Post on 20-Jul-2020
TheFutureofOffshoreWindinAmericaBeginswithBlockIsland
RyanMerluza
SubmittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsforthecourseSustainabilityPolicyandPractice(STS364/H)intheScience,Technology,andSocietyProgramattheNewJersey
InstituteofTechnology
May10,2016
1
TableofContents
TableofContents..................................................................................................................................1Acknowledgments...............................................................................................................................................2Abstract...................................................................................................................................................................4Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................5I.WhyOffshoreWind?.........................................................................................................................................7
II.WhatWeCanLearnfromEurope............................................................................................................8
III.ReducingtheCarbonFootprintfromElectricity.......................................................................10
IV.OffshoreWindFarm’sEffectonHurricanes.................................................................................11
V.GreenIllusions?..............................................................................................................................................12
VI.DeepwaterWind’sBlockIslandWindFarm.................................................................................14
VII.FutureofOffshoreWindinNY............................................................................................................16
VIII.Conclusion....................................................................................................................................................19Bibliography........................................................................................................................................................21
2
Acknowledgements
§ KimFraczek-Co-directorofSaneEnergyProject
□ TheSaneEnergyProjectisagrassrootsactivistgroupdedicatedtoavisionof
a100%renewableenergyNewYorkCityandNewYorkState.Ihadthechance
tomeetwiththegroupandlearnabouttheireffortstoinformthepublicand
pressureNewYork’selectedofficialstofocusonthetransitiontorenewable
energy rather than expand on fossil fuel projects in the state. The panel
discussion they organized gave me the connections that made this report
possible.
§ ClintPlummer–VicePresidentofDevelopmentatDeepWaterWind
□ Mr. Plummer provided the technical details on the project aswell as their
plansforfuturewindfarmsintheregion.Helaidoutthevisionoffshorewind
industryhasforthecountry.
3
§ AmberHewett–RegionalCampaignCoordinatorattheNationalWildlifeFederation
□ Ms.HewittdetailedthecoordinationDeepwaterWindhadwiththeNational
Wildlife Federation during the process of planning and construction of the
BlockIslandWindFarmtoensuretheprotectionoflocalecosystemsandthe
migrationroutesoftheNorthAtlanticWhale.
§ BenAranaandRichardDuva– InternationalBrotherhoodofElectricalWorkers
(IBEW)laborunionrepresentatives
□ Mr. Arana and Mr. Duva explained the role labor unions will play in the
transitiontorenewableenergyinNewYork
§ Dr.MarkZ.Jacobsen–ProfessorofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringatStanford
University
□ Dr. Jacobsen and his colleagues has developed state by state plans for the
UnitedStatestotransitionto100%renewableenergyby2050.aswelldone
studiesontheeffectlargescalewindfarmsonhurricanesandtropicalstorms.
4
Abstract
UtilizingthesameenergysourcethatpropelledColumbus’shipsfromSpaintothenew
world,Americaaimstoharnessthewindoverourseasonceagainbybuildingthecountry’s
firstoffshorewindfarm.Thefiveturbine,thirtymegawattwindfarmbeingbuiltoffthecoast
ofBlockIsland,RIhopestosparkthebeginningofabrandnewindustryintheUnitedStates.
Fiveturbinesinthewaterisminisculeincomparisontotherenewableenergyeffortsinthe
EuropeanUnion,whichcurrentlyhas3,230windturbinesinstalledandsupplyingpowerto
thegrid(EWEA).Alittlelatetotheparty,Americahastheopportunitytonotonlycatchup,
butovertakeEuropewiththevastpotentialoftheuntappedenergysourcefoundafewmiles
offthecountry’scoastline.Acleanandsustainableenergysource,offshorewindwillplaya
majorroleincontributingtotheenergymixfromrenewablesourcesifthecountryhopesto
meetthegoalsofreducingitsgreenhousegasemissions.Withthemaingoalinmindbeing
progressingtowardsthemitigationofclimatechange,renewableenergyandoffshorewind
willprovetoplayanevenlargerrolewiththeimpactsitwillhaveonnationalsecurityfrom
thedecreaseindependencefromforeignoiltostimulatingourlocaleconomiesbycreating
jobsinthecountrytomanufacture,install,andmaintainthisnewinfrastructure.Betterlate
thanneverandhopefullynottoolate,TheBlockIslandWindFarmmarksthebeginningof
the offshore wind industry in America and this report will analyze how the future of
harnessing this energy will positively affect the environmental and economic pillars of
sustainabilityforthelocalregionandthestateofNewYork.
5
Introduction
This report aims to analyze the impacts offshorewindwill have on the different
pillarsofsustainabilityinboththelocalregionaswellasthestateofNewYork.TheBlock
IslandWind Farm, America’s first offshorewind project, serves as a prototype forwhat
hopes to be an emerging new industry in this country.With the offshorewind projects
alreadyproposed to line thenortheastAtlantic coastline,DeepwaterWind’sBlock Island
Wind Farmwill set the precedence for futurewind farms to come. Studies done by the
NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL)showthevastenergypotentialthatliesoff
ourcoastlinesandcountriesinEuropeproveitcanbeharnessedwiththetechnologythatis
available today. Beyond the positive impacts on the environment through reducing the
greenhousegasemissions fromthepowerthecountrygenerates,offshorewindhopes to
createthousandsofjobslocallytobuildtheinfrastructureneededtomanufacture,install,
andmaintaintheturbines.
Bymovingtheturbinesoffthelandandouttothesea,itallowswindfarmstotake
advantageofeconomiesofscalebybuildingbiggerturbinesingreaternumberswhichwould
harnessthewindwhereitblowsthestrongestandduringpeakenergydemandtimes.When
it comes to competing with energy generated from fossil fuels, it is time to add the
detrimentalenvironmentalcost fromclimatechangeto thepriceof fossil fuels througha
carbontax.Yet,lobbyingfromthefossilfuelindustryhassetbackthegovernment’sefforts
toactaggressivelyonclimatechangeandpreventthe implementationofacarbontaxon
fossilfuels.Theabilitytoutilizeeconomiesofscalewouldallowenergygeneratedwithwind
6
powertocompetewithenergyproducedfromafossilfuelfiredplantbyreducingtheprice
ofelectricitygenerated.
Thisreportwillbeginbyanalyzingboththebenefitsaswellasthenegativeaspects
ofoffshorewind.ItwillthenmoveitsfocustowardsAmerica’sfirstwindfarm,theimpacts
it will have on the local environment and economy, and the initiative it took to protect
ecosystemsandmigratorypatternsoftheNorthAtlanticWhale.Fromthereitwillprogress
towardsanalyzingthefutureofoffshorewindinthenortheastandtheroletheindustrywill
playinNewYorkachievingitsgoalofhaving50%ofitsenergygeneratedfromrenewable
sourcesby2030andbeyond.
7
I.WhyOffshoreWind?
Theeffortstoactaggressivelyonclimatechangeandtransitiontorenewableenergy
hasbeenmetwithextremeresistanceintheUnitedStatesfromtheindustriesthatprofit
fromaneconomythatrunsonfossilfuels.Acorruptcampaignfinancesystemhasessentially
allowedprivateindustrytobuypoliticiansandinfluencetheirdecisionstodrivesubsidies
and legislation over the years thatwork in favor for the fossil fuel industry and against
renewables.Theenergycrisisin1973,whenOPEC(OilandPetroleumExportingCountries)
cutoff thesupplyofoil toAmerica,rosethepublicawarenessontherisks involvedwith
dependenceonforeignoilandafiniteenergysource.Thenyearsofperpetualwarfareinthe
MiddleEasttoensurethecontinuousflowofoiltopoweroureconomyhasleftgenerations
ofAmericansneverlivingadaywithouttheircountryinastateofwar.Pilingallofthison
topofthedevastatingeffectsfromclimatechangebeingexperiencedacrosstheglobe,iswhy
transformingourenergysystemawayfromfossilfuelsshouldbeconsideredatoppriority
byelectedofficials.ThestimuluspackagePresidentObamapassedwithinhisfirstmonthin
officein2009wasquotedtohave“essentiallysavedtherenewableenergyindustryinthe
UnitedStates”(Green,2009).A totalof$90billion in fundingwouldbedirectedtowards
renewableenergy,thelargestbillforrenewableenergyofanypresident,anditwouldspur
thewindindustrytogrow.Theelectricitygeneratedfromwindturbineshastripledsincehis
administrationhasbeeninoffice.Fastforwardtothesummerof2016,thefoundationsfor
America’s first offshore wind farm are installed off the coast of Block Island, RI. By
harnessingtheabundantandrenewableenergyfoundoffofourcoastlines,offshorewind
8
hastheabilitytoplayamajorroleinthefutureofourenergyindependenceaswellasto
tacklethechallengescreatedbyclimatechange.
II.WhatwecanlearnfromEurope
America has a lot of catching up to do if it
hopesto followthesuccessesof theoffshorewind
industry inEurope.TheEuropeanUnioncurrently
has 3,230 turbines installed and connected to the
grid,providingatotalcapacityof11,027MWasof
2015. Using the the average consumption for a
home in the US, onemegawatt would power 650
homes.WithEurope’soffshoregeneratingcapacity,itwouldbeenoughtopower7,167,550
homes.Thatis84offshorewindfarmsinelevendifferentEuropeancountries.Denmarkwas
thefirstcountrytoinstallanoffshorewindturbine
back in 1991, twenty-five years before America
installs the foundation for their first. The
infrastructuretomanufactureandinstalloffshore
wind turbines is already established, as the top
offshorewindsuppliersalloriginatefromEurope
with Siemens (Germany) leading the way. With
concernsoftheenvironmentalimpactofoffshorewindfarms,studiesweredonetoassess
theimpactofDenmark’stwolargestwindfarms.Thestudyanalyzedthenumberofspecies
Table1
Table2
9
andbiomasswithintheareaof thewindfarm,andfoundthenumbersactually increased
after installation. Offshore wind in Europe currently serves 1.5% of the total electrical
consumption of the European Union, but keep in mind that not every country in the
EuropeanUnionproducesenergy fromoffshorewind.TheUnitedKingdom inparticular,
whocurrentlygeneratesthemostelectricityfromoffshorewindthananyothercountry,has
growntheiroffshorewindeffortsenoughtomeet5%ofitselectricityrequirements.
MapofEurope’sOffshoreWindFarms
10
III.Reducingthecarbonfootprintfromelectricitygeneration
Wind turbines give us the ability to transform the kinetic energy fromwind into
electricitywithout emitting any greenhouse gasses. The emissions of greenhouse gasses
from offshore wind does not come from the generation of electricity, but instead the
manufacturing,shippingandinstallation.Thelifecycleanalysisofoffshorewindfarmshave
shownthatoverallemissionsovertheexistenceofawindfarmarelowinrelationtoother
electricity generationprojects such as a fossil fuel fired generatingplant. Significant CO2
reductionsareseen fromthecountries thathaveoffshorewindsupplyingpower to their
grids.Table4displaysthetotalemissionsofanoffshorewindfarmconsistingof80wind
turbines. Theminimum andmaximum values show the emissions if thewind farmwas
produced in one country and shipped to another. This shows the best way to reduce
emissionsoverthelifeofthewindfarmistodeveloptheinfrastructuretomanufacture,ship,
andinstallthemajormaterialslocally.Now,toputthetotalemissionsfromanoffshorewind
farmintoperspective,thehighestemittingcoalfiredplantintheUnitedStatesislocatedin
Georgia.Itproduces23,861,000tonsofCO2eachyear,whilealargescalewindfarmherecan
produceCO2emissionsaslowas60,600tonsoveritswholelifetime(CARMA).
11
IV.Offshorewindfarmseffectonhurricanes
With climate change causing the increasing the occurrences of hurricanes and
superstormslikeSandy,researchesfromStanfordUniversitywereinterestedtoseeiflarge
scalewindfarmscannotonlywithstandbutalsopossiblyaffectthehurricaneinanyway.
MarcJacobsenandhisteamutilizedcomputermodelingsoftwaretosimulateandanalyze
theaffectsoffshorewindfarmshaveonhurricanes.Oneoftheobviousconcernswouldbeif
thewind turbines can even handle the extreme conditions of a storm themagnitude of
HurricaneSandyorKatrina,buttheirdatashowsthatturbinesutilizingtoday’stechnology
canwithstand and also weaken the storm through extracting its energy. Their research
showsthatwindturbinesinthewatercanweakenthehurricanebyreducingitswindspeeds
andminimizingstormsurges.Incomparisontocostlyseawallsthathavebeenproposedto
bebuilttoaddresiliencytoourcoastalcities,offshorewindfarmswouldaddthedualbenefit
ofmitigatingthestormsurgewhilealsogeneratingelectricity.Inthiseffect,aninvestment
inoffshorewindasopposedtoseawallswouldpayitselfbackovertime.Theresearchesran
thetestsimulatingthreedifferenthurricanes,Sandy,Isaac,andKatrina.Thedatareturned
forHurricaneKatrinashowedthatwith78,000turbinesinstalledintheGulfofMexicowould
havebeenabletoreducewindspeedsbetween80to98milesperhourandstormsurgesup
to79%.HurricaneSandyalsoreturnedpositiveresults,asthehurricanewasweakenedwith
windspeedsdroppingby78to87milesperhourandareductionof34%inthestormsurge
(Hurricane,Jacobsenetal.).Thesoftwaremodelsshownonthenextpageillustratesthewind
12
speedsofHurricaneSandydissipatingdue to the thousandsofoffshorewind farmsas it
reacheslandfall.
V.GreenIllusions?Acriticalviewonwindenergyasatechnocraticsolution
Ozzie Zehner, a visiting scholar from University of California Berkley, authored a
critique to heralding renewable energy sources as the technocratic solution to climate
change.Whileresearching forthisbook,he foundtherewas littleresearchdoneonwhat
negativeeffectsmaycomefromrenewableenergy.Forthe“20%Windby2030”proposal
fromtheObamaAdministration,Zehnernotedthatitwasprimarilywrittenbythepeople
thatwouldprofitoffthegrowthoftheindustry.Forwindinparticular,heofferedacritical
viewonitsabilitytopowerthecountry.Oneconcernwasovertheintermittencyofwindas
anenergysource,basically“howwillitproduceenergywhenthewinddoesnotblow?”This
13
argument is valid, yet studies have shown that itwould take amix of renewable energy
sourcesratherthanjustwindtosufficientlysupplyenoughelectricitytothegridwhilealso
ensuringresiliency.Foroffshorewind,thiswouldbelessofanissueasthestrongestand
most consistent wind patterns can be found off of the coast. Researchers at the
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyarealsotryingtosolvetheproblemofintermittency
with large commercial scale batteries, createdwith local abundantmaterials, thatwould
storetheenergyfortimeswhenitisneeded.Anotherargumentisthatwindturbinesarenot
completelygreen,asitstillusesfossilfuelstomanufacture,ship,andinstallthem.Alifecycle
analysisprovesthis,butcomparingthelifetimeemissionsofawindfarmtowhattheannual
emissionsofacoalfiredplant,asexplainedinsectionIII.,defeatsthiscritique.Zehneradmits
that thisbook is only a critical takeon renewable energy and that eventually renewable
sources would primarily power the grid. He argues that relying on these technocratic
solutionsonlydistractusfromfocusingonandaddressingtherealissue,overconsumption.
14
VI.DeepwaterWind’sBlockIslandWindFarm
The five turbine, thirty megawatts
offshorewind farmbeing constructedoff the
coastofBlockIsland,RImarksthe firstof its
kindinAmerica.Whiletherehavealreadybeen
multiple projects already proposed for the
United States, all are either still stuck in
legislative debates or planning, Deepwater
Windwasabletobreakthroughthelogjamby
collaborating with developers, labor,
environmental,andcommunitygroups in the
process of planning. Compared to the large
windfarmsfoundinEurope,BlockIslandwillbesmallinscale,butitwillserveasaprototype
forfutureprojectsinthecountry.Atacapacityofthirtymegawatts,itwillgenerateenough
electricity for about 17,000 homes in Rhode Island. In generating electricity from a
renewablesource,thewindfarmwilllowerCO2emissionsby40,000tonseachyear.
Bygeneratingtheelectricitylocally,offshorewindgivestheaddedbenefitofkeeping
jobs in the area. For the installation of the foundations done over the summer of 2015,
DeepwaterWindsoughtthehelpoflocallaborunionstodothejob.Unionleadersspokeout
insupportfortheproject,referencingitastheladderoutofRhodeIsland’seconomicholeas
thestatecurrentlyfacesahighunemploymentrate.Theprojectintheshortrunwouldcreate
over300jobs,butasthedemandforoffshorewindwillincrease,thegrowthofthemarket
15
and jobs will follow. Being the first offshore wind farm in America is not easy, as the
infrastructuretomanufactureandinstalloffshorewindonamassivescaleis lacking.The
primarypartsofanoffshorewindturbinearetheturbine,thefoundation,andtheundersea
cable. For Block Island, the General Electric-produced turbine was manufactured and
shippedfromFrance,theunderseacableiscomingfromSouthKorea,andthefoundation
originatesfromMexico.Asstatedearlier,andseenintable4,toreducethecarbonemissions
over the lifecycle of the wind farm, the turbines and major parts would have to be
manufactured locally. Block Island hopes to be the stepping stone in spurring the
developmentoftheinfrastructuretoimplementoffshorewindonalargescale.
Oneof themajor groups that has collaboratedon thedevelopment aswell as the
constructionphaseistheNationalWildlifeFederation(NWF).TheNWFhasbeenastrong
advocateforoffshorewind,andtheorganizationwasatthetableduringplanningtoensure
wildlifeandbiologicalsensitiveareasweretakenintoconsideration.Thedevelopmentofthe
Block IslandWindFarmproposed thechallengeofbeingwithin thevicinityofmigration
routesfortheendangeredNorthAtlanticWhale.Priortoconstruction,studiesweredoneon
themigrationperiodand routesof thewhales toensure constructiondoesnot interfere.
Beyondtheplanningphase,NWFwasalsopresentduringtheinstallationofthefoundation
structure. Organization representatives set strict times to restrict construction and pile
drivingduringmigrationperiods.Thenpiledrivingandsonicpingswouldbestoppedwhen
awhaleenteredthevicinityinordertoreducethenoisepollutioninthewaterwhichwould
interrupt the whale’s communications. All the steps taken to protect the North Atlantic
Whaleandthelocalecosystemshavebeensaidtobestricterandthatitgoesfartherthan
normalgovernmentregulations.
16
VII.FutureofOffshoreWindinNewYork
ThecompletionoftheBlockIslandWindFarmhasthepotentialtoraiseinterestand
demand in offshore wind, but the project highlights the necessity to develop the
infrastructure to implement offshore wind on a much larger scale. Studies done by the
NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(NREL),asseeninthismap,showthatourstrongest
andmostconsistentwindscanbefoundalongthecountry’scoastlines.Inordertocreatean
offshorewindindustry,itwouldrequiredockbuilders,steelworkers,electricians,engineers,
andnumerousothers.NRELestimatesthattheAtlanticstates“wouldgenerate$200billion
in new economic activity and create more than 43,000 permanent high-paying jobs if
availableoffshorewindresourceswereutilized”(NWF).Realizingthepotentialforoffshore
windintheregion,itisabrandnewindustrywiththeabilitytogrowandbenefitthelocal
17
areas.WiththeresourcesontheAtlanticCoast,ithastheabilitytogenerateasmuchpower
as52coalfiredplantsemitting97.2milliontonsofCO2annually.
Currently New York has
already set energy goals to be
achievedbytheyear2030.Thoseare:
• 40% Reduction in Greenhouse
Gasesfrom1990levels
• 50% Generation of electricity
fromrenewableenergysources
• 23% Decrease in energy
consumption in buildings from
2012levels
In order tomeet these goals, known asNewYork’s Reforming the Energy Vision (REV),
offshorewindwillhavetoplayamajorroleinthemix.BeyondtheBlockIslandWindFarm,
DeepwaterWindalsohasalargerwindfarmthatwouldprovidepowertoLongIsland.The
mapaboveshowstheproposedwindfarmoffthecoastofRockawayBeach,whichwould
supplyelectricitytoNewYorkCityandLongIsland.Preliminaryproposalshavethewind
farm capacity to be rated at 350Megawatts (112,000Homes), but future developments
wouldraiseitscapacityupto700Megawatts(224,000Homes).
TheInternationalBrotherhoodofElectricalWorkers(IBEW)andotherlaborunions
willplayasignificantroleinthetransitiontorenewableenergy.Asthegridshiftstowards
renewables, jobs in the fossil fuel industrywoulddecline steadily.Toensure theirunion
18
memberswouldnotbeputoutofwork,theIBEWhasstateditwouldhelpmemberswiththe
transitionbyprovidingclassesandanewtraining facility inLong IslandCity.Employing
laborunionmembersmeanshiringpeoplefromthelocalcommunitiesandensuringworkers
intheindustryhaveavoicetoreceivedecentpayandbenefits.IBEWhasevenbeenvocal
aboutitsstanceonclimatechange,acknowledgingthatthetransfertorenewableenergyis
biggerthanjobsandtheeconomy.AllenDurand,managerofLocal99ofIBEW,ontheissue
ofcheaperfossilfuelshasstated,“[C]oalischeapertoburnbecauseitdoesnotincludethe
priceoftreatingpeoplewhocontractblacklungdiseaseandotherpollutionrelatedillnesses.
ThebenefitsoftheDeepwaterWindprojectarethedamageweavoidtotheenvironment”
(Stycos).
LookingevenfurtheraheadthanNewYork’sREVinitiativeof50%renewableenergy
by2030,MarcJacobsenfromStanfordhasbeenleadingateamofresearcherstodevelop
plansonastatebystatebasistotransitionto100%renewablesbyusingtoday’stechnology.
InordertoprovideenoughpowertoNewYork’sgrid,itwouldtakeagrandmixofdifferent
technologies to provide a system that is both sufficient and resilient. To choose which
renewableenergytechnologieswouldbesupplyingthegrid,theyanalyzedelevendifferent
criteria: carbon-dioxide equivalent emissions, air-pollution mortality and morbidity,
resourceabundance,footprintontheground,spacingrequired,waterconsumption,effects
onwildlife, thermalpollution,waterchemicalpollution/radioactivewaste,energysupply
disruption, and normal operating reliability (100% RE NY, Jacobsen et al). Using these
determinations,thebiggestcontributortothegridat40%wouldbesuppliedusingoffshore
wind. The rest of the electricity generated would come from a mix of onshore wind,
concentratedsolarplants,solarphotovoltaicplants,rooftopsolarpanelsoncommercialand
19
residentialbuildings,geothermal,wave, tidal,andhydroelectric.Atotalof50%ofenergy
wouldcomefromwindand38%fromsolarastheyarethemostreadilyavailableresources
forthestate.Thestudyalsooutlinesthebenefitsoftransitionto100%renewableenergy,
fromreducingthemortalityratesfromairpollution,boostingtheeconomyinthestatefrom
thedevelopmentofnewindustries,andreducingtheoverallenvironmentaldamageinthe
statebymakingtheswitchto100%renewables.
VIII.Conclusion
Afterweighingtheprosandconsthatcomefromoffshorewind,itishardtoargue
withthevastbeneficialpotentialtheindustryhasforAmerica.ThefirstAmericanoffshore
wind farm inBlock Islandaims tobe completedand inoperationby the fall of2016.By
followingDeepwaterWind’scollaborativeeffortwithenvironmental,localcommunity,and
labor groups, future offshore projects now have a game plan to get the industry off the
groundandrunning.Energyandthetransitiontorenewablesspansawholewidearrayof
20
issues,whichmakesastrongcasetoactaggressivelyonthismatter.Offshorewindaddresses
theneedtoreduceouremissionstoavoidcatastrophiceventsfromclimatechange.Ithelps
addressissuesofnationalsecurity,asoffshorewindcanreduceourdependenceonforeign
oil. Doing so would minimize the necessity to have military presence in conflict-ridden
regionsliketheMiddleEast.Itwouldbenefittheeconomicandsocialpillarsofsustainability
by creating well-paying and long-term jobs, strengthening the middle class, and giving
workers a fair shot towardsupwardeconomicmobility.WithEurope’s offshore industry
alreadyinplaceforovertwentyyears,wehavetheaddedbenefitoflearningfromboththeir
setbacksandsuccesses.America’sfirstwindfarmwillcertainlynotbethelast,asthisbrand
newindustryhastheabilitytogrowandevenpossiblyovertakeEurope.Offshorewindgives
Americatheabilitytoharnessavastuntappedrenewableenergysourcefoundjustadistance
offofourcoastlines,anditwillprovetoplayasignificantroleinthecomingyearsasthe
countryhopestobuildtowardsacleanerandmoresustainablefuture.
21
Bibliography
"BlockIslandWindFarm-DeepwaterWind."DeepwaterWind.Web.11Apr.2016.<http://dwwind.com/project/block-island-wind-farm/>.
"OffshoreStatistics|EWEA."EWEA.Web.11Apr.2016.<http://www.ewea.org/statistics/offshore/>.
SaneEnergyProject.2015.Web.11Apr.2016.<http://saneenergyproject.org/about/mission/>.
Green,Joshua."TheElusiveGreenEconomy."TheAtlantic.July1,2009.AccessedDecember2,2014.<http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/07/the-elusive-green-economy/307554/>.
"TheEuropeanOffshoreWindIndustry-KeyTrendsandStatistics2015."EWEA.Feb.2016.Web.11Apr.2016.<http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/EWEA-European-Offshore-Statistics-2015.pdf>.
"WindinPower–2015EuropeanStatistics."EWEA.Feb.2016.Web.11Apr.2016.<http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/EWEA-Annual-Statistics-2015.pdf>.
"DigDeeper."CARMA.Web.11Apr.2016.<http://carma.org/dig/show/carbonplant>.
Jacobsen,MarkZ.,CristinaL.Archer,andWillettKempton."TamingHurricaneswithArraysofOffshoreWindTurbines."NatureClimateChange(2014):195-200.Web.11Apr.2016.<http://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/WindHurricane/HurricTurbPaperNatCC.pdf>.
Stycos,Steven."MoreUnionSupportforBlockIslandWindFarm."TheBlockIslandTimes.25Jan.2010.Web.11Apr.2016.<http://www.blockislandtimes.com/article/more-union-support-block-island-wind-farm/25804>.
"OffshoreWindEnergyandPotentialEconomicImpactsinLongIsland."AdvancedEnergyResearchandTechnologyCenter.StonyBrookUniversity,25Nov.2014.Web.11Apr.2016.<http://www.aertc.org/docs/SBUOSWEcoDevFinal11-25.pdf>.
Jacobsen,MarkZ.,andMarkA.Delucchi."APathtoSustainableEnergyby2030."ScientificAmericanNov.2009:58-65.Print.
Jacobson,MarkZ.,RobertW.Howarth,MarkA.Delucchi,StanR.Scobie,JannetteM.Barth,MichaelJ.Dvorak,MeganKlevze,HindKatkhuda,BrianMiranda,NavidA.Chowdhury,RickJones,LarsenPlano,andAnthonyR.Ingraffea."ExaminingtheFeasibilityofConvertingNewYorkState’sAll-purposeEnergyInfrastructuretoOneUsingWind,Water,and
22
Sunlight."EnergyPolicy57(2013):585-601.Web.11Apr.2016.<https://web.stanford.edu/group/efmh/jacobson/Articles/I/NewYorkWWSEnPolicy.pdf>."OffshoreWindintheAtlantic."NationalWildlifeFederation.2010.AccessedApril11,2016.https://www.nwf.org/~/media/PDFs/Global-Warming/Reports/NWF-Offshore-Wind-in-the-Atlantic.ashx.