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THE EUROPEAN UNIONTHE EUROPEAN UNIONInstitutions and Legal Institutions and Legal
FrameworkFrameworkMichele ColucciMichele Colucci
Email: Email: info@colucci.euWeb site: Web site: www.colucci.eu
European College, ParmaEuropean College, ParmaAcademic year 2010-2011Academic year 2010-2011
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PURPOSES OF THIS COURSEPURPOSES OF THIS COURSE
INTRODUCING THE EU LEGAL ORDERINTRODUCING THE EU LEGAL ORDERUNDERSTANDING THE EU UNDERSTANDING THE EU INSTITUTIONS’ MECHANISMINSTITUTIONS’ MECHANISMEU LAW IN MOTIONEU LAW IN MOTIONTHE FUTURE OF THE EU:BEYOND THE THE FUTURE OF THE EU:BEYOND THE LISBON TREATYLISBON TREATY
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What is the European Union?What is the European Union?
DREAM...DREAM...– Monnet , Schuman, Spinelli,...Monnet , Schuman, Spinelli,...
HOPEHOPE– Peace and well being of its peoplePeace and well being of its people
A REALITYA REALITY– As of 1.10.2010: 27 Member States, one As of 1.10.2010: 27 Member States, one
currency for currency for 16 16 Member States, more than Member States, more than 483.000.000 people “united in diversity”!483.000.000 people “united in diversity”!
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Population figures: EU-27Population figures: EU-27
CountryCountry PopulationPopulation % of population in EU-27% of population in EU-27
GermanyGermany 82.5482.54 17.0417.04FranceFrance 59.9059.90 12.3712.37UKUK 59.3359.33 12.2512.25ItalyItaly 57.4857.48 11.8711.87SpainSpain 40.9840.98 8.468.46PolandPoland 38.1938.19 7.887.88RomaniaRomania 21.7121.71 4.484.48NetherlandsNetherlands 16.2616.26 3.353.35GreeceGreece 11.0511.05 2.282.28PortugalPortugal 10.4810.48 2.162.16BelgiumBelgium 10.4010.40 2.152.15Czech RepublicCzech Republic 10.2110.21 2.112.11HungaryHungary 10.1210.12 2.092.09SwedenSweden 8.978.97 1.851.85AustriaAustria 8.098.09 1.671.67BulgariaBulgaria 7.807.80 1.611.61DenmarkDenmark 5.405.40 1.111.11SlovakiaSlovakia 5.385.38 1.111.11FinlandFinland 5.225.22 1.081.08IrelandIreland 4.034.03 0.830.83LithuaniaLithuania 3.453.45 0.710.71LatviaLatvia 2.322.32 0.480.48SloveniaSlovenia 1.991.99 0.410.41EstoniaEstonia 1.351.35 0.280.28CyprusCyprus 0.730.73 0.150.15LuxembourgLuxembourg 0.450.45 0.090.09MaltaMalta 0.400.40 0.080.08TotalTotal 483.44483.44 100 %100 %
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HISTORIC STEPSHISTORIC STEPSTreaty of ParisTreaty of Paris, which set up the European Coal and , which set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951 (expired on 23 of July Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951 (expired on 23 of July 2002);2002);Treaties of RomeTreaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic , which set up the European Economic Community Community (EEC)(EEC) and the European Atomic Energy and the European Atomic Energy Community Community (Euratom)(Euratom) in 1957. in 1957. Single European ActSingle European Act (1986); (1986); Treaty of the European UnionTreaty of the European Union (Maastricht, 1992); (Maastricht, 1992); Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)Treaty of Amsterdam (1997)Treaty of Nice (2001). Treaty of Nice (2001). Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe signed in Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe signed in Rome on 29 october 2004Rome on 29 october 2004Reform TreatyReform Treaty (agreement on 18-19 october 2007) (agreement on 18-19 october 2007)
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THE EUROPEAN UNION (2007):THE EUROPEAN UNION (2007):A political and economic structureA political and economic structure
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THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE LISBON TREATYLISBON TREATY
““THE UNION SHALL REPLACE AND THE UNION SHALL REPLACE AND SUCCEED THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY” SUCCEED THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY” (art. 1 TEU)(art. 1 TEU)Single Legal Personality for the EU: no more Single Legal Personality for the EU: no more pillar structurepillar structureVALUES: – respect for human dignity, – freedom, – democracy, – equality, – the rule of law and respect for human rights (art.2
TEU).
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AIMSAIMSAIMS (art. 3 TEU): – “Internal Market”, – sustainable development based on balanced economic growth and price
stability, – a highly competitive social market economy, – full employment and social progress,– a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the
environment, scientific and technological advance. It shall combat social exclusion and discrimination, shall promote– social justice and protection, – equality between women and men, solidarity between generations and
protection of the rights of the child, – and solidarity among Member States.
It shall respect its rich cultural and linguistic diversity .
The legal nature of the EUThe legal nature of the EU
What is the EU legal system?What is the EU legal system?ECJ case law (Van Gend & Loos):ECJ case law (Van Gend & Loos):The Treaty is more than an agreementThe Treaty is more than an agreementNo just governments but peopleNo just governments but peopleNew Institutions with sovereign rightsNew Institutions with sovereign rightsThe “Community” is ….A NEW LEGAL The “Community” is ….A NEW LEGAL ORDER!ORDER!
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The legal nature of the EUThe legal nature of the EU
What is the EU legal system?What is the EU legal system?ECJ case law (Costa v. Enel):ECJ case law (Costa v. Enel):The Treaty is an indipendent source of lawThe Treaty is an indipendent source of law““Special and Original”Special and Original”Direct applicabilityDirect applicabilityPrimacy of lawPrimacy of law
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AIMSAIMSAIMS (art. 3 TEU): – “Internal Market”, – sustainable development based on balanced economic growth and price
stability, – a highly competitive social market economy, – full employment and social progress,– a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the
environment, scientific and technological advance. It shall combat social exclusion and discrimination, shall promote– social justice and protection, – equality between women and men, solidarity between generations and
protection of the rights of the child, – and solidarity among Member States.
It shall respect its rich cultural and linguistic diversity .
POWERS OF THE EUPOWERS OF THE EU
Exclusive competenceExclusive competence– Custom union, monetary policy, CCP,fisheryCustom union, monetary policy, CCP,fishery
Shared competenceShared competence– Internal market rules, agriculture, transportInternal market rules, agriculture, transport– Economic, social and territorial cohesionEconomic, social and territorial cohesion
Supporting actionsSupporting actions– Culture, education, vocational training, sportCulture, education, vocational training, sport
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THE INSTITUTIONSTHE INSTITUTIONS(Art. 13 TEU)(Art. 13 TEU)
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL THE COUNCILTHE COUNCILTHE EUROPEAN COMMISSIONTHE EUROPEAN COMMISSIONTHE COURT OF JUSTICETHE COURT OF JUSTICETHE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK THE COURT OF AUDITORS THE COURT OF AUDITORS
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OTHER BODIESOTHER BODIES
THE COMMITTEE OF REGIONSTHE COMMITTEE OF REGIONSTHE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE SOCIAL COMMITTEE THE EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANKTHE EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANKAGENCIESAGENCIES
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THE EUROPEAN COMMISSIONTHE EUROPEAN COMMISSIONStructureStructure
PRESIDENT AND 26 COMMISSIONERS PRESIDENT AND 26 COMMISSIONERS (2007), (2007), 17 (TEU).17 (TEU).Secretariat General, Legal ServiceSecretariat General, Legal Service36 DIRECTORATES- GENERAL 36 DIRECTORATES- GENERAL (DGs):Agriculture, Environment, (DGs):Agriculture, Environment, Employment and Social Employment and Social Affaires,Transport, and so on.Affaires,Transport, and so on.
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The European CommissionThe European CommissionRoleRole
INITIATOR OF LEGISLATIVE INITIATOR OF LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALSPROPOSALSGUARDIAN OF THE TREATIESGUARDIAN OF THE TREATIESEXECUTIVE ARM OF THE EUEXECUTIVE ARM OF THE EUMOUTHPIECE FOR THE EU AT MOUTHPIECE FOR THE EU AT INTERNATIONAL LEVELINTERNATIONAL LEVEL
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THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTTHE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT(art. 14 TEU)(art. 14 TEU)
785 Members from all 27 EU countries785 Members from all 27 EU countries– Malta (5 seats), Germany (99 seats) (96).Malta (5 seats), Germany (99 seats) (96).– 751 members751 members..
17 committees17 committeesAdministrative offices in LuxembourgAdministrative offices in LuxembourgPlenary sessions in StrasbourgPlenary sessions in StrasbourgCommittee meetings in BrusselsCommittee meetings in Brussels
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Political GroupsPolitical GroupsFormation of political groups:Formation of political groups:
MMEPEPs elected in at least one-s elected in at least one-fifth fifth of the MSof the MSs – new rule since s – new rule since 1.1.20071.1.2007minimum number of Mminimum number of MEP’s EP’s required required – 20– 20
PPE-DE PPE-DE Group of the European People’s Party and European Democrats Group of the European People’s Party and European Democrats (277) (277) PSE PSE Socialist group Socialist group (217)(217) ALDE ALDE Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (106)(106)UEN UEN Union for Europe of the Nations Group Union for Europe of the Nations Group (44)(44) Verts / ALE Verts / ALE Group of the Greens /European Group of the Greens /European FreeFree Alliance Alliance (42) (42) GUE/NGLGUE/NGL Confederal Group of the European United Left - Nordic Green Confederal Group of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left Left (41) (41) IND / DEM IND / DEM Independence / Democracy Independence / Democracy (24)(24)IDSIDS Identity, Tradition and Sovereignty Group Identity, Tradition and Sovereignty Group (21)(21)NI NI Non-attached Non-attached (13)(13)
Note: Note: figures as offigures as of May 2007 May 2007
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THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTTHE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENTRoleRole
PASSING EUROPEAN LAWS – jointly PASSING EUROPEAN LAWS – jointly with the Councilwith the Council““DEMOCRATIC SUPERVISOR” over the DEMOCRATIC SUPERVISOR” over the other EU institutionsother EU institutionsBUDGETARY POWERBUDGETARY POWER
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THE COUNCIL THE COUNCIL Art. 16 TEUArt. 16 TEU
One minister from each Member StateOne minister from each Member State9 different Council configurations9 different Council configurations
General Affairs and External Relations (including European Security and Defence General Affairs and External Relations (including European Security and Defence Policy and Developmnet Co-operationPolicy and Developmnet Co-operationEconomic and Financial Affairs (including budget)Economic and Financial Affairs (including budget)Agriculture and FisheriesAgriculture and FisheriesEmployment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer affairs Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer affairs Competitiveness (!) – comprising Competitiveness (!) – comprising
Internal Market Internal Market Industry Industry ResearchResearchTourismTourism
Justice and Home affairs (including civil protection)Justice and Home affairs (including civil protection)EnvironmentEnvironmentTransport, Telecommunications and EnergyTransport, Telecommunications and EnergyEducation, Youth and Culture (including audiovisual matters)Education, Youth and Culture (including audiovisual matters)
Council Presidency: rotation every six monthsCouncil Presidency: rotation every six monthsGeneral SecretariatGeneral SecretariatLocation: BrusselsLocation: Brussels
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How does the Council work?How does the Council work?
Working groups – more than 250Working groups – more than 250Coreper (Committee of the Permanent Coreper (Committee of the Permanent representatives of the MS’s) – responsible for representatives of the MS’s) – responsible for preparing the work of the Councilpreparing the work of the Council
Coreper I Coreper I Council of Ministers (9 configuration)Council of Ministers (9 configuration)
Coreper ICoreper III Seat in Brussels – but holds meetings in Luxembourg as Seat in Brussels – but holds meetings in Luxembourg as well (during April, June and Octoberwell (during April, June and October))
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COREPER I and IICOREPER I and IICoreper ICoreper IComposed of the Deputy Permanent Representatives, prepares the ground for Composed of the Deputy Permanent Representatives, prepares the ground for
the following Council configurations:the following Council configurations:– Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs; Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs; – Competitiveness (internal market, industry, research and tourism); Competitiveness (internal market, industry, research and tourism); – Transport, Telecommunications and Energy; Transport, Telecommunications and Energy; – Agriculture and Fisheries; Agriculture and Fisheries; – Environment; Environment; – Education, Youth and Culture (including audiovisual); Education, Youth and Culture (including audiovisual);
Coreper IICoreper IIComposed ofthe Permanent Representatives, prepares for the other Composed ofthe Permanent Representatives, prepares for the other
configurations:configurations:• General Affairs and External Relations (including European security and defence General Affairs and External Relations (including European security and defence
policy and development cooperation); policy and development cooperation); – Economic and Financial Affairs (including the budget); Economic and Financial Affairs (including the budget); – Justice and Home Affairs (including civil protection).Justice and Home Affairs (including civil protection).
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Responsibilities of the CouncilResponsibilities of the Council
To pass EU legislationTo pass EU legislationTo co-ordinate economic and social To co-ordinate economic and social policies of MSpolicies of MSTo conclude international agreements To conclude international agreements between the EU and other countriesbetween the EU and other countriesTo approve the EU’s budgetTo approve the EU’s budgetTo develop the EU’s CFSPTo develop the EU’s CFSPTo coordinate co-operation in the area of To coordinate co-operation in the area of Freedom, security and justiceFreedom, security and justice
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The Council:The Council:voting systemvoting system
UNANIMITYUNANIMITY– CFSPCFSP– TaxationTaxation– Asylum and Immigration policyAsylum and Immigration policy
Qualified Majority voting (in some cases a Qualified Majority voting (in some cases a two thirds majority) and two thirds majority) and – minimum of 232 votes is cast in favour minimum of 232 votes is cast in favour – representation of at least 62% populationrepresentation of at least 62% population
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Number of votes for MS Number of votes for MS Number of Number of VotesVotes
according to population according to population but not strictly proportional, adjusted to the less populous countries but not strictly proportional, adjusted to the less populous countries
Germany, France, Italy and the UnitedGermany, France, Italy and the United KingdomKingdom 2929Spain and PolandSpain and Poland 2727Romania 14Romania 14NetherlandsNetherlands 1313Belgium, Czech RepBelgium, Czech Rep.., Greece, Hungary and Portugal, Greece, Hungary and Portugal 1212AustriaAustria, , SwedenSweden, Bulgaria , Bulgaria 1010Denmark, Ireland, Lithuania, Slovakia and FinlandDenmark, Ireland, Lithuania, Slovakia and Finland 77Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg and SloveniaCyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg and Slovenia 44MaltaMalta 33
TOTALTOTAL 334545
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EUROPEAN COUNCIL EUROPEAN COUNCIL Art. 15 TEUArt. 15 TEU
NNeither an EU institution nor a legislator either an EU institution nor a legislator – introduced by the Single European Act (SEA)introduced by the Single European Act (SEA)– official status since the Maastrichti Treaty (TEU)official status since the Maastrichti Treaty (TEU)
provides the Union with the necessary impetus for its development and defines the general political directions and priorities. Composition: Heads of State or Government of the Member States and the President of the Commission. President elected for 2 and half yearsCouncil meets at least twice a yearsubmit to the European Parliament a report after each of its meetings and a yearly written report on the progress achieved by the Union.HIGH REPRESENTATIVE OF THE UNION FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND SECURITY POLICY (art. 18 TEU)
COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONEUROPEAN UNION
The Court of Justice (art. 253 TFEU)The Court of Justice (art. 253 TFEU)General Court (254 TFEU)General Court (254 TFEU)Specialised Courts (art. 257)Specialised Courts (art. 257)
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COURT OF JUSTICECOURT OF JUSTICE
Composition - 1 judge per each Member StateComposition - 1 judge per each Member StateFull court (27 judges) Full court (27 judges) --Grand Chamber” (13 judges) Grand Chamber” (13 judges) - - chambers of 5 or 3 judgeschambers of 5 or 3 judgesAppointed for a term of 6 years by joint agreement of the Appointed for a term of 6 years by joint agreement of the MS’sMS’sPresident for 3 yearsPresident for 3 years8 8 ( (11 RT11 RT))““advocateadvocatess general” general” (AG= Amicus Curiae) (AG= Amicus Curiae)
present reasoned opinionspresent reasoned opinions („conclusions”) („conclusions”) to Courtto CourtSeat - LuxembourgSeat - Luxembourg
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THE COURT OF JUSTICETHE COURT OF JUSTICERoleRole
to ensure that:to ensure that:– EU law is complied withEU law is complied with– Treaties are correctly interpreted and applied. Treaties are correctly interpreted and applied.
It intervenes by:It intervenes by:– References for a preliminary rulingReferences for a preliminary ruling– Actions for failure to fulfil an obligationActions for failure to fulfil an obligation– Actions for annulmentActions for annulment– Actions for failure to act.Actions for failure to act.
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CoJ: the procedureCoJ: the procedure
Written phase:Written phase:– Written statements from the partiesWritten statements from the parties– Reports by judgesReports by judges
Oral phaseOral phase– Public hearingPublic hearing
Opinion from the advocate GeneralOpinion from the advocate GeneralJudgement decided by a majorityJudgement decided by a majority
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GENERAL COURTGENERAL COURTand and
EUROPEAN CIVIL SERVICE TRIBUNALEUROPEAN CIVIL SERVICE TRIBUNALCFI: Created in 1989CFI: Created in 19891 judge per MS1 judge per MSNo Advocates General No Advocates General Cases on:Cases on:– Actions for annullmentActions for annullment– Actions for failure to actActions for failure to act– Competition lawCompetition law
EUROPEAN UNION CIVIL SERVICE TRIBUNALEUROPEAN UNION CIVIL SERVICE TRIBUNAL – 7 judges7 judges– Disputes between EU/civil servantsDisputes between EU/civil servants
The European Central BankThe European Central Bank
Maintain the stability of the EU currencyMaintain the stability of the EU currencyControl of the amount of currencies in Control of the amount of currencies in circulationcirculation
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The Court of AuditorsThe Court of Auditors
checks that :checks that :– all the European Union's revenue has been all the European Union's revenue has been
received;received;– all its expenditure incurred in a lawful and all its expenditure incurred in a lawful and
regular manner regular manner – EU budget has been managed soundly. EU budget has been managed soundly.
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The EESC and the CoRThe EESC and the CoR
– 350 members350 members– Consultatives bodiesConsultatives bodies– Representatives of the civil societyRepresentatives of the civil society– Representatives of local and regional Representatives of local and regional
governmentsgovernments
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EUROPEAN OMBUDSMAN EUROPEAN OMBUDSMAN
Created by the Maastricht TreatyCreated by the Maastricht TreatyElected by the EP for 5 yearsElected by the EP for 5 yearsDutiesDuties
Investigate maladminsitration by the European Institutions Investigate maladminsitration by the European Institutions (except the European Courts)(except the European Courts)following by a complaint or on own initiativefollowing by a complaint or on own initiative
Powers of the OmbudsmanPowers of the OmbudsmanInformation (the Institiution concerned has 3 months to give a Information (the Institiution concerned has 3 months to give a detailed opinion on the matter)detailed opinion on the matter)conciliationconciliationrecommendationrecommendation report to the EPreport to the EP
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European AgenciesEuropean AgenciesBodies set up by the EU to carry out a very Bodies set up by the EU to carry out a very specific technical, scientific or management task specific technical, scientific or management task within within first pillarfirst pillarLegal basis: regulation specifLegal basis: regulation specifying itsying its task task currently currently 2323 bodies that match the definition of a bodies that match the definition of a Community Community AAgencygency under the name under the name
centre centre instituteinstitutefoundationfoundationoffice office authority authority
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European AgenciesEuropean AgenciesEuropean Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop) - Thessaloniki European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop) - Thessaloniki European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (EUROFOUND) - European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (EUROFOUND) - Dublin Dublin European Environment Agency (EEA) - Copenhagen European Environment Agency (EEA) - Copenhagen European Training Foundation (ETF) - Turin European Training Foundation (ETF) - Turin European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) - Lisbon European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) - Lisbon European Medicines Agency (EMEA) - London European Medicines Agency (EMEA) - London Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM) - Alicante Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM) - Alicante European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) - Bilbao European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) - Bilbao Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO) - Angers Community Plant Variety Office (CPVO) - Angers Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union (CdT) - Luxembourg Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union (CdT) - Luxembourg European Fundamental Rights Agency - Vienna European Fundamental Rights Agency - Vienna European Agency for Reconstruction (EAR) - Thessaloniki European Agency for Reconstruction (EAR) - Thessaloniki European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) - Parma European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) - Parma European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) - Lisbon European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) - Lisbon European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) - Cologne European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) - Cologne European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA) - Heraklion European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA) - Heraklion European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) - Stockholm European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) - Stockholm European Global Navigation Satellite System Supervisory Authority European Global Navigation Satellite System Supervisory Authority
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SUMMING UP:SUMMING UP:The Lisbon TreatyThe Lisbon Treaty
Double majorityDouble majority decision making in Council of Ministers decision making in Council of Ministers– 55% of member states and 65% of the EU's population in favour55% of member states and 65% of the EU's population in favour– Polish request accepted: new voting system will only apply from Polish request accepted: new voting system will only apply from 20142014– Extra transition period until Extra transition period until 2017 2017 when additional provisions to block a decision will applywhen additional provisions to block a decision will apply
Extending qualified majorityExtending qualified majority votingvoting– 40 new policy areas40 new policy areas– Especially: asylum, immigration, police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters;Especially: asylum, immigration, police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters;
Permanent Council presidencyPermanent Council presidency– Chair EU Summits for a 2.5 years, renewable - instead of six-month rotationChair EU Summits for a 2.5 years, renewable - instead of six-month rotation
High Representative of the EU for Foreign AffairsHigh Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Security Policy– Replace current EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs Javier Solana and the external relations commissionerReplace current EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs Javier Solana and the external relations commissioner– Name ‘EU Foreign Minister’ droppedName ‘EU Foreign Minister’ dropped
ReducingReducing the number of the number of CommissionersCommissioners from 27 to 15 by 2014 from 27 to 15 by 2014
Single legal personalitySingle legal personality for the EU – no more pillar structure for the EU – no more pillar structureEU competende on SportEU competende on Sport
NNational parliaments’ role enhancedational parliaments’ role enhanced– right to raise objections against draft EU legislationright to raise objections against draft EU legislation
Exit clauseExit clause - possible for Member States to leave the EU!!!!! - possible for Member States to leave the EU!!!!!
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New ItemsNew Itemsand changes compared to the and changes compared to the
Constitutional TreatyConstitutional TreatyReference to new challengesReference to new challenges
– climate changeclimate change– energy solidarityenergy solidarity
AApplying new opt-in/out provisionspplying new opt-in/out provisions– policies on border checkspolicies on border checks– asylum and immigrationasylum and immigration– judicial co-operation in civil mattersjudicial co-operation in civil matters– judicial cooperation in criminal mattersjudicial cooperation in criminal matters– police co-operationpolice co-operation
Name ‘Constitution’ discarded
No reference to the symbols and anthem of the EU
Full text of the Charter of Fundamental Rights replaced by cross-reference with the same legal value
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WE DO NOT UNITE WE DO NOT UNITE STATES, WE UNITE STATES, WE UNITE
PEOPLE.PEOPLE.
Jean Monnet Jean Monnet (1888-1979)(1888-1979)