturetaskstofurtherdevelopadisease-fightingsystem.
Abstract
AscoronavirusbegantospreadfromChinainJanuary2020,thelevel
ofwarningandcautionroseinKoreaduetoitsproximitytoChina.From
mid-February,hundredsofnewconfirmedcaseswerereportedeachday.
ManycountriesbannedentryofKoreanpeople.Koreabecameknownas
adangerouscountry.However,soontheworldbegantopayattentionto
Koreaasitfoughtthepandemicwithearlydiagnosis,earlytracking,and
earlytreatment.Koreabegantokeepthepandemicundercontrolwithout
extensivelockdownsadoptedinChinaorEurope.GlobalmedianotedKo-
rea’ssituationandbegantomakepositivereporting.Oneeditorialwriter
The Secret of K-Prevention? How Korea Has Been Dealing with New Infectious Disease in the 21th Century?
18 + 19EpidemicDisease,ThenandNow
Name IIJIMAWataru
Affiliation AoyamagakuinUniversity
Books Kansensho toWatashitachi no Rekishi, Korekara (Japa-
nese)(InfectiousDiseaseandourlife,past,present,and
future),Shimizushoin:Tokyo,2018.
KansenshonoChugokushi(Japanese) (Epidemics inChi-
neseHistory),Chuokoron:Tokyo,2009.
Articles “A Hidden Journey of Insect Flower: Globalization of
Pyrethrum in the Twentieth Century”, Aoyama-Shigaku
(JournalofHistory,AoyamagakuinUniv.),2018.
“A Hidden History of Malaria in 20th Century Japan”,
EpidemicsandPandemicsinHistoricalPerspective,Cen-
taurusPress,2016.
InthehistoryofCOVID-19,thecontrolofthesituationinChinaisaveryimportantelementofthe
firststage,“introduction”.AfterthesevereimpactintheEuropeancountriesincludingtheUK,and
thesituationsinKoreaandJapanwerealsoundercontrolaroundJuneandJuly.Butthesituationin
theUS,India,SouthAmericancountriesisnowongoingtheprocessofthespreadofinfection.As
aresultofthis,Isupposethatnowwestillarethe“development”stageintheeventofCOVID-19.
TheGameChanger,“turn”,thethirdstagewillbebasedonthevaccineandneweffectivedrug
forCOVID-19.Weareverymuchworriedthatwedonotknowwhendoesthis“turn”willstart.
Q2. COVID-19, dose change society or not, in the perspective and context of the history of in-
fectious diseases?
Thisisaverybigquestionandalsothisisanimportantquestionwhathistoriansshouldanswer.
Butmysuggestionisnotclearandnoncommittal.
YES,thepandemicofCOVID-19exactlyhaschangedtheworldsuchaseconomy,politics,and
culture.Asyouknow,thePrimeMinisterofJapanalsoresigned,oneofthemainreasonsforhis
stresswasthefailureoftheanti-COVID-19policy.
ButIamconservative,maybetheanswerisNO.COVID-19doesnotchangeanything.Thean-
ti-COVID-19campaignthatisadvancedalloftheworldisverysimilartoassameasthoseofthe
influenzapandemicfor100yearsago.Nowwedonothavegoodmeasuresanti-COVID-19,wedo
nothaveanyothermethodswithoutthemethodsbasedonpublichealth.Thelockdownwasalso
advancedfor100yearsago,butthelevelandscaleisverydifferent.
YESorNo,Iamstillthinkingaboutthefour-partstructureofCOVID-19.Itislikelytosaythat
COVID-19didnotchangeeverything,buthumanbeingschangesociety,economy,andcultureby
usingtheimpactofCOVID-19.
Q3. Why does the Japanese accept the “self-restraint” movement as the anti-COVID-19?
AfterthepandemicinWuhanandHubeiprovince,theChinesegovernmentselectedseverelock-
downasthemainmethodofanti-COVOD-19.Thepopulationsareverylargeinthesedistricts,over
11millioninWuhancity,and60millionintheHubeiprovince.Thisnumberisassameasthoseof
thepopulationofKoreaandtheUK.WhythelockdowninChinawasasuccess,isaverygoodtopic
forustoexamine.Hugeeconomicsupportbytheothercitiesandprovinces,highconcentrationof
Abstract
Q1. What stage now are we in the history of COVID-19?
Nooneknowswhen/howwillthespreadofCOVID-19end.Mysug-
gestion is thatnowweareat thedevelopmentstage.According to the
four-partstructureofChinesepoetry:verypopularthoughtinEastAsia,
introduction(起),development(承),turn(転),andconclusion(結),Isuppose
thatnowwearethe“development”stage.
BecauseCOVID-19startedinWuhan,HubeiprovinceinChinaaround
January2020anditspreadtoKorea,Japan,andmanycountriesinEurope
aroundMarch.ThesituationofChinawasgettingbetterandcontrolledin
April,thelockdowninWuhanwasalsofinishedinthefirstweekofApril.
Comparative Analysis on the Role of Community Health Systems at the age of Anti-COVID-19
20 + 21EpidemicDisease,ThenandNow
medicalstaffincludingmilitarydoctors,theroleofthepersonalmonitoringsystembasedonthe
mobilephone.TheChinesesystemmustbestandardizedinothercountriesbecausewedonothave
agooddrugandvaccinesyet.
MypointisifwemakeacomparativeanalysisofthesituationofChinawiththecasesofIndia,
SouthAfrica,thehugescaleoflockdown,whythecasesofIndiaandSouthAfricaarenotasuccess.
Accordingtomypreliminaryresearchinacoupleofcountries,thePhilippinesisalsooneofthecases
withnosuccess.
AndhowtoexaminethecaseofJapan.Asyouknow,fromthenumberofpatients,deathrate,
andotherindexes,thesituationofJapanisnotthemostsuccessfulcaseassameasTaiwanand
Vietnam,butalsoitisnotthefailurecaseassameastheUS.Itisveryinterestingandimportantthat
theJapanesegovernmentdeclaredanemergencyfromApriltoMay,andaskedtheordinarypeople
includingforeignerstochangetheirbehaviorand“Stayathome”.
TheJapanesegovernmentdidnotselectthelockdownassameasChina,andotherEuropean
countries.Noregulations,nofine,butmanypeopleinJapanacceptthegovernmentdemandand
changedtheirbehavior.ThismethodisveryeffectivetocontrolCOVOD-19.InJune,thenumberof
thepatientsmildlydecreased,inJulyandAugust,theindexofthesituationswasnotmuchbetterby
re-openingtheactivities,butthesituationisprobablycontrolledby“self-restraint”.
Themainmethodofanti-COVOD-19inJapanhasbeen“self-restraint”,自粛inJapanese.Itis
noteasytotransfertoEnglishandotherlanguagesincludingChineseorKoreans.Thebackground
ofthisactionistraditionalJapanesediscipline,itisverysophisticated,butnoteasytocontinuefor
alongtime.
Inmypaper,Iwanttotouchmoreonthischaracteristicaspectoftheanti-COVID-19campaign
inJapan.IemphasizedthattheJapanesestyleismoresophisticated,butnoteasytocontinuefora
longtime.So,whenwilltheendofCOVID-19come/howwillcome,isthemostimportantissues
inJapan.
Response to Epidemic Disease in Ancient China and Its Characteristics
Abstract
Pestilenceshaveexistedsinceantiquityandrunthroughthehistoryof
humanbeings.Chinaisnoexception.AsearlyasYinandShangDynasties
overthreethousandyearsago,therehavebeendefiniterecordsofepidemic
disease.Althoughsuchrecordsareinconspicuousinamultitudeofbooks
inChinahistory,carefuluntanglingandthinkingrevealsmultipletracesof
pestilencesinthelonghistoryandenablesustofurtherponderoverthe
influencefactorsandhistoricallogic,soastoexplorethestateandmode
Name YuXinzhong
Affiliation NankaiUniversity
Books Public Health and Epidemic Prevention Mechanisms
in Qing Dynasty and Their Evolution in Modern China,
Beijing:BeijingNormalUniversityPress,2016.
The Epidemics and Society in Jiangnan during Qing
Dynasty: A Study on the Social History of Medical
Treatment,ChinaRenminUniversityPress,2003.
Articles “TreatmentofNightsoilandWaste inModernChina”, in
Angela Ki Che Leung and Charlotte Furth eds., Health
andHygieneinChineseEastAsia:PoliciesandPublicsin
the LongTwentiethCentury,DurhamandLondon:Duke
UniversityPress,2010.
“From Avoiding Disease to Preventing Disease: The
Evolving Concept of Disease Response in Late Qing
Dynasty”,ChineseStudiesinHistory,2014.
22 + 23EpidemicDisease,ThenandNow
oflifeexistenceinlightofvariousrelationshipsincludingthosebetweenhumanbeingsandnature,
nationandsociety.
Althoughforalongtime,thistopicescapedthenoticeofhistorians,researchonmedicalsocial
historyinChinahasbeenspringingupsince1980sor1990sundervariousdomesticandforeign
influencefactors,particularlythedirectimpetusfromSARSin2003,andhasevolvedgraduallyinto
oneoftheremarkablefrontierresearchfieldsinChina.Disease,especiallyepidemicdisease,heath
practiceandepidemicpreventionattractedthemostattentioninsuchresearchandrelatedresearch
resultshavebeenobtained.Inthesestudies,theimportantepidemicsinChinahistoryweresorted
out, the response toepidemicsand theexperienceobtainedwere investigatedandsummarized
fromdifferentperspectivesandahighvaluewassetontheresponseandexperience.Undoubtedly,
thesestudiesarehelpful forustounderstandtheachievementsoftraditionaldiseasecontrol in
China.However,mostofthecurrentstudieslackanoverallperspective,deliberateelevationanda
lackofrigorisobservedinevaluationonepidemicpreventionachievements,andthecharacteristics
oftraditionalresponsetopestilencesinChinaareseldomdiscussedandsummarizedasawhole.
Therefore, with the attitude of historicism, this paper investigated the traditional response to
epidemicdiseaseandtheexperienceinChinafromanoverallperspective,inhopeofanalyzingthe
epidemicpreventionachievementsinancientChinaastheywereonthisfoundation.
In summary, the following three characteristics can be seen for traditional response to
epidemics.Firstofall,althoughthenationalwayspaidattentiontopestilencesandtheirtreatment,
acompletesystemofinstitutionalprovisionswasnotinplace,whichwasdifferentfromthecase
inotherdisasters,andtreatmentwasmainlyperformedvoluntarilybythesociety.Andthen,rich
andsignificantexperienceinrespondingtoepidemicswasaccumulatedthroughthelonghistoryof
China,butitwasemotionalandfragmentedwithoutsystematicreviewandsummary,andfailedto
giverisetoholisticknowledgeaboutepidemictreatment.Finally,withregardtoquarantine,thekey
toepidemicpreventionandtreatment,althoughtherewasavoidance,isolationandevenquarantine
outofintuitionandinstinctorforspecificpurposes,suchbehaviorwasnotencouragedorsupported
bymainstreamofthesocietyandideology,resultinginitsfailuretodevelopintheoryorpractice.
Inconclusion,richexperienceanddiversifiedmeasureswereaccumulatedbothinhealthpractice
andintreatmentofepidemicsinancientChina,whichareundoubtedlyourpreciousculturallegacy.
However,ithastobeadmittedthattheseexperienceandmeasuresdidnotdevelopintosystematic
understanding.Ononehand,intraditionalresponsetoepidemics,thesocietywasrelativelymore
proactive.Despitesomeachievements,thenationdidnottaketheresponsibilityinstitutionally,so
therewasnotmuchtobeproudoffromanationalperspective.Ontheotherhand,eventhoughrich
experiencewasaccumulatedinresponsetoepidemics,thereseemedtobealackofdrivingforce
topromotethesocietytosummarizeandimprovetheknowledgeaboutandmeasuresforepidemic
preventionandtreatment,andasfarasthekeyissueofinfectionwasconcerned,itspreventionand
controlwashinderedbyaforcethatcouldnotbeignored.Thatis,therewasanapparenttension
betweenthesocietyandthenationinresponsetoepidemics.
Keywords
Epidemicdisease,historyresearch,Chinesemedicine,socialscience
24 + 25EpidemicDisease,ThenandNow
Name MarkHarrison
Affiliation OxfordUniversity
Books Society,MedicineandPoliticsinColonialIndia,Routledge,
2018.
Contagion: How Commerce Has Spread Disease, Yale
UniversityPress,2012.
The Medical War: British Military Medicine in the First
WorldWar,OxfordUniversityPress,2010.
Abstract
Itisoftensaidthatepidemicsandpandemicsseverelytestthesocieties
theyeffectbystrainingtheboundsofsocialcohesion.Accordingtowhat
hasbecomeconventionalhistoricalwisdom,majoroutbreaksofinfectious
diseasebringtothesurfacelatentsocialtensions,whichsometimeserupt
indramaticforms,includingriotingandattacksonsymbolsofauthority.
Somerecentscholarshipchallengesthisview,arguingthatsocialunrest
istheexceptionratherthantheruleandthatepidemicsoftenencourage
greatersocialcoherence.Thisraisesthequestionofwhysomesocieties
areabletowithstandepidemicsbetterthanothersandwhichconditions
tendtoproducesocialdisorderor-morespecifically-socialprotest.
My lecture briefly considers someof the key factorswhich have led
to social protest in previous epidemics/pandemics, before going on to
consider the currentpandemic in the light of historical examples.Since
Covid-19startedtospreadwithinandthenoutsideofChina,therehave
beenmanyprotestsaroundtheworldbuttheirnatureandintensityhas
variedenormously.Insomecases,theyhavefocusedontheinadequacy
ofgovernment interventionand inotherson itsoverbearingnature.The
lectureconsiderssomeofthereasonsforthesedifferencesandwhatwe
canexpectinfuture.
Presenter and Moderator
Name University e-mail
ParkYunjae KyungHeeUniversity wowbbona@hanmail.net
ZhangChunmei QingdaoUniversityofTechnology qingcao2020@126.com
ParkSungho KyungHeeUniversity ltwind@hanmail.net
LeeEunyoung KyungHeeUniversity ley0401@khu.ac.kr
YoonEunkyung KyungHeeUniversity yoonek@khu.ac.kr
IijimaWataru AoyamagakuinUniversity wiijima@aoyamagakuin.jp
Yuxinzhong NankaiUniversity yuxinzhongnk@163.com
MarkHarrison OxfordUniversity mark.harrison@history.ox.ac.uk
ChoiSungmin KyungHeeUniversity ewriter@empas.com
JoeTegu KyungHeeUniversity jotegu78@gmail.com
LeeSangduk KyungHeeUniversity s.catherine.lee@gmail.com
Pandemics and Protest: Historical Perspectives on Covid-19
The 1st International Conference of The HK+ Institute for Integrated Medical Humanities
26 + 27EpidemicDisease,ThenandNow