The Henrician and Edwardian Reformation, Marian Reaction, and

Elizabeth I

The Henrician and Edwardian Reformation, Marian Reaction, and

Elizabeth I

Henry VIII held no Protestant convictions. He objected to papal control of the English Church not for doctrinal reasons, but because he believed that he should be its Supreme Head.

In 1521 Henry VIII published a book in defense of the seven sacraments against the ideas of Martin Luther (in the actual writing he was helped by Sir Thomas More,) and willingly accepted from the Pope the reward of the title of "Defender of the Faith."

Henry VIII held no Protestant convictions. He objected to papal control of the English Church not for doctrinal reasons, but because he believed that he should be its Supreme Head.

In 1521 Henry VIII published a book in defense of the seven sacraments against the ideas of Martin Luther (in the actual writing he was helped by Sir Thomas More,) and willingly accepted from the Pope the reward of the title of "Defender of the Faith."

King Henry VIIKing Henry VII

Margaret Tudor [to Margaret Tudor [to Scotland], Henry Scotland], Henry

VIII’s SisterVIII’s Sister

Arthur, Arthur, Prince of Prince of

WalesWales[1500][1500]

Young Young Henry Henry

VIIIVIII

Young Catherine Young Catherine of Aragonof Aragon

Henry VIII [r. Henry VIII [r. 1509-1547]1509-1547]

Stained Glass Stained Glass Window Window

of Catherine of of Catherine of AragonAragon

Mary I [28 years Mary I [28 years old]old]

Henry VIII’s Henry VIII’s CHildrenCHildren1510 Daughter - died1510 Daughter - died

1511 Son - died1511 Son - died1513 Son - died1513 Son - died1514 Son - died1514 Son - died1516 Mary - 1516 Mary - survivedsurvived1518 Daughter - died1518 Daughter - died1533 Elizabeth - 1533 Elizabeth - survivedsurvived1534 Son - died1534 Son - died1535 unknown - died1535 unknown - died1536 Son - died1536 Son - died1537 Edward1537 Edward - - survivedsurvived

Henry Fitzroy (1519-Henry Fitzroy (1519-36), Duke 36), Duke of Richmond (1525):of Richmond (1525):Illegitimate Son of Illegitimate Son of

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Archbishop Archbishop Thomas CranmerThomas Cranmer

#1--Catherine of Aragon #1--Catherine of Aragon [1485-1536][1485-1536]

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

The Henrician ReformationThe Henrician Reformation• Catherine of Aragon bore one surviving child-

Mary.• Catherine was in her early 40s• Henry asked Pope Clement VII (via Wolsey) for an

annulment based on Lev. 18:16 & 20:21 – He fancied Anne Boleyn– C V (HRE) influenced Clement– NO ANNULMENT

• Catherine of Aragon bore one surviving child- Mary.

• Catherine was in her early 40s• Henry asked Pope Clement VII (via Wolsey) for an

annulment based on Lev. 18:16 & 20:21 – He fancied Anne Boleyn– C V (HRE) influenced Clement– NO ANNULMENT

Henrician ReformationHenrician Reformation• The Reformation Parliament (1529-36) and

the twisting of the Papal arm– Charged English Clergy with praemunire– "Submission of the Clergy" (May 1531)– Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates (1532)– Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533)– January 1533, Henry VIII married the pregnant

Anne Boleyn, and in May Cranmer dutifully declared the marriage to Catherine invalid. A daughter, Elizabeth, was born in September 1533.

• The Reformation Parliament (1529-36) and the twisting of the Papal arm– Charged English Clergy with praemunire– "Submission of the Clergy" (May 1531)– Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates (1532)– Act in Restraint of Appeals (1533)– January 1533, Henry VIII married the pregnant

Anne Boleyn, and in May Cranmer dutifully declared the marriage to Catherine invalid. A daughter, Elizabeth, was born in September 1533.

Henrician ReformationHenrician Reformation

• 1534 Act of Supremacy stated simply that the English Monarch (in this case H8) was “the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England.”

• 1534 Act of Supremacy stated simply that the English Monarch (in this case H8) was “the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England.”

#2--Anne Boleyn #2--Anne Boleyn [1501-1536][1501-1536]

Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn MiniatureMiniature

Queen Elizabeth I Queen Elizabeth I [1546][1546]

Tower of LondonTower of Londonfrom the Airfrom the Air

Tower of London:Tower of London:The Bloody TowerThe Bloody Tower

Tower GreenTower Green[Where Anne Boleyn [Where Anne Boleyn

was Executed]was Executed]

#3--Jane Seymour #3--Jane Seymour [1508-1537][1508-1537]

““Baby” Edward VIBaby” Edward VI

Henry Henry VIII’s VIII’s

FamilyFamily

Henry VIII Henry VIII Medallion: Head of Medallion: Head of

the Church of the Church of EnglandEngland

Sir Thomas More,Sir Thomas More,Lord Chancellor Lord Chancellor

of Englandof England

Henry VIIIHenry VIII

Thomas CromwellThomas Cromwell

#4--Anne of Cleves #4--Anne of Cleves [1515-1557][1515-1557]

Anne of Anne of ClevesCleves

Anne of Cleves Anne of Cleves MiniatureMiniature• Henry referred to

Anne as “The mare of Flanders” and the union was over with very quickly. Hans Holbein, who painted and delivered the portrait of Anne to Henry was fired.

• Henry referred to Anne as “The mare of Flanders” and the union was over with very quickly. Hans Holbein, who painted and delivered the portrait of Anne to Henry was fired.

Henry VIII at Henry VIII at Middle AgeMiddle Age

#5--Katherine Howard #5--Katherine Howard [1525-1542][1525-1542]

Katherine Katherine HowardHoward

Hampton CourtHampton Court[Where Katherine [Where Katherine

Howard Was Arrested]Howard Was Arrested]

#6--Katherine Parr #6--Katherine Parr [1512-1548][1512-1548]

““Prayers and Prayers and Meditations” Meditations” authored by authored by

Katherine ParrKatherine Parr

Katherine Katherine ParrParr

Henry’s Henry’s DeathbedDeathbed

Edward VIEdward VI

Edward VI [r. 1547-Edward VI [r. 1547-1553]1553]

The Edwardian ReformationThe Edwardian Reformation• Raised as a Protestant, E VI makes more

concrete changes in English Church doctrine– Cranmer introduces the Book of Common

Prayer (1549) (: /)– The Act of Uniformity 1549 (An Acte for the unyformytie of

Service and Admynistracion of the Sacramentes throughout the Realme.)

– All images in churches to be dismantled– Celibacy no longer required by clergy– Lady Jane Gray named as heir

• Raised as a Protestant, E VI makes more concrete changes in English Church doctrine– Cranmer introduces the Book of Common

Prayer (1549) (: /)– The Act of Uniformity 1549 (An Acte for the unyformytie of

Service and Admynistracion of the Sacramentes throughout the Realme.)

– All images in churches to be dismantled– Celibacy no longer required by clergy– Lady Jane Gray named as heir

Lady Jane Lady Jane GreyGrey

““Ruled” Ruled” England England

from from July 10–19, July 10–19,

15531553

Queen Mary I or Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary”“Bloody Mary”[r. 1553 – 1558][r. 1553 – 1558]

Philip II & Mary Philip II & Mary TudorTudor

The Marian, or, Catholic Reaction/Restoration

The Marian, or, Catholic Reaction/Restoration

• 1st Act of Parliament was to have H8’s marriage to her mother validated thus invalidating everything that followed.

• Cardinal (Pole) became Archbishop of Canterbury (Cranmer’s fate)

• Married Philip II of Spain• All who were found guilty of heresy were

executed (Foxe’s Book of Martyrs)• Mary dies, 1558, childless

• 1st Act of Parliament was to have H8’s marriage to her mother validated thus invalidating everything that followed.

• Cardinal (Pole) became Archbishop of Canterbury (Cranmer’s fate)

• Married Philip II of Spain• All who were found guilty of heresy were

executed (Foxe’s Book of Martyrs)• Mary dies, 1558, childless

ElizabeElizabeth I,th I,

QueenQueenat last! at last!

r. 1558 - r. 1558 - 1603 1603

Sir William CecilSir William Cecil

Queen Elizabeth I Queen Elizabeth I [1533-1603][1533-1603]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1572][1572]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1572][1572]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1572][1572]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1572][1572]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1580][1580]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1592][1592]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1592][1592]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1600][1600]

Elizabeth I Elizabeth I [1603][1603]

Elizabethan ReformationElizabethan Reformation

• Religion was number one problem– Hmmm, she could not be Catholic since

the RCC considered her illegitimate.– She had witnessed the turmoil brought

about by E VI’s doctrinal reforms.– 1559 Reformation Bill

• Too harsh- does not pass

– 1558 Act of Supremacy– 1558Act of Uniformity

• Religion was number one problem– Hmmm, she could not be Catholic since

the RCC considered her illegitimate.– She had witnessed the turmoil brought

about by E VI’s doctrinal reforms.– 1559 Reformation Bill

• Too harsh- does not pass

– 1558 Act of Supremacy– 1558Act of Uniformity

Map of the Spanish Map of the Spanish Armada RouteArmada Route

Mary of Mary of GuiseGuise

James V of James V of ScotlandScotland

Mary of Scotland’s Mary of Scotland’s ParentsParents

Young Mary StuartYoung Mary Stuart

Mary, Queen of Mary, Queen of ScotsScots

Mary Stuart in Mary Stuart in CaptivityCaptivity

Mary, Queen of Mary, Queen of ScotsScots

[Before Her [Before Her Execution]Execution]

Execution of Mary of Execution of Mary of ScotlandScotland

Miniature of James I Miniature of James I / VI/ VI

James I [r. 1603 - James I [r. 1603 - 1625]1625]