The CIRCULATORY System

Unit 3Unit 3

Transportation SystemsTransportation Systems

Functions of the Circulatory System

• Transportation of Transportation of – nutrients and wastenutrients and waste– heatheat– oxygen and carbon dioxideoxygen and carbon dioxide– hormoneshormones– antibodiesantibodies

Structures of the Circulatory System

Heart Location and Structures

• The heart is found in the The heart is found in the Thoracic Cavity Thoracic Cavity between the lungs, between the lungs, slightly left of center.slightly left of center.

• The base is the broad The base is the broad flat top of the heartflat top of the heart

• The apex is the pointy The apex is the pointy bottom of the heartbottom of the heart

• Coronary arteries and Coronary arteries and veins run blood to and veins run blood to and from the myocardiumfrom the myocardium

Heart• Hollow organHollow organ• Pumps blood throughout the bodyPumps blood throughout the body• Three layers: Three layers:

endocardium, myocardium, andendocardium, myocardium, andpericardiumpericardium

• Four chambersFour chambers– Right and left atriaRight and left atria– Right and left ventriclesRight and left ventricles

• Four valvesFour valves– Bicuspid (mitral), tricuspid, pulmonary and Bicuspid (mitral), tricuspid, pulmonary and

aortic semilunarsaortic semilunars

• Major blood vesselsMajor blood vessels– Arteries, veins, and capillariesArteries, veins, and capillaries

Layers of the Heart• EndocardiumEndocardium

– Inside lining, covers all walls and valvesInside lining, covers all walls and valves– Made of epithelial and connective tissuesMade of epithelial and connective tissues– Important because of the volume of blood that Important because of the volume of blood that

flows through the heartflows through the heart• MyocardiumMyocardium

– Bulk of the heartBulk of the heart– Made of cardiac muscleMade of cardiac muscle– Thickest around left ventricleThickest around left ventricle

• PericardiumPericardium– Serous membrane around the heart Serous membrane around the heart – Has a visceral and parietal layerHas a visceral and parietal layer

The 4 Chambers of the Heart

Right Atrium

Receives blood from veins;Receives blood from veins;pumps to right ventricle.pumps to right ventricle.

Left Atrium

Receives blood from lungs;Receives blood from lungs;pumps to left ventricle.pumps to left ventricle.

Right Ventricle

Pumps blood to the lungs.Pumps blood to the lungs.

Left Ventricle

Pumps blood through the Pumps blood through the aorta to the bodyaorta to the body..

The 4 Valves• Bicuspid / Mitral Bicuspid / Mitral

– Between left atrium and ventricleBetween left atrium and ventricle– Has two flapsHas two flaps

• TricuspidTricuspid– Between right atrium and ventricleBetween right atrium and ventricle– Has three flapsHas three flaps

• Pulmonary SemilunarPulmonary Semilunar– From the right ventricle leading to the lungs From the right ventricle leading to the lungs

through the pulmonary arterythrough the pulmonary artery• Aortic SemilunarAortic Semilunar

– From the left ventricle leading to the body through From the left ventricle leading to the body through the aortathe aorta

• The Anatomy of the Heart

Conduction System• The heart has it’s own electrical system The heart has it’s own electrical system

that controls the rhythm of heart that controls the rhythm of heart contractions.contractions.

• SA Node (pacemaker of the heart)SA Node (pacemaker of the heart)– Atrium contractAtrium contract– Impulse excites AV nodeImpulse excites AV node

• AV NodeAV Node• Bundle of HISBundle of HIS• Bundle BranchesBundle Branches• Purkinje FibersPurkinje Fibers

– Ventricles contractVentricles contract

– conduction system in the heart

Blood Vessels• Closed system for flow of bloodClosed system for flow of blood

• Three types of vessels: Three types of vessels: – Arteries, Capillaries, and VeinsArteries, Capillaries, and Veins

Capillary bed

Vein Artery

ArteriolesVenules

Valve

Blood Vessels• ArteriesArteries

– Take blood away from the heartTake blood away from the heart– Under high pressureUnder high pressure– Used to take pulses Used to take pulses – Squirt when cutSquirt when cut

• VeinsVeins– Take blood towards the heartTake blood towards the heart– Have valves to help push blood against gravityHave valves to help push blood against gravity– Constant flow when cutConstant flow when cut

• CapillariesCapillaries– Between arteries and veinsBetween arteries and veins– Only one cell thick to allow gas and nutrient exchangeOnly one cell thick to allow gas and nutrient exchange– So tiny only one blood cell at a time can go throughSo tiny only one blood cell at a time can go through

Pulses• The pulse is caused by the contraction The pulse is caused by the contraction

of the left ventricle and the wave of of the left ventricle and the wave of blood that it pushes into the arteriesblood that it pushes into the arteries

• Common PulsesCommon Pulses– CarotidCarotid– RadialRadial

Blood Pressure • Has two parts:Has two parts:

– SystolicSystolic• Measures the pressure in the arteries when Measures the pressure in the arteries when

the left ventricle contractsthe left ventricle contracts• The top numberThe top number

– DiastolicDiastolic• Measures the pressure in the arteries when Measures the pressure in the arteries when

the left ventricle is relaxed and fillingthe left ventricle is relaxed and filling• The bottom numberThe bottom number

Blood• Provides vital transportation for the Provides vital transportation for the

bodybody

• Four componentsFour components– Red blood cells (erythrocytes)Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

• Carry O2 and CO2Carry O2 and CO2

– White blood cells (leukocytes)White blood cells (leukocytes)• Fight diseaseFight disease

– Platelets (thrombocytes)Platelets (thrombocytes)• Clot bloodClot blood

– PlasmaPlasma• Fluid part the others travel inFluid part the others travel in

Diseases and Disorders

Circulatory Circulatory SystemSystem

Anemia• Blood disorder where capacity of the Blood disorder where capacity of the

blood to transport oxygen is blood to transport oxygen is decreaseddecreased

• Usually red blood cell count is Usually red blood cell count is diminisheddiminished

• Causes:Causes:– Internal bleeding, vitamin deficiencies, Internal bleeding, vitamin deficiencies,

decreased RBC production, increase in decreased RBC production, increase in RBC destruction by spleenRBC destruction by spleen

• Symptoms:Symptoms:– Fatigue, chest pain, skin pallor, Fatigue, chest pain, skin pallor,

increased heart rate, difficulty breathingincreased heart rate, difficulty breathing

Heart Attack(myocardial infarction)

• Coronary artery or a branch of the coronary Coronary artery or a branch of the coronary artery is blockedartery is blocked

• Symptoms:Symptoms:– Chest painChest pain

– Crushing pressure behind the breastbone and Crushing pressure behind the breastbone and chest pain radiating to the neck, jaw, abdomen, chest pain radiating to the neck, jaw, abdomen, shoulder or left armshoulder or left arm

– NauseaNausea

– VomitingVomiting

– Difficulty breathingDifficulty breathing

– Anxiety or fearAnxiety or fear

High Blood Pressure(hypertension)

• Blood pressure is chronically elevatedBlood pressure is chronically elevated• Can contribute to coronary artery disease, Can contribute to coronary artery disease,

strokes, kidney failure, and sudden rupture of the strokes, kidney failure, and sudden rupture of the aortaaorta

• Sustained systolic blood pressure of over 140 or a Sustained systolic blood pressure of over 140 or a sustained diastolic blood pressure of over 90 is sustained diastolic blood pressure of over 90 is considered hypertensionconsidered hypertension

• Usually there are no symptoms other than a mild Usually there are no symptoms other than a mild headacheheadache

Atherosclerosis

• Build-up of fatty deposits on the inner Build-up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of arterieswalls of arteries

• Restricts the flow of bloodRestricts the flow of blood• Fats and other particles combine to form Fats and other particles combine to form

plaqueplaque• Calcium can be deposited by plaque and Calcium can be deposited by plaque and

cause the area to hardencause the area to harden

CIRCULATORY CIRCULATORY CAREERSCAREERS

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIAN

– Provide emergency, pre-hospital care to Provide emergency, pre-hospital care to victims of accidents, injuries and sudden victims of accidents, injuries and sudden illnessillness

– Skills include care for shock, burns, Skills include care for shock, burns, wounds, bleeding, fractures, airway wounds, bleeding, fractures, airway obstructions, CPR, childbirth, rescue obstructions, CPR, childbirth, rescue trapped persons, MORE advanced EMTs trapped persons, MORE advanced EMTs interpret electrocardiograms, administer interpret electrocardiograms, administer IVs, and intubationIVs, and intubation

– Salary- $35,000-50,000Salary- $35,000-50,000

EMT LEVELS• EMT- BasicEMT- Basic

– 120 classroom training- 10 hours clinical120 classroom training- 10 hours clinical

• EMT- IntermediateEMT- Intermediate– Additional 54 classroom trainingAdditional 54 classroom training

• EMT- ParamedicEMT- Paramedic– Additional 610 classroom training, 596 Additional 610 classroom training, 596

clinical hoursclinical hours– EMT Anthem– Fun EMT AnthemFun EMT Anthem

SURGICAL TECHNICIAN• Work under supervision of nurses or Work under supervision of nurses or

physiciansphysicians

• Prepare patients for surgery, set up Prepare patients for surgery, set up instruments, equipment, and sterilize instruments, equipment, and sterilize supplies, assist during surgery by supplies, assist during surgery by passing instruments to surgeonspassing instruments to surgeons

• 12-15 month program (DATC)12-15 month program (DATC)

• $12-25/hour$12-25/hour

• What Surgical Techs DOWhat Surgical Techs DO

CARDIOLOGIST• Doctors are trained to diagnose, treat Doctors are trained to diagnose, treat

and manage patients with and manage patients with cardiovascular diseasecardiovascular disease

• Must complete undergraduate, medical Must complete undergraduate, medical school, residency, internship and school, residency, internship and fellowshipfellowship

• Salary- $150,000++/Salary- $150,000++/

• Cardiothoracic Surgeons- $350,000++Cardiothoracic Surgeons- $350,000++

• CABGCABG

• Cath Lab and AngioplastyCath Lab and Angioplasty

PHLEBOTOMIST• Collect blood and prepare it for testingCollect blood and prepare it for testing

• Training includes 6 weeks of classroom Training includes 6 weeks of classroom and hospital training (3 weeks of each)and hospital training (3 weeks of each)

• $10 per hour$10 per hour

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM TECH

• Operate ECG machinesOperate ECG machines– ECGs- record electrical impulses from ECGs- record electrical impulses from

heartheart

• Perform stress tests and diagnostic Perform stress tests and diagnostic tests for heart diseasetests for heart disease

• 1 year certificate program1 year certificate program

• Salary- $12/hourSalary- $12/hour

• Stress TestStress Test

• Stress Test 2Stress Test 2

Vocabulary- word parts• Hem/o- bloodHem/o- blood

• Cardi/o- heartCardi/o- heart

• Arteri/o- arteriesArteri/o- arteries

• Thromb/o- clotThromb/o- clot

• Angi/o- lymph or blood vesselAngi/o- lymph or blood vessel

• Erythr/o- redErythr/o- red

• Leuk/o- whiteLeuk/o- white

Vocabulary- word parts• Brady- slowBrady- slow

• Tachy- fastTachy- fast

• - rrhea – flow or discharge- rrhea – flow or discharge

• - emia – blood- emia – blood

• -penia – decrease or deficiency-penia – decrease or deficiency

• -rrhagia -rupture-rrhagia -rupture

Abbreviations• P- pulseP- pulse

• BP- blood pressureBP- blood pressure

• CBC- complete blood countCBC- complete blood count

• CPR- cardiopulmonary resuscitation CPR- cardiopulmonary resuscitation

• MI- myocardial infarction (heart attack)MI- myocardial infarction (heart attack)

• RBC- red blood cellRBC- red blood cell

• WBC- white blood cellWBC- white blood cell

• EKG/ECG – electrocardiogram EKG/ECG – electrocardiogram

Vocabulary• Arrhythmia- irregular heart beatArrhythmia- irregular heart beat

• Circulation- movement in a regular or Circulation- movement in a regular or circular motioncircular motion

• Murmur- abnormal heart sound caused Murmur- abnormal heart sound caused by valve defectby valve defect

• Palpitation – a rapid fluttering pulsationPalpitation – a rapid fluttering pulsation

• Varicose veins- enlarged bulging Varicose veins- enlarged bulging superficial veinsuperficial vein

• Systolic- contraction of a heart chamberSystolic- contraction of a heart chamber

• Diastolic- relaxation of a heart chamberDiastolic- relaxation of a heart chamber