The Global Experience -...

Chapter

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert

AP® Seventh Edition

A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe

Figure 11.1 Having experienced many close calls with the weather during his years at sea, St. Godric was troubled on stormy nights for

the rest of his life, thinking of the peril of sailors. He is best remembered for his

extraordinary affinity for wild animals. He protected hunted animals and is said to have

allowed snakes to warm themselves at his fire.

Chapter Overview

I. Stages of Postclassical Development

II. Western Culture in the Postclassical Era

III.Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Postclassical Centuries

IV.The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis

TIMELINE 500 C.E. to 1450 C.E.

Stages of Postclassical Development

• Middle Ages

– 6th to 10th centuries

– Fragmentation prevails

• Scandinavian Vikings

– Raids from 8th to 10th centuries

• The Manorial System: Obligations and Allegiances

– Local, personal political organization

– Manorialism

Agricultural economy

Reciprocal obligations

• In-kind labor for produce

Serfdom

• The Manorial System: Obligations and Allegiances

– 800s

Agricultural innovation

Moldboard

Crop rotation on three-field system

• The Church: Political and Spiritual Power

– Popes follow Roman organization

Appoint bishops

Sponsor missionaries

– Warrior chieftain, Clovis

Figure 11.2 Last Judgment: Apocalypse of Reichenau. This picture was part of materials to be read in religious services in the 11th century in Germany. At the bottom, the dead are rising

from their tombs for the Last Judgment, summoned by angels escorted by the winds.

The picture illustrates the goals Christians were urged to make paramount, focusing on life

after death.

Visualizing the PastPeasant Labor

Peasants at labor.

– Monasticism

Benedict of Nursia

• Benedictine rule

Spiritual functions

• Holiness

• Network

• Pilgrimage centers

– Monasticism

Secular functions

• Education

• Large estates

• Shelter travelers

Universities, from 13th century

• Charlemagne and His Successors

– Frankish Carolingian dynasty

Charles Martel

• 732, Tours

Charles the Great (Charlemagne)

• 800, crowned emperor

• Copied Roman central administration

• 814, death

– Empire fragments

Map 11.1 Charlemagne’s Empire and Successor States

Charlemagne gathered a wide section of western Europe under his sway, but the empire was divided among his three grandsons after

his death.

• Charlemagne and His Successors

– Frankish Carolingian dynasty

843, Treaty of Verdun

• Three kingdoms

– Holy Roman emperors

Ruling Germany, Italy

• New Economic and Urban Vigor

– Agricultural improvements

Increased production

Surplus, wealth, population growth

– Towns grow

Literacy expands

– Education

Cathedral schools, from 11th century

Universities, from 13th century

Figure 11.3 The pope’s coronation of the emperor Charlemagne was a vital precedent for the idea that church approval was essential for a legitimate state in western Europe. In fact,

however, Charlemagne’s power greatly exceeded the pope’s.

(Coronation of Charlemagne at St. Peter’s by Pope Leo III. Grandes Chroniques de France,

fol. 106r. Musee Goya, Castres, France. Giraudon/Art Resource, NY.)

• Feudal Monarchies and Political Advances

– Vassals

– Personal relationship

Military service for land

– Some lords emerge more powerful

Capetian kings of France

Develop bureaucracies, states

• Feudal Monarchies and Political Advances

– William the Conqueror

1066, Norman conquest of England

Centralized government

• Sheriffs, courts

• Limited Government

– Political fragmentation continues

Monarchs limited by church, nobles, towns

– 1215, Magna Carta

King John recognizes supremacy of written law

• Limited Government

– Parliaments, representative bodies

Catalonia, from 1000

England, from 1265

Other countries: three estates

– Monarchs continue to increase in power

Large conflicts

• Hundred Years War

• The West's Expansionist Impulse

– Germanic knights

From 11th century, into eastern Germany, Poland

– Iberia

Northern Christian states begin reconquista

– Vikings

Cross Atlantic

Map 11.2 Western Europe Toward the End of the Middle Ages, c. 1360 C.E.

Near the end of the postclassical period, strong monarchies had consolidated their holdings, and boundaries between states were coming

into sharper focus.

• The West's Expansionist Impulse

– Crusades

Called by Pope Urban II, 1095

Initial success

New contact with Islam

Figure 11.4 This imaginary duel between the noble Christian champion King Richard of

England and the Muslim leader Saladin clearly shows the difference between “good guys” and “bad guys.” Although many actual crusaders

respected Saladin as a skilled military leader, in Europe he was condemned as an infidel.

• Religious Reform and Evolution

– Gregorian reform, 11th century

Based in monasteries

Gregory VII

• Separation of secular and religious spheres

• Investiture

– Mendicants, 13th century

St. France, St. Clare, St. Dominic

Figure 11.5 On the night of March 20, 1212, the Count of Sasso-Rosso’s 18-year-old

daughter, Clare, stole away from her father’s house to dedicate herself to a life of poverty

and holiness. She resisted all attempts by her father to bring her home and by the church to

persuade her to accept some income as a guarantee against starvation for her order,

which depended entirely on the begging of local friars for its daily bread. Clare was named

abbess of a convent just three years later, and she never again left its grounds. Her sisters,

her mother, and an aunt followed her into the order. She was canonized Saint Clare of Assisi

in 1255.

• The High Middle Ages

– 12th and 13th centuries

– Creative tensions

Christianity vs. university life

Political structures vs. monarchies

Western Civilization

• Difficult to define "the West"

• Concept of Christendom

• Not coherent; distinctive national histories and allegiances

• Western vs. national features

• Copied from many other societies

– Until end of Middle Ages

– New role in the world at large

Western Culture in the Postclassical Era

• Theology: Assimilating Faith and Reason

– Exploration of Greek philosophy

– Peter Abelard, 12th century

Rational examination of doctrine

– Bernard of Clairvaux

Opposed to Abelard's approach

Mysticism

– Debate in universities

• Theology: Assimilating Faith and Reason

– Thomas Aquinas

Summas

Faith primary, reason leads to understanding

Scholasticism

– Roger Bacon

• Popular Religion

– Christianity

Unaware how many actions contradict morality

• Raoul de Cambrai

– Evolution of belief

Merciful side of Christianity

– Magical rituals and pagan festivals persist

• Religious Themes in Art and Literature

– Romanesque architecture

Especially monastic buildings

– Gothic

From 11th century

• Religious Themes in Art and Literature

– 12th century

Vernacular, secular literature

e.g. Song of Roland

Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales

Troubadours

Figure 11.6 The cathedral of Notre-Dame (Our Lady) at Amiens, France, is a grand

example of gothic architecture, which flourished during the later Middle Ages in western Europe.

The cathedral, which dwarfs the surrounding buildings, was built between 1220 and 1402 and was the tallest building in Europe at the

time of its completion.

Map 11.3 Leading Trade Routes Within Western and Central Europe and to the

Mediterranean

Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Postclassical Centuries

• New Strains in Rural Life

– Peasants v. landlords

Slow improvement for peasants

• Growth of Trade and Banking

– Commerce expands

Mediterranean zone joined with North Sea, Baltic

– Money replaces barter

– Banking, insurance merge

– Hanseatic Leage

Northern Germany, southern Scandinavia

– Capitalism

Figure 11.7 This 14th-century miniature shows views of a banking house. People might keep money in banks, seek loans, or arrange

transactions with merchants in faraway centers of trade.

• Growth of Trade and Banking

– Merchants relatively free

But of low status

– Guilds

Craft associations

Protect markets

Ensure standards

Social role

• Limited Sphere for Women

–Women generally lose ground

–Religion

Mary counterbalancing Eve

Some opportunities as nuns

The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis

• Widespread warfare from 1300 to 1500

• Population outstrips agriculture

• Black Death from 1348

• Signs of Strain

– Aristocracy lose military purpose

Foot soldiers more important

Increasingly decorative

– Church increasingly rigid

Figure 11.8 The Siege of Paris, pictured here, took place in 1465, after the French nobility

rose up against King Louis XI, whose treatment of them had left them angry and ambitious to

reestablish their independence from the Crown. Calling themselves the League of Public Good, they marched on Paris, but the fighting there was indecisive and gave Louis the chance to

regroup. The uprising was ended by treaty two months later. This incident was a revealing clash between feudal values and new royal

ambition.

Figure 11.9 This painting shows survivors at Tournai placing plague victims in coffins before mass burial became the only way to keep up

with the deaths. The Black Death, which killed up to a quarter of the population of Europe in just 20 years, devastated medieval society.

The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis

• The Postclassical West and Its Heritage

– Formative period

Dynamic change

Vulnerability

– Universities and Gothic art

– Divided rule resembled Africa and Japan

Imitation process

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