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1 Introduction2 Protecting Cambodias Watery Heart
By Guy De Launey
Eforts to protect sh stocks are preserving a way o lie along Cambodias Tonle Sap lakeand river system.
8 A PublicPrivate Partnership Brightens LivesBy Pamposh Dhar
A private power company in Cambodia is bringing cheap, reliable electricity to rural villagesboosting productivity, incomes, and comort or poor people.
14Roads To Hospitals, Markets, Temples
By Pamposh DharUpgrades to Cambodias national highway have not only made health care more accessible,they have boosted trade and tourism.
18 Hope Beyond the RoadBy Olivia Sylvia Inciong
Road improvements have changed the lie o one Cambodian cab driver.
22 Easing the Burden o WaterBy Guy De Launey
A community pond in rural Cambodia has made clean water accessible, staved of illness,and allowed women to work and children to attend school.
27Women Learn to EarnBy Guy De LauneyFor many women across Cambodia, every day is a struggle or income. But at new womens
development centers, they are learning how to make more money.
The views expressed in this publication are those o the authors and do not necessarily reect the views and policies o the AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB) or its Board o Governors or the governments they represent. Accounts presented here are anecdotaland do not represent comprehensive impacts o projects or programs.
ADB does not guarantee the accuracy o the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility or any consequenceo their use.
By making any designation o or reerence to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term country in thispublication, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status o any territory or area.
ADB encourages printing or copying inormation exclusively or personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgmento ADB. Users are restricted rom reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works or commercial purposes without theexpress, written consent o ADB.
Note: In this publication, $ reers to US dollars.
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, Q W U R G X F W L R Q
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is thelargest multilateral development partner
or Cambodias 14 million people. This
collection gives voice to the stories o
people whose lives it has helped improvelike
Neang Sokha, who said she lives a civilized lie
thanks to reliable, afordable electricity; and taxi
driver He Narath, who said he can now ollow his
dreams ater road improvements helped boost
his income.
Other stories illustrate that as ADB works to
promote more inclusive growth to reduce
dependence on arming and sheries, efortsto raise incomes through alternative livelihood
opportunities are as empowering and
appreciated or improving lives as better roads
and energy supplies.
ADB ocuses much o its assistance on the
provinces around the Tonle Sap, the largest
reshwater lake in Southeast Asia, where many o
the poorest people in Cambodia live. Under the
Tonle Sap Initiative, ADB has helped communities
better manage natural resources.
Millions o Cambodians depend on the unique
ecosystem o the lake and its rivers or ood,
irrigation, and drinking water, but its rich resources
are under threat rom population growth, seasonal
internal migration, and poor management
techniques that have led to overshing. ADB
unded sh breeding sanctuaries in the Tonle Sap
and its tributaries, such as one set up by villagers
in Phneat in Banteay Meanchey province, are
being established to shore up declining stocks.
Neang Sokha beneted rom an ADB investment
that helped a private power company partner withstateowned Electricit du Cambodge to bring
afordable electricity to rural villagesboosting
productivity, incomes, and convenience or
people, and drastically reducing pollution romdieselpowered generators in three provinces.
Improvements to national highways within
Cambodia and in neighboring countries
through ADBs Greater Mekong Subregion
Economic Cooperation Program (GMS Program)
have boosted the economy by helping sellers
access markets and by giving tourists easier
passage to Cambodias ancient sites, including
the Angkor temple complex at Siem Reap. This
has raised the incomes o many poor amilies
through tourism and associated services.
Between 2004 and 2008, the economy grew atan impressive average rate o 10.2% per year.
The incidence o poverty declined rom 35% in
2004 to 30% in 2007.
The experience o 6yearold Chak Srey Keo,
a sick child who had to travel by road or
medical care, shows that better national
highways also improve access to health care.
Reduced journey times helped pave taxi driver
He Naraths path to prosperity.
Impacts o improved water supply andsanitation are demonstrated in a story about
a new community pond in rural Cambodia
that has made clean water accessible, reduced
illness among children, and lited the burden o
collecting water, especially or women.
The nal article shows how womens
development centers have enabled rural
women, such as widow Thav Heat, to learn new
business skills. By helping women generate
income to eed their amilies and put their
children through school, the centers provide
women with the tools to overcome the dailystruggle or income andas with all ADB
supported initiativeshelp Cambodians build
a better uture.
,1752'8&7,21
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KAMPONG PHLUK, SIEM REAP PROVINCE, CAMBODIA
The Tonle Sap is not only the
geographical heart o Cambodiaas
any satellite image taken at the heighto the rainy season will conrmbut in
some ways also its cultural and economic heart.
A combined lake and river system, it covers a vast
area in the center o the country, its smaller rivers
and tributaries converging on it like a system o
veins and arteries. Protecting these waterways
upon which millions o Cambodians depend or
ood, soil ertility, and drinking wateris vital to
the health o the country.
Eforts to protect sh stocks are preserving a way o lie
along Cambodias Tonle Sap lake and river system.
Some Cambodians even make their homes on the
lake itsel. The village o Kampong Phluk is a good
hal hours boat ride rom shore when the lake is atits highest. Visiting vessels must rst pass through
narrow corridors that wind their way through
ooded orest, where many tiny shing boats rock
among the twisted roots and branches.
An expanse o open water ollows beore the
village comes into view. Strictly speaking, the
village does not oat. Most o its buildings rest on
stilts. Still, or the rsttime visitor, it is an other
worldly sight.
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On Water as On LandEverything that normally takes place on land
has a oating equivalent. Goods and produceare bought and sold rom boats bobbing
between the rows o wooden houses. A group
o whiteshirted children walk down the steps
o their school into a waiting school boat.
Those too young or class amuse themselves by
somersaulting into the water rom ever more
daring heights.
Muth Seak, a villager, has lived like this all her
lie. Now in her 30s, and having seen the way the
Tonle Sap has changed over the decades, she
is worried that Kampong Phluks unique way o
lie may be at risk.
There are many communities around the
Tonle Sap, and i they build something that
afects the environment then the natural
resources like the sh or the orest could
disappear, she explains. We Tonle Sap people
are very concerned because in the uture
there may be ewer and ewer sh. Our living
depends on them. With less sh it would be
dicult or us to survive.
Shrimp are a large part olivelihood in Kampong Phluk.
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The rapid increase in Cambodias population
has put sh stocks under straina problem
exacerbated by destructive shing techniques
involving electric shock devices and even
explosives removed rom landmines and
other ordnance let over rom the country s
long civil war.
Development along the waters edge has alsoresulted in greater pollution rom both private
and commercial sources. And external actors
also loom: in particular, climate change and the
construction o dams upstream.
There is a growing awareness among the
government, its development partners, and
Cambodians that conservation is essential.
The villagers o Kampong Phluk know they will
not be able to mitigate all the threats, but by
We Tonle Sap people are very concerned because in the uture
there may be ewer and ewer fsh. Our living depends on them.
With less fsh it would be dicult or us to survive.
Muth Seak, resident o Kampong Phluk
They would not be the only ones in trouble; the
whole country stands to lose. Fish caught in
the Tonle Sap provide ourths o the average
Cambodians protein intake. It is a ood source
they simply cannot do without.
The Tonle Saps unusual ebb and ow is the key to
its bounty. Twice a year, it reverses its direction
swelling the portion that orms the lake to the sizeo an inland sea as the waters rom the Mekong
ow in during the rainy season, then draining back
into the Mekong in the dry months. As the waters
recede, they reveal highly ertile arming land.
Migratory sh depend on the rivers changing ow
so they can reproduce.
Vulnerable on Several FrontsBut the unpalatable truth is that the lake and its
tributaries are vulnerable on several ronts.
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starting close to home they may be able to make
a diference. In partnership with the Fisheries
Administration, and with nancial support rom
ADB, they have established a community sheries
organization (CFO), and taken a signicant stake indecisions afecting their environment.
Taking ActionThe bluepainted CFO building perches on
stilts a short distance rom the main part o the
village; residents arrive by boat to discuss what
they need to do to protect sh stocks and the
ooded orest.
They sit around a long table as CFO leaders
elected by the community point to a map o
their watery neighborhood that illustrates where
shing is allowed or restricted and where villagerscan gather wood without damaging the orest.
Dissenting voices are conspicuous by their absence;
community members know the stakes are high.
Mom Choeun breaks of rom the whiteboard
to explain his role at the CFO. I am in charge o
telling people not to cut down ooded trees
illegally or in the wrong way, he said. They ollow
my advice. People are aware o how important this
is, and they trust in what we are doing.
The deputy head o the CFO, Ouk Lum, reinorced
the point. People support the CFO when they see
the benet to the community. We are trying to
create more sh sanctuaries or sh to breed and
live. We have shing, ecotourismlots o activities
that support peoples livelihoods.
Enorcing Environmental ProtectionAs their meeting ends, most o the villagers returnhome. But some CFO members jump into a boat
to patrol the ooded orest to make sure the
community is cooperating in deed as well as in word.
As deputy director o the Fisheries Administration,
Eng Cheasan has been watching the proceedings
at the CFO with interest. He too believes the Tonle
Sap is acing considerable challenges, and that
communities must work together to make sure their
most important resource has a uture.
Beore the CFO was set up, there was a problemwith natural resource management. People did not
know how to carry out planning and coordination or
manage conservation. Creating the CFO makes or
equitable, sustainable, and democratic benets to all
the people on the lake, and reduces conict among
the shing community.
The conservation work has to go beyond the lake
itsel. As Eng Cheasan guides a small motorboat
along the waterways o Battambang Province,
he explains that the lake and its sheries products
are under threat, not only rom many damsupstream but also rom its tributaries, since
construction projects are polluting the waters
that eed the lake.
The Fisheries Administration and local authorities
have employed a carrotandstick approach.
They have clamped down on destructive shing
methods, but they have also been working with
development partners to help local people develop
alternative livelihoods.
Preserving a Legacy
Eng Cheasan stops the boat at places where peoplehave received training and unding, including an eel
arm at the side o the river. Writhing in a squirming,
squeaking mass, the creatures repeatedly poke their
heads out o the water to grab a bite, as the arm
owner lowers a grid piled with small sh into the tank.
They give me a much better liestyle, the man
said with a smile. With the extra income, my
children can go to school and I do not have to leave
home to work.
Fishing is a way o lie or people wholive in villages along the Tonle Saplake and river system.
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Project Inormation
Tonle Sap Environmental Management Project
(20062009)
Financing: $10.9 million, Asian Development Fund
(ADB)
getting across. Back on the great lake, Muth Seak
is cautiously optimistic.
I was born in this area, and I can see the
environment is getting better. People here know
the value o the water and the orest so they
preserve it; without it we would have no sh.
Many o the older generation talk about the
Tonle Sap orming part o their legacy to their
children. It is a heavy responsibility, but at least
they seem willing to rise to the challenge.
A student waves roa school boat.
With the extra income,
my children can go to school
and I do not have to leave
home to work.
An eel armer, on the value
o his ADB-supported eel arm
Other projects include sh arms, home
gardens, and a shprocessing actory run by
a womens cooperative that gives a portion
o its prots to local shery protection eforts.
They all play their part in allowing sh stocks
to recover, while providing locals with a better
standard o living than they had beore.
The messagethat Cambodians have to act
to preserve the Tonle Sapappears to be
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PHNEAT, BANTEAY MEANCHEY PROVINCE, CAMBODIA
Tan Kim Ouy knows all about bringing
new lie into the world. As the community
midwie in Phneat, she has perhaps one
o the most important jobs in this village in the
northwestern province o Banteay Meanchey.
But Tan Kim Ouy is not only responsible or the
sae delivery o human babies. She is also in
charge o making sure that aquatic lie thrives
without being disturbed by overzealous shing.
As community members became concerned
at the alling sh catch, they agreed to setup a sanctuaryan area o the river where
shing would be banned and breeding could
take place in saety. And as a nurturing, widely
trusted gure, Tan Kim Ouy was the obvious
choice to oversee the project.
Now, as long as there are no calls on her ocial
services, she can be ound in a shady concrete
pavilion overhanging the river next to the
village pagoda. She sits behind a semicircle
o baskets o breads and cakes, some to be
devoured by hungry visitors, others by the shin her care.
A group o young women take their children
to the edge o the pavilion overlooking the
water, tossing in morsels to the dozens o sh
whipping up bubbles below as they battle
or position.
RenaissanceFor Tan Kim Ouy, however, the sanctuary is
much more than just extra income, a tourist
attraction, or a leisure activity. It has been
responsible, she said, or a rebirth o the localsh population.
People have started to understand the
importance o conserving the sh in the river.
Now, the numbers have increased and people
can catch sh around here; beore they had to
travel a long way.
The governments Fisheries Administration is
working with communities and development
partners to establish similar sanctuaries in the
Tonle Sap and its tributaries, as part o an efort
to shore up sh stocks beore the situation
becomes critical. There is some disagreement
over how much the catch has declined over
recent years, but local people have little doubt
that sh numbers are alling.
Cambodians o a certain age are ond o shy
tales. In the old days, they said, you could just
put your hands in the water and pull out sh
ater sh. But in recent times, surveys have
ound shing communities across the countryreporting declining catches.
One theory is that rapid population growth
means there are simply ewer sh or each
amily to catch. In 2007, the World Wildlie Fund
linked population growth, seasonal internal
migration, and poor management techniques to
overshing and alling sh yields.
Community PartnersCommunity shery projects like the one in
Phneat are an important part o the response tothe problems o the Tonle Sap and its tributaries.
And because the villagers understand the
importance o sh to their way o lie as well as
to their diet, they are usually keen to cooperate.
So Tan Kim Ouy nds her riends and neighbors
are receptive as she and other members o the
community sheries group explain when and
where shing is allowed, and why it is restricted
at other times and in other areas. Tan Kim Ouy
believes that taking a longterm view may be
the key to the Tonle Saps uture.
I would like to preserve the sh so the next
generation and my children can see them,
she said.
Project Inormation
Tonle Sap Environmental Management Project
(20062009)
Financing:$10.9 million, Asian Development Fund
(ADB)
One midwie shepherds lie aquatic.
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EK PHNOM, BATTAMBANG PROVINCE, CAMBODIA
Neang Sokha said she is able to live a
civilized lie now that the electricitysupply has improved so much in the
village o EK Phnom, in Battambang
Province. Her amily o seven sleeps well every
night under the breeze o a an they leave on
throughout the night. They can also aford to
watch more TV now that it runs on electricity
rather than expensive batteries.
We use about 20 kilo a month now and pay only
20,000 riel (KR) ($5), she said, reerring to kilowatt
%\3DPSRVK'KDU
A private power company in Cambodia
is bringing cheap, reliable electricity
to rural villagesboosting
productivity, incomes, and
comort or poor people.
hours (kWh) o electricity. Beore, we used only
10 kilo because it was so expensiveeven then wepaid KR 50,000 ($12.50). The amily slept without a
an even in the hot, dry season because they could
not aford to use electricity all night.
Like others in the village, Neang Sokha is
remarkably aware o the amount o electricity the
amily consumes and the money they pay or it.
Perhaps this is because a steady supply o electricity
is still a new pleasure here and just a ew years ago
the cost o electricity was prohibitively high.
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The project has drasticallyreduced pollution rom dieselpowered generator sets in theprovinces o Siem Reap, BanteayMeanchey, and Battambang.
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A steady supply o electricity imported rom
Thailand, transmitting to urban and rural
consumers at afordable rates under a project
supported by an $8 million ADB loan to a private
company, is behind the transormation. The
project has also drastically reduced pollution
rom dieselpowered generator sets in the
provinces o Siem Reap, Banteay Meanchey,and Battambang.
Plenty o Power at the Right PriceBeore the imports, a private electricity supplier
was able to provide electricity only 4 hours a day,
between 6 p.m. and 10 p.m. I the villagers wanted
more, they were orced to buy rom private
operators who used small generators, or gensets
as they are known all over Cambodia.
Now, electricity is available all the time. In 3 months,
there have been only two power cuts, Neang Sokha
said, and those were only or an hour or so. Earlier,there were cuts even during the 4 hours a day that
the electricity board provided power.
The ADB loan to Cambodia Power Transmission
Lines (CPTL) covers 25% o the cost o the
project that brings power along a 115kilovolt
transmission line rom Thailand. It supports a
publicprivate partnership between the state
owned Electricit du Cambodge (EDC) and CPTL,
a private company incorporated in Cambodia.
ADBs assistance helped catalyze investment romprivate entities and additional loans rom the
ExportImport Bank o Thailand and local banks.
The project is supplying electricity to a growing
number o customers at everdecreasing rates,
said Lim Bun Than, head o EDC in Battambang.
The number o connections rose to 27,000 in
February 2010 rom 20,000 in 2008. With
cheaper electricity available throughout the day,
consumption jumped to 38 million kWh rom
about 28 million kWh in the same period. EDC,
which only 10 years ago sufered power losses
upward o 35% a year in Battambang, has nowmanaged to cut that to less than 10% and expects
to keep bringing that gure down.
The Naga Guest House in SiemReap is requented by internationalvisitors. Just a ew years ago, powercuts orced the owner to useexpensive, deaening generatorsthat hurt his business. But now,there are no power cuts: electricityis cheaper and always available.
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Power CutsLim Bun Than notes that the biggest advantage
to consumers is that afordable electricity is now
available at all times, or both domestic and
business uses. It is especially useul to small and
mediumsized businesses that until recently
depended mainly on expensive generator sets.
Chhy Kimyea and her husband Soeum Chhay have
run a hairdressing business in Ek Phnom since2003. Their customers come rom within their
village o 3,000 households. Between them, they
attend to up to 10 customers a day.
Our business depends on electricity, said Chhy
Kimyea. She uses handheld blow dryers and the
simple salon needs to be lit during business hours.
The decrease in electricity prices has been a boon
or the business. Electricity is so much cheaper
than the gensets o the past, Soeum Chhay uses
electric cutters rather than scissors or cutting mens
hair. It is easier and aster, he said.
The amily uses between 20 kWh and 30 kWh o
electricity every day, perhaps a bit more in the hot
season, said Chhy Kimyea. With lower costs, she
now has more money to spend on her two sons,
including paying or extra tuition or the older
one, who is 15.
Down the road rom Chhy Kimyea and Soeum
Chhay is a small steelcutting shop. Sin Bunkhoeun
cuts steel rods used in construction. Since his work
requires electricity throughout the day, he bought
his own genset some years ago. It was expensive.
I spent anywhere rom KR 4,000 to KR 12,000 a day
($1$3) per day on diesel. Now, he spends KR 50,000
($12.50) in a whole month, or an average o $0.41
a day and does not bother to use his genset.
With lower costs, Chhy Kimyea now has more money to spend on
her two sons, including paying or extra tuition or the older one,
who is 15.
Our business depends onelectricity, said Chhy Kimyea, a salonowner who relies on handheld blowdryers and electric lighting.
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Sin Bunkhoeun cuts steel rods usedin construction. The new supply oelectricity is much cheaper than thepower he got rom the generator heused beore.
The steady supply o electricity has also benefted a pharmacy
that Sao Yukun owns since he sells medications that need to
be rerigerated.
In the city o Siem Reap, the provincial capital,
Sao Yukun runs the budget Naga Guest House,
requented by visitors rom France, Germany,
Spain, the United States, and other countries.
Just a ew years ago, requent power cuts
orced him to use expensive and deaening
gensets. The gensets were so deaening that
some o my guests would leavethey couldnt
stand the noise, he said. Sao Yukun also had
to rely on the gensets to rerigerate ood or
Treating Travelers to PowerPowering businesses is equally important in
the neighboring province o Siem Reap, home
to the magnicent temples o Angkor Wat and
Angkor Thom, and other historical sites that
have made this province a tourist hub. Angkor
Wat graces the Cambodian ag, a symbol o the
country itsel. A steady supply o electricity is
essential to run hotels, restaurants, and other
establishments that cater to tourists.
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Project Inormation
(Cambodia) Power Transmission Lines (CPTL) Co.,
Ltd., Power Transmission Project (20062009)
Financing:$7.0 million, private sector loan (ADB)
the guest house restaurant. Even in the hours
when EDC supplied electricity, there were
requent power cuts. But now there are no
power cuts, no need or expensive, noisy, and
polluting gensets. Electricity is much cheaper
and always available.
Sao Yukun has also beneted rom an ADBsupported roads improvement project. All
roads in the city and into the city are better
now, making it easier to get around. He believes
this has encouraged more tourists. And he
said that business is booming. Even the recent
global recession has had no impact on budget
accommodation and he is now building an
extension to the guest house.
The steady supply o electricity, meanwhile, has
beneted a pharmacy that he owns. He sells
vaccinations and some medicines that need
to be rerigerated, so steady power is critical.
Electricity or a Brighter FutureThe project is powering the transmission grid
or northwest Cambodia and is set to become
part o the national power grid.
The towns and cities o northwest Cambodia
are brighter because o the CPTL Power
Transmission Project , said CPTL Executive
Director Wang Yeong Khang.
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hospital, which is run by a charitable oundation
and ofers ree treatment to the poor.
Her mother is tense, but thankul that they are
able to travel quickly. They can now reach their
destination in just 2.5 hours, said Vann Vuthy.
Beore the national highway was upgraded under
the GMS Cambodia Road Improvement Project
unded by ADB, it would have taken more than
twice as long.
And the girl will not have to sufer through the
agonizing bumps o the old road.
Truckloads o BeneftsIn nearby Banteay Meanchey Province, in the
town o the same name, Yonn Van hires out his
minitruck and his own services to those wishing
to transport goods to the district town rom
surrounding villages. He has been doing this work
or 10 years. His job has become much easier since
%\3DPSRVK'KDU
Upgrades to Cambodias national highway have not only
made health care more accessible, they have boosted
trade and tourism.
5RDGVWR
SEREI SAOPHOAN, BANTEAY MEANCHEY PROVINCE, CAMBODIA
Sixyearold Chak Srey Keo is ill. The little
girl has an intravenous drip attached
to her armthe top o the stand sticks
out o one o the windows as her amily
squeezes into Vann Vuthys private taxi.
Road to Health CareWith her mother and ve other passengers,
Chak Srey Keo is on her way to a hospital with
good acilities where her illness can be properly
diagnosed and treated.
The doctors in her home province, Pailin, have
been unable to diagnose the problem. Doctors
in Battambang Province are not sure either,
so they have reerred her to a hospital in Siem
Reap, in the next province, on the other side o
the Tonle Sap.
The road ahead o them is long. They will
traverse almost 170 kilometers (km) to get to the
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To the benet o vendors,the highway has made thetemples o Angkor accessibleby road, not only to domesticbut also to oreign visitors.
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the roads were upgraded. He has just nished a
journey o 55 km in an hour and a hal. In the past,
this would have been a 4hour, bonerattling trip.
With travel times down so much, he can do
more trips in a day and earn more money.
However, he aces more competition than beore.
There are more people in the road transportbusiness now that the road is so much better,
he said rueully.
Temples and TourismPhum Salob and Ya Kim Sour both sell statues
along the highway that connects the tourist
town o Siem Reap to the Thai border on one side
and the Cambodian cities o Phnom Penh and
Battambang on the other.
Both women have beneted rom the road,
which is bringing more domestic and oreign
tourists since it was completed in mid2009. Thestone is quarried nearby, so the statues are
special to this region.
Phum Salob sells small stone Buddhas and
other statues. Foreign tourists driving along
the national highway oten stop to take home
mementoes rom Cambodia. Many o these
are tourists who enter and leave Cambodia rom
Thailand, driving through the border crossing
at Poipet. Ya Kim Sour sells largerthanlie
statues, most o them Buddha images, to
domestic tourists.
The highway has made the temples o Angkor
accessible by road, not only to domestic but also
to oreign visitors. Budget guesthouses like the
Naga Guest House, less than 1 km rom the
national highway, have seen a steady stream o
tourists who travel rom Thailand by road.
Even the recent global recession did not put a dent
in the number o visitors to his guesthouse, said
owner Sao Yukun. Most o his guests are budget
travelers rom Europe or North America who come
to Cambodia by road ater visiting Thailand.
The magnicent 12thcentury temples o Angkor
Wat and Angkor Thom attract tourists rom all over
the world, but until recently, poor inrastructure
deterred many potential visitors. Roads were
a particular drawback.
Nida Ouk, ADBs senior project implementation
ocer or physical inrastructure, remembered
many unexpected delays along the route rom
the CambodianThai border at Poipet to Siem
Reap. Only a ew years ago, we had to wait
3 hours or a bridge to be repaired along the
national road, he recalled. Even without such
mishaps, the journey took 4 to 5 hours. Now,
it takes only 1.5 hours, he said.
The improvements to the national roads leading to
Siem Reap, in northwest Cambodia, ollow an early
Chak Srey Keos mother is thankul that they are able to travel
quickly. They can now reach the hospital in just 2.5 hours. It would
have taken more than twice as long beore the upgrade.
Yonn Van hires out his minitruck or deliveries. Better roadshave decreased travel time andboosted his income.
PringSamrang
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project under which ADB supported repairs to
roads in the east going to Viet Nam.
National Road 1, completed in 2005, helped
increase travel and trade, including busservices between the neighboring countries.
Now, with a good network in both parts o the
countries, tourists are also visiting Siem Reap
rom Viet Nam.
Looking ahead, the Government o Japan
will support the construction o a bridge over
the Mekong River at Neak Loeung to urther
improve links between Cambodia and Viet
Nam. At the moment, the only way across is by
erry or by a road that ollows a much longer
route. The bridge will shorten the route and
ease trac on the old road.
Connecting Countries in the RegionADB supports improvement to these
national roads under its GMS program that
brings together Cambodia, the Lao Peoples
Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet
Nam, and Yunnan Province in the Peoples
Republic o China.
The GMS program, which boosts regional
cooperation or greater development impact,
also supports border agreements that create
a onestop shop or all clearances at border
crossings. Together, better roads and easierborder crossings help support travel, trade,
and tourism.
Aside rom the national roads upgraded
under the GMS program, ADB has also built or
improved 600 km o rural roads in Cambodia,
providing armers with access to markets, and
linking villagers to hospitals, schools, and other
essential acilities. .
This woman is taking her sickdaughter to a hospital with goodacilities, where her childs illness canbe properly diagnosed and treated.
Project Inormation
Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): Cambodia
Road Improvement Project (20022010)
Financing: $50.0 million, Asian Development
Fund (ADB); $10.0 million, Organization o the
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Fund
or International Development; $17.5 million,
Government o Cambodia
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SIEM REAP, CAMBODIA
Years back, the road connecting
Cambodias rapidly developing tourism
center o Siem Reap and Angkor
Wat with Thailand was impassable,
especially during the rainy season. As tour
guide, He Narath was always asked why the
roads were in such a poor state.
I had to make up stories to explain the badroad conditions, he laughed as he recalled
his experiences traveling along the unpaved
road between Siem Reap and Poipet, the Thai
border town.
Troublesome TravelHe Narath described how he and two tourists
bound or Cambodias worldamous Angkor Wat
had a long wait ater a 10wheel truck ahead o
them broke down and became bogged down in
%\2OLYLD6\OYLD,QFLRQJ
Road improvements have changed the lie o one Cambodian
cab driver.
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mud. Five other cars behind the lorry had nowhere
to go. I also got stuck! he remembered. We had
to wait or 5 hours beore the truck was removed.
When taking a group o tourists to the Thai
border because ights in Siem Reap were
cancelled, heavy rains added to the travel
time and the tourists ended up missing their
scheduled trip. In dry conditions, covering the
distance rom Siem Reap to Poipet took 4 to5 hours o bumpy, dusty driving.
I spent too much on car parts repair or
replacement due to the bad roads, He Narath
said. Most o my earnings were spent on petrol
due to the long drive.
Family TiesWith the reopening o National Roads 5 and
6, the 25yearold driver now easily drives the
PoipetSiem Reap road in 2 hours. The road,
inaugurated by Cambodias Prime Minister
Hun Sen in December 2009, was constructed
with support rom ADB.
I am very happy with the completion o
the new road network because this means
reduction in travel time and decreased costs in
gasoline, he said. My lie has changed.
Narath started to experience the benets
o good roads in 2009. There are days when
he can drop by his home village o Khsach
in Kralanh district on his way back to Siem
Reap ater driving a passenger to Poipet. He
visits his younger brother, He Narong, who
is in grade 12 and lives by himsel. When not
working, He Narath drives back to the village
to go shing, visit the rice elds, or just
enjoy himsel.
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a movie, enjoying a Sunday ice cream,
and even giving up on a new shirt.
He now drives his own taxi by day, ofering his
services as a driver and tourist guide to guests
at hotels in the city. On weeknights, He Narath
takes classes in nance and banking at a private
university. He hopes to become a banker oneday. Already, with his income as a tourist guide,
he is able to send his brother to a public school
near their village.
The young driver, tourist guide, and night
student also has dreams o traveling abroad
and visiting other landmarks o Asian
civilizations, such as the Great Wall in the
Peoples Republic o China, Sukothai and
Ayutthaya in Thailand, and the tourist spots
in Viet Nam. However, he takes great pride in
having been able to travel all over Cambodia.
By the end o 2009, thanks to better income
rom his work, He Narath had almost paid of his
student bank loan. He hopes to nish his degree
The Road to ProsperityThis ree time gives He Narath the opportunity
to reect on his own personal journey rom
working as a bartender in a threestar Siem
Reap hotel, struggling to support his amily on
monthly earnings o $150 that barely paid or
rent, ood, and school expenses.
He would oten see young Cambodians
dining with tourists ater visiting Angkor Wat,
the city and temple complex o the ancient
Khmer civilization.
While preparing the drinks at the bar, I was
hopeul that one day I would be able to sit
and eat with the tourists at the same table, He
Narath recalled. These thoughts motivated He
Narath to save to take the 3month course to
become a registered tourist guide.
It was diicult or me to save $250 to payor the training ee, he said. I had to do it
because I couldnt be a tourist guide i I do
not have any license. I gave up watching
Many businesses benet romeasy transport, the result o theADBsupported road upgradebetween Siem Reap and theborder with Thailand.
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and start work in a bank. I have always wanted
to work in a bank and in an airconditioned
oce, he said. He is hopeul that his younger
brother He Narong will also be able to earn a
university degree.
Success is in Sight
He Narath said his lie has changed thanks to theimprovement o the roads around Siem Reap.
When I look at the new road, I can see more, he
noted. When the road was dusty, most o us could
not open our eyes. I would close my eyes to avoid
the dust and dirt.
With clear horizons, He Narath sees the new road
as an opportunity or a better lie.
While preparing the drinks at the bar, I was hopeul that one day
I would be able to sit and eat with the tourists at the same table.
He Narath, taxi driver who profts rom the road upgrade between Siem Reap and Thailand
Project Inormation
Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): Cambodia
Road Improvement Project (20022010)
Financing: $50.0 million, Asian Development
Fund (ADB); $10.0 million, Organization o the
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Fund
or International Development; $17.5 million,
Government o Cambodia
Taxi driver He Narath(in stripes) and his youngerbrother have benetted romthe new ADBsupported road.
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A community pond in rural Cambodia has made clean
water accessible, staved of illness, and allowed women
to work and children to attend school.
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TomasEricSales
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TEK LA-AK, KAMPONG CHHNANG PROVINCE, CAMBODIA
Hong Yoeuns hands are covered with
callusesthe unorgiving plastic handles
o the water buckets have seen to that.
Until now, she had never in her 35 years
lived in a place with running water. Trudging to
and rom the nearest source has been part o the
daily grind or as long as she can remember.
But nowor Hong Yoeun, at leastgetting
clean water is much easier. A large, rectangularpit that lls with rainwater has appeared in
the middle o Tek Laak, the leay village in the
Kampong Chhnang Province she calls home.
The Burden o WaterBeore the community pond, Hong Yoeun, with
two o her our children trailing behind her, would
hike to the nearest source, then lug the dripping
pails back to the house. Along the way, she might
cast an envious glance at her neighbor, who used
a rusty bicycle to carry two old paint containers o
water and her screaming inant.
Back at home, Hong Yoeun could nally unburden
hersel. She would pour the contents o her
buckets into one o several large, earthenware
jars in the grassy area at the ront o the house.
These hold the water the amily uses or cooking,
washing, and drinkingand they require regular
replenishment. Hong Yoeun oten had to repeather trip three times a day.
There is nothing unusual about her plight.
Around hal o the people living in rural
Cambodia have little access to clean water, let
alone at their homes. With more than ourths
o the population living in the countryside,
millions o Cambodians ace a daily struggle to
get a vital resource that comes as easily as a twist
o the tap to people in developed countries.
For Hong Yoeun, gettingclean water is much easieras a result o the newcommunity pond in hervillage o Tek Laak.
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With clean water close at hand,women can spend newoundtime developing small, homebased businesses.
The impact on amily lie can be considerable. Just
going to get water can take hours out o every
day. It may take parents away rom their amilies
and children out o school.
A Simple SolutionTek Laaks new community pond may seem
unprepossessingand the water it contains maylook a dismal, murky yellowbrownbut it has
transormed the lives o everyone here.
Above the pond is a concrete platorm. Two large,
metal wheels with handles attached sit on top o
either side o a dividing wall. When turned, they
draw water up rom the pond and through a sand
lter, which does a strikingly efective cleaning
job. The water that emerges rom the blue plastic
pipes is clear, although it will still need to be boiled
beore it is sae to drink.
Within easy walking distance o everyone in thecommunity, the pond and pump seem to have
become the ocal point o the village. Young
children laugh as they douse themselves and each
other. Women scrub clothes in metal bowls ull o
water and suds. Buckets are lined up next to the
pipes, ready to be lled and carried back home.
For Hong Yoeun, it is hard to overstate the benets
the new water supply has brought her amily.
In the past, I had to go a long way to get water
three times a day, she explained, as she sat on theedge o the pumping platorm. I would get home
and it would already be dark, but I would still
have to cook rice or the children. Now, we have
the pond nearby, and I can eel more relaxed. Ive
actually got time to do other things.
Measurable BeneftsCambodia has developed remarkably quickly
since the return o peace just over a decade ago.
Economic growth has hit double digits in many
years and inrastructure in urban centers has
improved markedly. Citizens o Phnom Penh enjoy
some o Southeast Asias cleaner water mains.
But the dearth o accessibly clean water in rural
areas has been a major drag on progress. The time
spent toting buckets is costly to the economy, as
are the illnesses caused by drinking contaminated
water. One study suggested that the lack o
clean water and sanitation cost Cambodia the
equivalent o 7% o its gross domestic product
every year.
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Children pay a particularly heavy price. Around
20 die every day in Cambodia because o
diarrhea, a condition directly related to dirty
water and poor sanitation.
Improving rural water supplies is one o the
governments steps to achieving the Millennium
Development Goals, and part o its rectangular
strategy or development. Partners, includingADB, are helping to turn the words into reality.
Behind grand project names, the benets o
spending a little money on practical solutions
like the Tek Laak pond and lter systemare
clear: local residents report that they have already
seen a dramatic all in the number o illnesses
among the community.
Now, the lter is here, peoples lives will be
improved. And because the pond is right next
to their houses, it is very convenient, saidMinister or Rural Development Chea Sophara
as he looked across the pond. Children used
to get to school late because they had to get
water; now, they can get to school on time. I we
can provide access to sanitation, then we will
reduce sickness and medical bills, and improve
peoples livelihoods.
Surmounting the SeasonsTonle SapA short drive rom Tek Laak, the scene at the
provincial capital o Kampong Chhnang illustrates
the irony o Cambodias situation. Boats o varying
sizes and orms o propulsion bob at the edge othe Tonle Sap, a body o water that starts as a river
in Phnom Penh beore it becomes a great lake,
covering enormous swathes o the center o the
country. It is hard to imagine access to water being
an issue in a place like this.
But a halhour boat ride away, the people o the
village Khleng Por paint a diferent picture. Water
is indeed plentiul during the rainy seasonso
much so that their village becomes an island.
But during the dry months, the Tonle Sap beats
a rapid retreat, leaving the villagers a long way
rom the nearest supply.
Just as in Tek Laak, they tell tales o long
hours spent traipsing with buckets in handto get the water their amilies need. But
with the installation o a well and pump,
under the Tonle Sap Rural Water Supply and
Sanitation Project, those stories should soon
become little more than olklore.
Oum Chanthoeun bathes her baby son Vattana
under the pump. She laughed when asked how
things have changed.
It is so diferent now, she said. Beore, it could
take as much as 5 hours to get water. Now, the
pump is right here, next to the house.
The mother o seven carried the youngest o
her children to an outhouse at the side o her
stilted, wooden home to demonstrate another
innovation. She held Vattana over a spotlessly
clean squat toilet beore dipping a plastic
scoop into a nearby cistern to pour water into
the bowl.
Now, we have the latrine and the well, she
said. We have hygiene.
That opens up all sorts o possibilities or the
people o Khleng Por. They should no longer
need to spend their savings or sell land to treat
illnesses related to sanitation. And with clean
water close at hand, they can spend their newly
released time developing small, homebased
businesses, which will improve livelihoods and
keep amilies together.
Simple measures have made all the diference
or communities like Tek Laak and Khleng
Por. Now, the challenge is to repeat the story
throughout rural Cambodia.
It is so dierent now. Beore,
it could take as much as 5 hours
to get water. Now, the pump is
right here, next to the house.
Oum Chanthoeun, Khleng Por village resident
and mother o seven
Project Inormation
Tonle Sap Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector
Project (20052010)
Financing:$18.0 million, Asian Development
Fund (ADB); $3.9 million, beneciaries; $2.1 million,
Government o Cambodia
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ADBsupported womensdevelopment centers help womenearn a living close to home.
For many women across Cambodia, every day is a struggle
or income. But at new womens development centers, theyare learning how to make more money.
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LEANG DEY, SIEM REAP PROVINCE, CAMBODIA
Thav Heats home in the province oSiem Reap looks idyllic. Her stilted,
wooden house looks out onto
verdant rice paddies. Oxen lumber
past, heavily laden carts trundling behind as
they make their way down the treelined, red
dirt road.
But lie is not as rosy as it may seem, Thav Heat
said. It can be very tough to eed my our
children, especially in the rainy season. When theharvest season comes, we have ood or rice to
keep us going or just 5 months. But ater that, we
have to earn money to buy ood.
As a widow, Thav Heat has to bring in enough
cash to make sure nobody in the amily goes
hungry, as well as to put the children through
school. Women across Cambodia are acing
a similar challengewith husbands absent
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because o death, divorce, or migration or work
in other provinces or abroad.
But at new womens development centers,
women like Thav Heat are learning how to
earn more money, making lie sweeter here in
Cambodias countryside.
Depending on WomenMany women in Cambodia ind it hard to make
the money they need. Poor education and alack o skills are the obvious obstacles, while
obligations at home may prevent women
traveling to ind work. They also ace a struggle
to get access to inormation that may help
them set up a small business or get training to
improve their employment prospects.
These are among the points that Ing Kantha
Phavi is keen to drive home. The minister or
womens afairs cuts a nononsense gure
as she walks around her Phnom Penh oce,
rattling of acts and gures, while pulling
reports rom shelves and digging out printed
versions o PowerPoint presentations to back
up her arguments. The documentation shows
that without the contribution o women, the
economy would be struggling.
The inormal sector is very important, said the
minister. It provides 60% o GDP [gross domesticproduct]and employs more than 80% o
working women.
Women are also important in the garment
sector, Ing Kantha Phavi said. They need to be
taken seriously.
A cursory look around the capital city puts esh
on the statistical bones. In a place where almost
Spinning yarn is an incomegenerating activity or womanat ADBsupported womensdevelopment centers.
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every house doubles as a shop, women
are oten the ace o the enterprise, i not
the owners. Female involvement in business
runs rom the sole trader pushing a ood cart
around the streets, to the top level in the
boardrooms o several o the countrys
largest companies.
Creating CompensationIt is a vibrant pictureyet, many o Cambodias
working women are struggling nancially, with
the situation at its most acute in rural areas. In
terms o employment possibilities, there is little
outside o blue jeans and grassthat is, the
production lines at the garment actories in
and around Phnom Penhor else agriculture.
Domestic work in private households is one
other option.
The problem is povertyand access toopportunities, said Ing Kantha Phavi. Her
ministry has been working on a number
o projects to address the issues, among
them, womens development centers. These
Women at a womens developmentcenter dye reeds that they willweave into oor mats. The coloradds value to the nal product.
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acilitiesoverseen by the ministry, and
supported by partners including ADB and
the International Labour Organizationtrain
women in lie skills and marketable skills such
as entrepreneurship classes. They also ofer easy
access to microcredit.
This may have some impact on the situation
depicted by a Ministry o Womens Afairspresentation on gender and the economy. It
describes a state in which very little attention
is paid to developing the inormal economy, by
either the government or international donors.
Women in particular have sufered because o a
lack o business development and employment
promotion services. Many lack the condence
to move into nontraditional lines o work, or are
reluctant to take risks because o their amily
commitments. Without a support structure,
it can be dicult or women to make
changeseven i they stand to improve their
lives as a result.
The womens development centers ocused
initially on enhancing existing skills to help
their clients improve their livelihoods. Thedetails o the approach vary rom province
to province to suit each areas circumstances;
or example, in Kompong Chhnang, in
the middle o the country, traditional mat
weaving has been the vehicle or change.
I have been doing this since I was 13, said Un
Keang, without looking up rom the loom that
sits between the wooden poles supporting her
The inormal sector is very important. It provides 60% o GDP
and employs more than 80% o women.
Ing Kantha Pavi, minister or womens aairs
Sewing is part o a porolio oincomegenerating activities thatwomen can learn at womensdevelopment centers.
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house in Khleng Por village. She sat crosslegged
in ront o the handoperated machine, as a
redandcream mat emerged rom the strands o
straw stretched across the contraption.
Now 60 years old, Un Kean is living proo that
age is no barrier to learning something new. The
womens development center, a halhour boat
ride away, has shown her how to adapt her skills
to suit the contemporary market. The changes
she has been able to make have had a signicant
impact on amily nances.
Since the womens development center came
to teach me, I have been able to use more
colors and do diferent designs, she said. In
the past, we sold mats cheaply, but with better
design and color we can get a better price,
and that really makes a diference to daily lie.
The extra money means I can help my children
and grandchildren with their schooling, and
anything else they need.
Beyond Remuneration, Holistic RewardsThav Heat has also discovered that help isclose at hand. The opening o a womens
development center in Leang Dey has brought
the opportunity to learn not only matweaving
skills, but how to produce bags and purses that
can be sold in the souvenir shops o Siem Reap,
the town.
On a rainy weekday aternoon, the center is
ull o activityand an atmosphere o quiet
concentration. Some women are sewing bags
together, their treadlepowered machines
making barely a sound. Even i there were apower cut, they would be able to carry on
working. Another group is measuring material
or bag linings, and a couple o small children
watch as their mothers use rulers to straighten
out the straw, ready or weaving.
People used to spend up to 6 days making
one matand then they would sell it or
$5. Lots o labor, to make very little money,
said Uch Sarom, ADB management and training
advisor at the center. Now, they can make
$3 or $4 a day depending on how ast they
work. We are teaching them marketing and
design at the same time, and also giving
general business training.
Her new skills mean that Thav Heat can stay
close to home while earning the extra money
her amily needs. Even the raw material or
the bags she makes, a grass known locally as
ronchek, grows right on her doorstep.
It has made a big diference, she said. My
amilys standard o living will be much better
than beore. And it is good to have a steady
job close to home because I have my young
children and elderly mother to look ater. I they
need me, I can go to help immediately.
Thav Heat hopes her daughter will be able to
join in the work when she is old enough, instead
o moving away to nd a job. The womens
development center has made that a possibility,and i its encouraging early results continue, it
will have perormed an important service: giving
Cambodian women the tools to make
a sustainable living.
My amilys standard o living will be much better than beore.
And it is good to have a steady job close to home because I have
my young children and elderly mother to look ater.
Thav Heat, who received training rom her local womens development center.
Project Inormation
Womens Development Centers Project
Financing: $1.8 million, Japan Fund or Poverty
Reduction (ADB); $39,500, beneciaries;
$360,500, Government o Cambodia
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A woman spins yarn at anADBsupported womensdevelopment center.
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