Post on 18-Dec-2015
“The Christian Responsibility to Protect” Study Day –
Peacekeeping & International Law: Future Direction of NZ Foreign Policy
14 Sept. ‘13Kennedy Graham, MP
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Peacekeeping & International Law: Future Direction of NZ Foreign Policy
• Philosophical Framework
• Review of UN Peace & Security (incl. peacekeeping)
• NZ Foreign Policy
• Green Global Affairs Policy
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Philosophical Framework
A B C D E
Individual Pacifism
Societal Pacifism
International Pacifism
International Force –
Legal
International Force – Political
Hum. nature constant;
Individual stance
Evolution in human nature;
Societal change
Domestic force
No intern. force
Domestic & intern. Force;
UN Charter/R2P
Domestic & intern. Force;
‘Coalitions of the willing’
Eternal Evolutionary: millennia
Volitional: centuries
Policy:decades
Policy: decades
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Review of UN Peace & Security (incl. peacekeeping)
• 1920 - 1950Collective security: collective response against inter-state aggression 1919 universal veto1945 P-5 veto
Ch. VI = Pacific Settlement; VII = Enforcement [Korea (UNSC/UNGA: UfP; Iraq ’90]• 1956 – 90
Classical peacekeeping Ch. 6½ Egypt / Kashmir (Blue Helmets)
• 1990 - 2013Modern peacekeeping Ch VI/VII/VIII 1993 Agenda for Peace
1995 Agenda for Peace Supplement2000 Brahimi Report:
1. Conflict Prevention2. Peacekeeping Internal (Somalia/Rwanda etc.)3. Peacemaking (Ch VII) ‘robust’4. Peacebuilding: complex missions
2001 ICISS - R2P2009 New Horizon Initiative/2011 PR 2
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Review of UN Peace & Security (R2P)
Responsibility to ProtectCriteria
1.Authority2.Cause3.Intention4.Finality5.Proportionality6.Prospects
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NZ Foreign Policy: Dilemmas
Legal / then Political Judgement:
NO? YES?Kosovo ’99 Korea ‘50Afghanistan ’01 Iraq ’90Iraq ’03 Rwanda ‘94Libya ’11 Bougainville ’97Syria ‘13 Timor Leste ‘99
Solomons ‘03
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Green Global Affairs Policy
Key PrincipleUniversal human values (freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, HR, env. integrity)
Policy Goals1.Global sustainability: optimal pop.; carrying capacity; planetary boundaries;2.Global justice: fair trade/inv; debt relief; ODA; refugees; human rights3.Global peace & security: coll. security; CT; arms control4.Global community: Cultural dialogue; global governance; Int. law
Specific Points* CP/mediation units in UN/PIF* NZ specialise in regional peacekeeping* Promote R2P * Legitimise s.d. through mandatory reporting to UNSC* UNSC reform: non-veto perm.; veto restrictions; standing UN standing reserve.
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UN Standing Reserve?
“It takes considerable time to deploy troops; often asked why not a UNSR?A UNSR sounds logical, but it would be immensely costly to have a force of several thousand people on permanent standby.-It would require training, accommodating, feeding, etc;-Might not even be used.Although it takes time, it is much more practical to generate the military personnel once the go-ahead has been given.”
Comment:Compared with ~190 standing national armies:
less costly, more professional, more legitimate.
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