The Constitution Tested: The Constitution Tested: Nationalism and Nationalism and

SectionalismSectionalism

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Section 1Section 1

Urban and Industrial Patterns of Urban and Industrial Patterns of Life in the NorthLife in the North

Many Many riversrivers in the North in the North provided provided waterpowerwaterpower for for driving machinery and served driving machinery and served as natural as natural highwayshighways for for transporting goods. transporting goods.

North had excellent ocean North had excellent ocean portsports that made trade with that made trade with Europe easy and profitable. Europe easy and profitable.

The The Erie CanalErie Canal enabled the enabled the merchants and farmers to ship merchants and farmers to ship goods in one continuous goods in one continuous voyage between New York voyage between New York City and ports on Lake Erie.City and ports on Lake Erie.

Another factor in the growth Another factor in the growth of industry was of industry was technologicaltechnological progress.progress.

The invention and development of The invention and development of the the steamboatsteamboat by Robert Fulton and by Robert Fulton and others in early 1800s increased the others in early 1800s increased the speed of water transport.speed of water transport.

The building of The building of railroadsrailroads in the in the 1830s and 1840s greatly improved 1830s and 1840s greatly improved the speed and efficiency of the speed and efficiency of transporting goods by land.transporting goods by land.

National Bank and TariffsNational Bank and Tariffs

The The Tariff Act of 1816Tariff Act of 1816 taxed taxed foreign imports and made it foreign imports and made it easier for new American easier for new American textile mills to compete textile mills to compete against British mills.against British mills.

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton set up the set up the national bank which benefited national bank which benefited northern merchants.northern merchants.

In 1816, to replace Hamilton’s first In 1816, to replace Hamilton’s first national bank, Congress chartered national bank, Congress chartered a a Second Bank of the United StatesSecond Bank of the United States, , which provided loans to businesses which provided loans to businesses and helped industry grow.and helped industry grow.

Abundant Abundant naturalnatural and and human human resourcesresources are two things a are two things a nation needs for developing a nation needs for developing a factory system. factory system.

The growth of factories was The growth of factories was aided by the new system of aided by the new system of using using interchangeable partsinterchangeable parts..

ImmigrantsImmigrants arriving in the ports of arriving in the ports of Boston and New York City provided Boston and New York City provided a steady supply of a steady supply of cheap laborcheap labor..

Women and children under the age Women and children under the age of 12 worked in the New England of 12 worked in the New England textile millstextile mills..

WomenWomen migrated from migrated from farmsfarms to to factoriesfactories to take advantage of the to take advantage of the newly created textile jobs.newly created textile jobs.

Unsanitary water created Unsanitary water created diseasedisease, , little little bathingbathing, houses packed in so , houses packed in so tight sun light could not hit them, tight sun light could not hit them, overcrowded streets, overcrowded streets, racialracial tensions as well as tensions as well as economiceconomic tensions. tensions.

The The male’smale’s role in the middle role in the middle class family was to provide a class family was to provide a salary for the family to live off.salary for the family to live off.

Urban ProblemsUrban Problems

New York New York City City 18561856

The role of the The role of the femalefemale in the in the middle class family was that she middle class family was that she would take care of the household would take care of the household and raise the family.and raise the family.

The role of the The role of the femalefemale and the and the childrenchildren in a working class family in a working class family was that they were forced to work was that they were forced to work jobs that had little or no security.jobs that had little or no security.

EducationEducation EducationEducation was primarily for was primarily for privileged privileged

boysboys whose parents paid for them to whose parents paid for them to attend school.attend school.

Horace MannHorace Mann and and Henry BernardHenry Bernard advocated that the systems of public advocated that the systems of public education be paid for by the states.education be paid for by the states.

MassachusettsMassachusetts and and New YorkNew York led the led the way by establishing state systems of way by establishing state systems of elementary schools. elementary schools.

Slaves and free BlacksSlaves and free Blacks

Free blacksFree blacks did not have the rights did not have the rights of full of full citizenshipcitizenship..

Most towns other than New England Most towns other than New England denied blacks the right to denied blacks the right to votevote, many , many African Americans were African Americans were segregatedsegregated, , black children could not attend black children could not attend schools with white children, and schools with white children, and blacks were not allowed to serve on blacks were not allowed to serve on juriesjuries or testify in or testify in criminal casescriminal cases..

Immigrants in the Pre-Civil War Immigrants in the Pre-Civil War PeriodPeriod

BritishBritish, , GermansGermans, and the , and the IrishIrish were were the three groups of people the the three groups of people the immigrant ships brought to U.S. immigrant ships brought to U.S. ports after the 1800s. ports after the 1800s.

EconomicEconomic reasons relating to the reasons relating to the Industrial Revolution were why Industrial Revolution were why thousands of thousands of BritishBritish people decide people decide to leave their homeland.to leave their homeland.

GermanGerman people decided to leave people decided to leave their homeland because of a failed their homeland because of a failed revolutionrevolution in 1848. in 1848.

The Germans also left for The Germans also left for politicalpolitical reasons and reasons and economiceconomic reasons reasons (opportunities for farming and (opportunities for farming and employment).employment).

IrishIrish people decided to leave their people decided to leave their homeland because their was a homeland because their was a potato faminepotato famine that many Irish that many Irish relied on for food.relied on for food.

A A nativistnativist is someone who believes that is someone who believes that foreign born people pose a threat to the foreign born people pose a threat to the majority culture and should be stopped majority culture and should be stopped from entering the country.from entering the country.

Irish, Catholics, east European Jews, Irish, Catholics, east European Jews, Italians, Chinese, and JapaneseItalians, Chinese, and Japanese were were ethnic groups that the nativists tried to ethnic groups that the nativists tried to exclude from this country.exclude from this country.

The “The “Know NothingsKnow Nothings” was a Protestant ” was a Protestant nativist group. nativist group.

CottonCotton became the main cash crop in the became the main cash crop in the south during the early 1800s. south during the early 1800s.

Eli Whitney’s invention of the Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gincotton gin removed the seeds from the cotton plants removed the seeds from the cotton plants which was slow by hand allowed cotton which was slow by hand allowed cotton quantities to boom.quantities to boom.

As cotton increased the value of the land As cotton increased the value of the land where did poor southern farmers move to where did poor southern farmers move to territories such as territories such as Alabama, Mississippi, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and TexasLouisiana, Arkansas, and Texas..

The The cotton plantcotton plant made the issue of slavery made the issue of slavery more entrenched in the South with each more entrenched in the South with each passing year, and in turn made the nation passing year, and in turn made the nation more divided.more divided.

Southern lawsSouthern laws protected the plantation owner protected the plantation owner and allowed him free reign over his slaves. and allowed him free reign over his slaves.

The The salesale of slaves and the separation of of slaves and the separation of families were families were legallegal..

Jobs performed by female slaves were Jobs performed by female slaves were cooks, seamstresses, and caretakerscooks, seamstresses, and caretakers of the of the white owners’ children.white owners’ children.

A A slave childslave child expected to be part of the labor expected to be part of the labor force by the ages of six to eight.force by the ages of six to eight.

Slave labor Slave labor increasedincreased after Congress banned after Congress banned the importation of slaves in 1808, as required the importation of slaves in 1808, as required in the in the constitutionconstitution. .

The south The south ignoredignored it because of the it because of the economic demands for economic demands for cottoncotton..

BaptistsBaptists and and MethodistsMethodists are the two main are the two main religions most African Americans during the religions most African Americans during the time. time.

SpiritualsSpirituals are African American songs. are African American songs.

Slave resistanceSlave resistance Nat TurnerNat Turner led a rebellion in Virginia in led a rebellion in Virginia in

which 59 whites were killed. Slaves which 59 whites were killed. Slaves purposely worked at a slower pace purposely worked at a slower pace when picking cotton in the fields and when picking cotton in the fields and refused demands placed upon them.refused demands placed upon them.

The The Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad were were places where escaping slaves could places where escaping slaves could hide on there journey north to hide on there journey north to freedom.freedom.