KOM 3305MEDIA TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

PREPARED BY :

SALSABILA BINTI SAMSUDIN 170955NURUL SYAKIRIN BINTI BADRUL EZAN 170773QURAISYAH BINTI ZULKIFLI 171048SEYED AMIR HOSSEIN HOSSEINI 170388

LECTURERASSOC.PROF.DR. SITI ZOBIDAH OMAR

THE EFFECTS OF VIOLENCE ON TV

HISTORY OF THE TELEVISIONhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6O_I9l1kok

In 1884, Paul Gottlieb Nipkow was developed a rotating-disc technology to transmit pictures over wire.( Nipkow disk)

Using a Nipkov disk, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird succeeded in demonstrating the transmission of moving silhouette images in London in 1925, and of moving, monochromatic images in 1926.

Charles Jenkins invented a mechanical television system called radiovision and claimed to have transmitted the earliest moving silhouette images on June 14, 1923.

German scientist, Karl Braun invented the cathode ray tube oscilloscope (CRT) in 1897.

Russian inventor, Vladimir Zworykin invented an improved cathode-ray tube called the kinescope in 1929. The kinescope tube was sorely needed for television. Zworykin was one of the first to demonstrate a television system with all the features of modern picture tubes.

In 1927, Philo Farnsworth was the first inventor to transmit a television image comprised of 60 horizontal lines.

In 1948, Louis Parker invented the modern changeable television receiver.

A successful color television system began commercial broadcasting, first authorized by the FCC on December 17, 1953 based on a system invented by RCA.

Cable television, formerly known as Community Antenna Television or CATV, was born in the mountains of Pennsylvania in the late 1940's.

The first TV remote control called "Lazy Bones," was developed in 1950 by Zenith Electronics Corporation

The very first prototype for a plasma display monitor was invented in 1964 by Donald Bitzer, Gene Slottow, and Robert Willson.

TV closed captions are captions that are hidden in the television video signal, invisible without a special decoder.

Web TV was rolled out in 1996.

Paul Gottlieb Nipkow

John Logie Baird

Philo Farnsworth

Remote control “lazy bones”

Plasma Display Monitor

Color Television

HISTORY TV IN MALAYSIA

Launched on 28 December 1963 by Tunku Abdul Rahman

First channel RTM1 program in Bahasa Melayu language. Second channel RTM 2 in vernacular languages. Tv stations are owned by Government agemcies.

After a few years later, private telecasting was established which are TV3, 8TV, ntv7 , TV9 and being administed by Media Prima Berhad.

NETWORK LAUNCH DATE

TV3 1 June 1984

8TV 8 January 2004

ntv7 7 April 1998

TV9 22 April 2006

MEDIA PRIMA TELECASTING LAUNCHED DATE

VIOLENT CONTENT

• 57% of TV program contain violence• Children programming contains 5 times more

violence than prime time television.• 25% of violent acts involve handguns• Children’s TV shows contain about 20 violent

acts each hour

How is Media Violence Portrayed?

• Clean – lack of blood, minimal suffering, invincible cartoon characters.

• Frequently rewarded or unpunished.

• Clear boundaries between good guy/bad guy.

• Aggressors are portrayed as attractive.

• Conveys violence is justified.

• Humor may be used.

• Pleasurable – “Make My Day”.

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How does TV violence mislead children?

• Violence is often rewarded and seldom has negative consequences.

• - 73% of perpetrators on TV are unpunished (National Television Violence Study, 1992)

• - Heroes are rarely unpunished • - no bleeding, no one gets hurt• - people killed just disappear

• Violence is everywhere. • “mean world syndrome” (Gurbner), • violence or abuse is everywhere• there is no good in this world

• Violence is justified. • violence by “good guys” is justified and heroic• a particular character gets beaten up because

he is a “bad guy”

• Violence is funny.• much cartoon violence used as comic effect • it’s ok and no big deal for somebody to be

smacked in the head with a hammer

Four effects of media violence (by Ronald Slaby)

• an aggressor effect• encourages violent behavior• accepting violence as a way to solve problem

• a victim effect• increasing fearfulness

• perceives “culture of meanness”

• a bystander effect• leads to callousness• accepting violence as normal• dulls the emotion response to violence and its victim

• an appetite effect• builds a desire to watch more violence

Research

Over 4,000 studies have examined the correlation of television violence and violent behavior in children.

These studies make a compelling case for a significant impact.

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Research Studies• Albert Bandura’s social learning theory

– Emphasized the importance of rewards and punishments• 2 groups of children watched 2 different videos

– Video 1: The leading characters acted aggressively and received rewards for his actions

– Video 2: The leading characters acted aggressively and received punishment for his actions

– The children played in the room and their actions were monitored• 2 findings:

– Children who saw aggressive behavior rewarded were more likely to imitate the aggression

– The effects emerged most strongly for boys (predisposition to behave more aggressively)

Belson Study

Studied men’s lifetime rate of TV violence in young men between 12 and 17

Interviewed for acts of violenceThe more violent TV watched in higher the

relationship to serious crime, rape, assaults, animal abuse

Research Studies

• BUT there is no way to tell which came first – the TV viewing or the aggressive behavior?

Desensitization

• making us numb to violence in real life so that we don’t react to it as we should if we had never seen it on the screen

Action Sells…Action Movies;

Don’t require complex plots or characters

Rely on fights, killings, special effects and explosions to hold their audiences

They’re simple and universally understood

”Short-on-dialogue, high-on-testosterone" makes their dubbing or translation relatively inexpensive

Effects of Violence in Movies

Some violent movies may result in:

- Increased Aggression- Increased Crime - Influence and Effect

Cognition- Create Hostile Feelings

TV RatingsTV-Y All Children: Designed for young audience, including children ages 2-6.

TV-Y7: For age 7 and up. More appropriate for children with skills to distinguish between make-believe and reality. May include mild fantasy or comedic violence, or may frighten children under the age of 7.

TV-Y7-FV Fantasy Violence: May be more intense or combative.

TV-G General Audience: Usually appropriate for all ages. Contains little or no violence, no strong language, and little or no sexual dialogue or situations.

TV-PG Parental Guidance Suggested: May be unsuitable for younger children. Contains moderate violence (V), some sexual situations (S), infrequent coarse language (L), and/or suggestive dialogue (D).

TV-14 Parents Strongly Cautioned: Recommended children under 14 not watch unattended. Contains intense violence (V), intense sexual situations (S), strong coarse language (L), and/or intensely suggestive dialogue (D).

TV-MA Mature Audience Only: Designed for adults and may be unsuitable for children under 17. Contains graphic violence (V), explicit sexual activity (S), and/or crude indecent language (L).

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Not All Entertainment Media is Negative

There is strong evidence that children’s shows developed to teach academic and social skills

can help children learn effectively.

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Be Media Literate

• Be a wise consumer.

• Watch programs and play video games with the child, and discuss what is seen.

• Monitor and limit access to violent programs and games. Explain why they are harmful.

• Select programs and games that promote problem solving, cooperation and learning.

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Be Media Literate

Be cautious of heavily advertised products and toys linked with violent programs.

• Contact TV stations/producers to express opinions, when offended and when pleased.

• Help educate others in the community.

• To offset peer pressure, contact other parents & agree to enforce similar rules.

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Help children understand…

• Real life violence hurts people.• Real weapons hurt or kill people.• If a show is scary or confusing, they can talk to

an adult about it.• Violent toys, shows, & games may seem

exciting in “pretend”, but real–life violence is not fun.

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CONCLUSION• We have looked into the possible impacts of violent contents

in different forms of media on people, be it TV, Music, Movies, Games, etc.

• Each affects people differently in different degrees, and different individuals react to it differently as well

• It seems that it may really affect people in certain ways, but cases discussed are still pretty much the minority, or idiosyncratic

• There has got to be a better way in explaining violent behaviors in people, perhaps it is time to look away from the media and re-assess the whole thing with a fresh point of view

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