Post on 29-Mar-2015
The changes in the working world of journalist
The profile of the journalist and the discourses on journalism: the investigation of changes in the working world of journalism in São Paulo. Supported by Fapesp
(process n. 3783-7)
Communication and WorkResearch Center
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Methodological approach
- Methodological triangulation (Jensen; Jankowski, 1993): quantitative questionnaire, in-depht interview and focus group.- Quantitative analysis of data; discourse analysis of the interviews and the discussions conducted with the focus groups.
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Sample Year of the questionnaire application
Selection Employment relationship
Work Places
Group A (Pre-test)
2009 Randomly selected via social networking
professionals from different employmentcontracts (freelancer, contract, cooperative, etc.)
Working in different medium
Group B(Members from the Union of Journalists of São Paulo)
2009 Information given by the Union professionals from different employmentcontracts and functions.
Working in different
Group C(Publishing company)
2007 Selected according to the function selecionados a partir da função que exerciam na empresa
Journalists working in communication companies
Working in magazines from the same magazine
Group D(Freelancers)
2010 From the social networking for freelancers (“Freela.com.br” e “Clicfólio”) and through the snowball technique (Bernard, 1996)
Journalists without employment relationship (freelancers)
Working in different medium/companies
Construction of the sample4
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Composition of the samples
Quantitative phase Qualitative phase
Consolidated Selection*
Group A - Journalists contacted through social networking websites (pre-test)
30(**) 26 2
Group B – Union of Journalists of the state of São Paulo 2954 340 9
Group C – Publishing Company 738/142(***) 82 4
Group D - Freelance journalists from the city of SP 152 (****) 90 5
Total 3278 538 20
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Results
In Group B, 3% of the interviewees did not respond this question
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Women Men
Group A Group B Group C Group D
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Results7
Age Group A Age Group B
Age Group C Age Group C
20-25 26-30 31-35 20-29 30-39 40-49
18-2425-39
25-2940-44
20-25 26-30 31-35 26-40 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60 or more
30-3445 or more
25-29 30-34 35-3918-24 40-44 45 or more
21-30 31-40 41-50 51 or more
21-30 31-40 41-50 51 or more
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Group A Group B Group C Group D
High School/ Incomplete college
College degree
College and specialization
degrees
Master’s degree
Doctorate degree
Did not respond
Group A Group B Group C Group D
Less than 1 From 1 to 5
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How long have you been graduated?
Results
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Group A Group B Group C Group D
yes no
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Did you take specialization courses in the last five years?
Results10
Daily Working Hours (hours/day)
5-7 h/day 8h/day 10h/day 12h/day
Group A Group B Group C Group D
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Results
Obs.: The publishing company (group C – green) did not allow this question.
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Salary Range
Group A Group B Group C Group D
Up to R$2.000 R$2.000 – R$6.000
R$6.000 – R$10.000
R$10.000 – R$15.000
More than R$15.000
Did not respond.
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Results
Obs: This question was not proposed to the Group A (pre-test)
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Technological character
Work organization
process
Extinction of functions
Business Self-
management
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No changes have occurred
No changes have occurred
None of the above
Did not respond
The nature of the functions has changed
Group A Group B Group C Group D
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Group D Group C Group B Group A
Did not respond
Better quality of life
Workforce reduction
No changes have been made
Less control of the company over the work
Salary reduction
More control over the work
Stress
Possibilities of professional growth
Competition between co-workers
Productivity increase
More dificulty in finding a job
Faster pace of work
The changes turned into:
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Results
Obs: This question was not proposed to the Group A (pre-test) and D (freelancers)
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And also into:
Group A Group B Group C Group D
Workforce reduction
Productivity increase
Emphasis on
leadership
Increase in profit sharing
Closer relationship with chief
Possibilities of professional
growth
No changes have occurred
Did not respond
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Results
Obs: This question was not proposed to the Group A (pre-test)
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They work
Alone
/Indi
vidua
lly
Group DGroup CGroup BGroup AW
ith a
sm
all t
eam
With
a m
ediu
m te
am
With
a b
ig te
am
Did n
ot re
spon
d
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Results
Obs: This question was not proposed to the Group A (pre-test)
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Their pace of workFast Moderated Stressful Did not respond
Group DGroup CGroup BGroup A
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Results17
Where do you work?
Group A Group B Group C Group D
At hom
e
At the
com
pany
, in
the
newsr
oom
At the
com
pany
, as
freel
ance
r
At the
com
pany
, as
lega
l ent
ity
At the
offi
ce, a
s le
gal
entit
yAt t
he o
ffice
, in
a
team
work
It de
pend
s on
the
job
Did n
ot re
spon
d
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Results18
What do you miss the most in the job?
Group A Group B Group C Group D
Specific and updated technical
knowledge
General cultures knowledge
Knowledge from other areas from
journalism
Appropriate technical
equipment
Appropriate methods of
work
None of the options
Did not respond
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Results19
In the relationship between personal and professional life, you are able to:
Group A Group B Group C Group D
Make long-term planning
Make medium term planning
Make short term planning
Not able to make plans
Did not respond
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Results20
Which external factor most affected the journalistic activity?
Group DGroup CGroup BGroup A
Advertising revenue
The courses of politics
Competition Public opinion Capturing and retaing
customers
None of the options
Did not respond
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Results21
The communication medium are:
Group A Group B Group C Group D
Business like another else
A political tool
A tool for information, culture and education
A different business, with social
role
The most promising
business of the globalized
world
Did not respond
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Results
Obs.: This question was not proposed to the group C (publishing company), on request from the company.
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What kind of information the ordinary citizen prefers
Group DGroup A Group B
Information and emotion
Information from different perspectives
Information with clear perspective
Did not respond
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Results
Obs.: This question was not proposed to the Group A.
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And you, what kind of information do you want?
Information and emotion
Information from different perspectives
Information with clear perspective
Did not respond
Group DGroup CGroup BGroup A
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Results24
The activity you perform allows you to assume that information:
Group A Group B Group C Group D
Is a profitable business
Is a fundamental
product in society
Is a citizen’s right
Is an instrument of power
Did not respond
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Results25
Which newspaper do you read?Group D Group AGroup BGroup C
I do not read newspapers
Other
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Results26
Which news magazine do you read?
Group D
Group AGroup B
Group C
Other
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Do you watch TV?
Group DGroup A Group B Group C
Sometimes Only on weekends
Everyday Once a week Never Did not respond
Sometimes Only on weekends Everyday Never Did not respond
Group A Group B Group C Group D
Do you listen to radio?
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Results28
In order of priority, what are the reasons for you to access the internet?
Group A Group B Group C Group D
Working, studying, shopping
Studying, leisure, reading
news
Research, leisure,
shopping
Shopping, reading news,
working
Reading news,
working, research
Other reasons
I do not access the
internet
Did not respond
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Results29
Did not respond
Other media
Great newspapers
Internet
Radio
Newsletter and newspaper
Great magazines
Television
Neighbours and friends
Newsletter and newspapers from
Chief
Co-workers
Group A Group B Group C Group D
Do you know the most important issues for your life through:
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Results30
How do you spend most of your free time?
Group DGroup A Group B Group C
Watching T
V
Talking to
friends
Watching m
ovies at home
Practic
ing sports
Travelin
g on weekends
Going to
pubs and resta
urants
Listenin
g to m
usic
Visiting fa
mily
Going o
ut with
friends
Accessing th
e intern
et
Reading
Going to
the m
ovies
Going to
the th
eater
None of t
he above
Did not r
espond
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Did you read books in the last month?Communication and WorkResearch Center
Did you go to the movies last month? Did you go to the theater in the last six months?
Yes No Did not respond
NoYes Did not respondNoYes Did not respond
Group DGroup A Group B Group C
Group DGroup A Group B Group C Group DGroup A Group B Group C
Results32
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Did you usually go to:
Group DGroup A Group B Group C
Church Charities Sports Club Theater clubMusical group
Gym Other None Did not respond
(...) the working world today demands intimacy with the digital world(...) journalism is a change that no one knows very well how is going on, specially because of the social media”“the multifulction journalist” and “the online social networks have revolutionized the search for news characters, they left the press seated”“putting content in the blog in 30 minutes, 30 minutes... Five minutes, and the guy thinks he is a journalist, ‘this is my opinion’”.
The journalist talks about his identification, work and formation
“I’ve worked in a publishing company for a while and then I got out from the formal labor market and now I am a freelance journalist, but I also have a digital agency company”
“it was not a choice to be a freelance journalist, for sure (...) The companies take you to this kind of employment relationship”
“Being a stable freelancer has only negative aspects”
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“I think flexibility is essential, because we have to be professionals and multitasking”
“the journalist has to be curious, have general culture, read, be informed, write well and be...upstanding and honest to know how to present the facts as honestly as possible”.
“I really think some things have changed, we feel a higher demand for multimedia skills, it is something that is more in the air than in the everyday practice”.
“(...) my generation is an analogical generation, the computer itself is for me a more agile typewriter”“i have a certain autonomy to define the communication strategy of the bank”“(...)Even during an isolated process, the production never results from one journalist. Never.”“I studied journalism because I wanted to tell the truth, and many people study journalism because they want to tell the truth, but nowadays you see that the truth is not exactly what is going on”.
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The journalist talks about his identification, work and formation
“But never mind, because one thing is the person who knows what he wants and then does research on Google and another is the person who wants to be surprised by a denunciation, with a beautiful story, a human sight that I think it is what journalism should do (...)”
“If it is a news about music, we should use a YouTube video. So, we should create interactions between magazines and internet, create this dialogue, right?”
“Today most of journalists do... Not most of them, but many of them do some kind of publicity work, like creating content to ads. And that sucks, but they are much better paid than in journalism, so these things are worth doing as a freelancer journalist.
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The journalist talks about his identification, work and formation
(...I think it is really nice who is able to do something like that, like ‘Look, I’m interviewing the president’, it is nice, but I am not the kind of person who can do this and then the contact is more to know a lot of people”).
(... The internet helps a lot, because I have already got four jobs through my twitter account; people see and like my tweets and “oh, you’re a journalist, etc., I don’t even know what appears there...).
(…“But you’re always working, you work too much or, you never work less, and you never refuse jobs, even when it is too much...”).
(…But I don't think the advisor is a journalist, because when you are defending a company's point of view... I have done some corporative work, I was working only for the magazines Bons Fluidos, Vida Simples... we are always working according the agenda, and I don't have to defend the company, you know, I have to think in my reader...)
(...Yes, when... you are going to write a news story on pimples, on how to heal pimples, you are going to talk about many products, many things that have to do... the press advisor will tell you that are the interesting features of the product, and the journalist will do the same thing... the public interest on the product...)
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The journalist talks about his identification, work and formation
(... it is exactly this criticism, for example, to sell an agenda is something that... the relationship between the chief and the advisors is, in my opinion, misrepresented in the sense that the advisory has to sell the chief, regardless of who is the chief or what he does... it is also that thing: you always have to write a story in a specific form, so I think it is a lack o criticism... it lacks because you have to evaluate, because the great companies are conducted by rich families and they have many interests; there are few journalists that can afford to refuse things, there are few that really come to... to return anything that comes to the editorial room and...)(…press advisory is something very explicit. It has no intention of hiding anything because it does not have two sides. It is not telling:"look, we have a toy from Estrela here, but there is another one very nice from the competitor's company”).
(…The journalists from editorial room, maybe because of the rush, is a little lazy. He wants that the press advisory send the story all finished. I have already done something like that, I received the story and just put my name on it. It was everything done. I am not looking to both sides, I am going to write about my perspective and at most, I will put the telephone of the company on it…). (…A boy, twenty-something, is exactly this product that the companies put on the labor market. A boy that escape the critical discussion on ethics, on journalism, because he does not have... He finished school, he did not have this formation, he could have learned some things, but he enters in the labor market and become neurotic about the chief that...)
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The journalist talks about his identification, work and formation
(I always talk to the boys that the moment we live today is worst than the dictatorship on journalism, because in those days the story was censored and now the mind of the journalist is censored and he just accept that .)
(... is is that old same discussion about the diploma on journalism. It is necessary or not? I think, for example, that a doctor is more capable of writing a story on medicine than me. I think that a politician is more competent to write about politics than me, because if I have to write a story on politics, I'd have to study for a week. And also, I don't even know what is PMDB or PSDB, my knowledgement on politics is restrict... So, if you say to me "do you want to write a story on politics or can I ask Maluf to do it?". I'd tell: ask Maluf.)(I think journalism is done by journalists. It is something that we can't give up. Opinion is opinion, journalism is journalism. People who write on medicine are going to construct an opinion. He is a specialist and he is going to write about a specific area.) (... information is a public welfare, it has to be constructed by professionals, and these professionals are prepared in universities to know how to deal with public information. If he is going to be a specialist on sports or another issue, ok, it is persoanl taste... but information has to be treated as a public welfare, so the journalist must have ethics, know the limits of information - it is not a mess how it is nowadays, right?)
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The journalist talks about his identification, work and formation
Conclusions
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-Most of the journalists are women, white and have no children. They are young (about 35 years-old). They have university degree in journalism, have already taken a graduation degree; they work under precarious work relationships, are multiplatform and work for many clients.
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Conclusions
-
-Therefore, it is reductionist to affirm the existence of only ONE profile. Also, it is not accurate to what the research reveals. Generational factors related to the changes in the technological and organizational processes in the working world show that another professional profile is emerging.
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Conclusions
-The most diverging result between the samples, in relation to the professional profile, arouse from the journalists members of the Union. The main difference was related to gender, age and professional experience period. The data related to the type of work relationship and function show a higher employment stability, in other words, more effective contractual relationships.
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Conclusions-The journalist is defeated by the instantaneity of
new medium, what requires changes in the self-management at work to deal with other notions of time and space.
-The renormalization of the prescriptions of the journalistic process brings some news: new discourse genres, new elements in the news value, new elements as sources, new organizational procedures on the life and work routine, reinforced engagement in attention, sensibility and recognition.
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Conclusions-The situation of service providers, with precarious
relationship, put into question the challenge of the journalist to see himself as the manager of his own business, with all the burden of the economic uncertainties, excess of work, lack of security to plan the personal life; and, in the other side, with the fredom to choose where and how to work.
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ConclusionsThe discourses of the interviewees and focus
group participants enunciate a concern: to account for the increasing demand of tasks and challenges that require skills to translate content on the most diverse topics, directed and offered to different audience, customers and businesses, in various platforms and languages, in little or no stable economic situation.
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Conclusions
-The older journalists feel rejected by the labor market, however they do not recognize themselves in the current practices. It happens mainly because of the higher demand for intuitive abilities, responding to the compression of time, the nanotime.
-The time that is saturated for the market gain, the real time of the information with circulation value is now experimented in different ways by the older and the younger journalist.
-The more experienced journalists and the younger and critical ones resent the quickness that the decisions are made. Others do not even realize where the values of news and information ethics as citizen rights are going.
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Conclusions
-The cultural consumption, the family life, the cultural and leisure activities are really affected by the pace of work of the journalists. This characteristic from personal life does not seem to have changed for the better; in fact, the lack of out-of-work time has deepened.
-Among many concerns and disagreements there are those people who understand their work as a collective activity, which depends on a group of people, even when working alone; in other hand, other people see themselves, even in the newsrooms of great media companies, as individual workers.
-Some professionals dress up and prepare themselves to work at home, others work in pajamas. The freelancer journalists are the ones that apparently suffer from the lack of prescriptions and from the uncertainty about what and how they will work in the next day.
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Conclusions
-The click metrics generates the audience profiles and the editorial lines, dictating rules not only for the web journalism or online journalism, but for all media chain of production, from newspaper to magazines.
-The click metrics outlines the audience profile that the executive director brings to the press room.And also this nanotime is not the dangerous present life which is always a risk, because it is measured in the watch of the client's company.
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Conclusions
-With the acceleration of times, the variety of platforms and the media convergence, some problems – that are not exactly new – arise, they remain unsolved. They concern to the deontological guidelines of the profession, of journalism ethics in the sources handling, to the view toward not the public interest, but to the client's interest. These difficulties are enunciated in the contradiction: to maintain the basis or to take account of the crazy rhythms and demands of the job.
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Conclusions
-The quickness of the access to facts, elected as event, characterize the value of the news. The time is now more important than the fact. The fact that does not happen in the nanotime of post updating does not exist.
-The time presents itself as the impostor that prevents the critical and responsible practice of the profession.
-It is a time measured by the action-response increasingly more intuitive; reflecting, pondering, analyzing and interpreting in order to produce a discourse permeated by various voices, full of arguments from different points of view seem almost like a daydream of a romanticized time.
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Conclusions
The novelties that challenge the profession are the new journalistic genres and the citizen reporter, that is, the witness that enunciates his discourse and circulates his contribution.
The blog, Facebook, Orkut and Twitter appear, firstly, as new instruments for collaborative work that can be done on the worldwide web. Then journalists extrapolate the instrumental function to use them to search, as source, to contact, as guideline, to construct characters to create a discourse genre.
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Conclusions
- The journalistic genre in blogs contributes to the polyphony of voices. However, how to prevent the increasing simulation of transparency between the event and the journalistic material?
-If the nanotime and the symmetry of what is related as an event are part of the news value (one of the journalists says: in the Internet less is less, nothing to be different), what is the difference between the information given by the audience testimony and the journalistic work?
-The responsibility with the information has as main condition and necessity of the journalist to contextualize the fragmentary information that comes from everyday life – that's what constructs the journalism.
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Conclusions
The research also showed that the different functions and occupations of the journalists put the question: what are the competences and habilities that allow the journalists to work in different areas?
-Generalist competences; hability to produce, translate and work with different discourse genres; hability to research, synthetise and to deal with people are competences that are still and increasingly required.
- The issue of ethical values and responsability with the right to information must be reinforced as main aspects in the professional formation of the journalist.
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SuggestionsReport: The changes in the working world of journalists
http://www.eca.usp.br/comunicacaoetrabalho/wp/index.php/pesquisas/2008-2010/#resultadosDissertationsLima, Cláudia do Carmo Nonato. Comunicação e mundo do trabalho do jornalista: o perfil dos jornalistas de São Paulo a partir da reconfiguração dos processos produtivos da informação. São Paulo, 2010. 313 p.: il. Acesso em http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27152/tde-30112010-160410/pt-br.phpMuniz Jr., J. S. O trabalho com o texto na produção de livros: os conflitos da atividade na perspectiva ergodialógica http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27152/tde-17022011-122845/fr.phpPicciarelli Jr., Sérgio. As relações de comunicação no processo de produção na Gráfica Abril: inovações, criatividade e reconhecimento do uso de si na atividade de comunicação e de trabalho. http://www.pos.eca.usp.br/sites/default/files/file/bdt/2009/2009-me-picciarellijunior_sergio.pdf Grohmann, Rafael N. Os Discursos dos Jornalistas Freelancers sobre o Trabalho: comunicação, mediações e recepção. São Paulo, 2012, 273 p.ResearchesO perfil do jornalista e os discursos sobre o jornalismo. Um estudo das mudanças no mundo do trabalho do jornalista profissional em São Paulo (2012)http://www.eca.usp.br/comunicacaoetrabalho/wp/index.php/pesquisas/2008-2010/ As mudanças no mundo do trabalho nas empresas de comunicação (2008)http://www.eca.usp.br/comunicacaoetrabalho/wp/index.php/pesquisas/2005-2007/
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