The Cold War:1947-1991

The Cold War:1947-1991

The Cold War: “Big Three” at Yalta

“Big Three” at Potsdam: Atlee, Truman, Stalin

The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &

Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.

METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

Arms Race

Ideological Competition for the Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]1.1. The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free

peoples throughout the world.peoples throughout the world.

2.2. The U.S. gave $400 million in aid.The U.S. gave $400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

““European Recovery Program.”European Recovery Program.”

1.1. The U. S. should provide aid to The U. S. should provide aid to allall European nations that need it. European nations that need it. This move iThis move is not against any s not against any country or doctrine, but against country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.chaos.

2.2. $12.5 billion of US aid Europe.$12.5 billion of US aid Europe.

Truman Doctrine

Marshall Plan countries (blue)

Recipients: Marshall Plan aid

Marshall Plan

political cartoon: Stalin’s decision

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

NATO and Warsaw pacts (1950)

The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”

} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.

} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

Premier Nikita Premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev

About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- . -- 19561956

De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram

Mao’s Revolution: 1949Mao’s Revolution: 1949

Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd }} Power!Power!

The Korean WarThe Korean War

(1950-1953)(1950-1953)

Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee

Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung

““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”

The Suez Crisis: 1956-The Suez Crisis: 1956-19571957

Radio Free Europe/Radio Radio Free Europe/Radio LibertyLiberty

The Hungarian Uprising: The Hungarian Uprising: 19561956

Imre Nagy, Imre Nagy, HungarianHungarian

Prime MinisterPrime Minister} Promised free Promised free

elections.elections.

} This could lead to This could lead to the end of the end of communist rule in communist rule in Hungary.Hungary.

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the

technological edge!technological edge!

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)

Plane was shot Plane was shot down over Soviet down over Soviet

airspace.airspace.

Paris, 1961Paris, 1961

Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev

thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.and can be rolled.

The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)

CheckpoinCheckpointt

CharlieCharlie

Construction of Berlin wall, 1961

Berlin Wall

Ich bin ein Ich bin ein Berliner!Berliner!

(1963)(1963)

President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that

the West is the West is with them!with them!

Khruschev Embraces Khruschev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961

Bay of Pigs Debacle Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)(1961)

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!

Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)

Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973

““Prague Spring” (1968)Prague Spring” (1968)

Former Czech President, Former Czech President, Alexander DubčekAlexander Dubček

Communism with a human Communism with a human face!face!

Decolonization of the Decolonization of the British EmpireBritish Empire

• Britain is in a big debt!Britain is in a big debt!

• The beginning of the end of the The beginning of the end of the British Empire.British Empire.

India – 1947India – 1947

Palestine – 1948Palestine – 1948

Kenya Kenya Mau Mau Mau Mau uprising - 1955uprising - 1955

Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991)• ‘Socialism with a human face’

– Tries to ease tensions with US– Allowed internal reforms, but didn’t help!– Created Perestroika and Glasnost

– P= restructure the economy to produce more consumer goods

– G= openness to discuss problems to improve future. Also allows some personal freedoms.

» Sparked revolutions throughout USSR and its satellites

• 1990- eliminate Stalin’s one party system ….starts revolutions…..in Eastern Europe!!!

Eastern European Revolts• Why?

– Forces toward change and lack of muscles to stop it!

– Huge debt and lack of competition

– People wanted freedom w/o admitting it!

– Perestroika and Glasnost …caused liberalization of satellites

• So….what happened? (1989-1991)

– POLAND- 89- Solidarity still popular and asked for free elections…got them after Gorbachev’s perestroika reforms! All but one communist got voted out!

– HUNGARY- 80’s, practiced ‘communism with a capitalistic facelift’

– 89- Social Democrats take charge and decentralize economy and opened borders…flood occurs!

Eastern European Revolts• GERMANYGERMANY- Gorbachev called for more freedoms

and open travel…caused mass rioting & protests – 1990- Berlin Wall falls….Unification of Germany

• Czechoslovakia- 89- Velvet Revolution– non-violent mass revolts in Prague, led by

playwright Vaclav Havel. – Movement created a free market and multiparty

political system, like in its past. Havel and Dubcek became government leaders

– Velvet Divorce-93- split of Czech Republic and Slovakia

““Prague Spring” Dashed!Prague Spring” Dashed!

Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Vaclav HavelVaclav Havel—future president of a —future president of a

free free Czech RepublicCzech Republic].].

Fall of the USSRFall of the USSR– Late 80’s and early 90’s Gorbachev tried

constitutional reforms, but it was too little too late.

– 91 Coup, led by hardliners, tries to overthrow government, fails. People revolt, led by Boris Yeltsin.

– 12/91, Communist party collapsed due to public pressure.

– 12/91- USSR collapsed and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was created.

– Marxist era in Europe ended (1870-1991)

YugoslaviaYugoslavia• Yugoslavia- most violent revolt due to its

large ethnic diversity. – 1991-Bosnia, Croatia and Slovenia got indep.

….Serbs lived in all areas.– 1991-Slobodan Milosevic- leader of Yugoslavia

(now only Serbia & Montenegro) attacked Bosnia to recapture territory. Used ethnic cleansing against Muslims

– 1996- Dayton Peace Accord- by UN peace treaty that divided Bosnia. Milosevic now wanted Kosovo, but US intervened w/ bombings

– 2001- Milosevic put on trial at Hague for war crimes…died before complete.

Creation of the Creation of the Welfare StateWelfare State

1.1. Limited socialist program.Limited socialist program.

Natl. Health Care & Natl. Health Care & Insurance ActsInsurance Acts

2. Social insurance legislation: 2. Social insurance legislation: “Cradle-to-Grave” security“Cradle-to-Grave” security..

3. Socialized medicine 3. Socialized medicine free national health free national health care.care.

4.4. Nationalized coal mines, public utilities, Nationalized coal mines, public utilities, steel industry, Bank of England, and trains.steel industry, Bank of England, and trains.

5.5. U.K. adopted this between 1945-51, and U.K. adopted this between 1945-51, and eventually most of Europe.eventually most of Europe.

6.6. ‘‘SOCIAL SAFETY NET’…VERY POPULAR!!!!SOCIAL SAFETY NET’…VERY POPULAR!!!!

7.7. Prospered under Keynesian economics.Prospered under Keynesian economics.

8.8. Thatcher and Reagan said bad economy is Thatcher and Reagan said bad economy is due to over regulations. due to over regulations.

Clement Attlee Clement Attlee

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

1. 1. 1952 1952 EEuropean uropean CCoal & oal & SSteel teel CCommunity [ECSC]ommunity [ECSC]

HQ in Luxembourg.HQ in Luxembourg.

““Inner Six” Inner Six” Benelux nations, France, Benelux nations, France, Italy, and W. Germany. Italy, and W. Germany.

2. 1957 2. 1957 EEuropean uropean EEconomic conomic Community Community [EEC] or ‘Common [EEC] or ‘Common Market’Market’

HQ HQ Brussels Brussels France, W. Germany, Italy, France, W. Germany, Italy,

Benelux. Benelux. NO ENGLAND NO ENGLAND allowed at first!!! allowed at first!!!

Created:Created: -A larger free trade area -A larger free trade area

without trade barriers.without trade barriers. -One common tariff with the -One common tariff with the

outside world.outside world. -Free movement of capital & -Free movement of capital &

labor.labor.

European Economic European Economic IntegrationIntegration

3. 1967 3. 1967 combined the ECSC & EEC to combined the ECSC & EEC to formformthe the European Community [EC]European Community [EC]

HQ HQ Brussels. Brussels.

European Parliament.European Parliament. ““Eurocrats.” 518 members elected with Eurocrats.” 518 members elected with

limited legislative power.limited legislative power.

Court of Justice.Court of Justice.4. 1991-92 4. 1991-92 Maastricht Agreements Maastricht Agreements

createsEEuropean uropean UUnion [EU].nion [EU].

One currency (euro)One currency (euro)one culture one culture

one social area (free frontier- one one social area (free frontier- one passport) passport)

one environment (common market)one environment (common market) *High tariffs placed on them*High tariffs placed on them **60,000 person rapid defense 60,000 person rapid defense

forceforce