Post on 19-Dec-2015
The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
Chapter 2Chapter 2
The CellThe Cell
All living things are made of cells.All living things are made of cells.Cells are the smallest living unit of life.Cells are the smallest living unit of life.Each cell performs the necessary Each cell performs the necessary
functions to sustain life.functions to sustain life.Cells can replicate themselves. Cancer Cells can replicate themselves. Cancer
occurs when cells replicate occurs when cells replicate haphazzardly.haphazzardly.
Cellular function is carried out by Cellular function is carried out by organelles.organelles.
Cellular reactions are mediated Cellular reactions are mediated (controlled) by ENZYMES. (controlled) by ENZYMES.
Enzymes speed up chemical Enzymes speed up chemical reactions.reactions.
All the chemical reactions in the body All the chemical reactions in the body make up its METABOLISM.make up its METABOLISM.
There are 10 organelles that you are There are 10 organelles that you are responsible for.responsible for.
Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane
Outer covering of the cell.Outer covering of the cell.Also called the PLASMALEMMA.Also called the PLASMALEMMA.Separates the intracellular (inside) Separates the intracellular (inside)
fluid and the extracellular (outside) fluid and the extracellular (outside) fluid.fluid.
Double layer of lipids (fat) with Double layer of lipids (fat) with protein molecules between the layers.protein molecules between the layers.
Polar Head (like water)Polar Head (like water)Non-polar tails (do not like water)Non-polar tails (do not like water)Proteins within the membrane. They Proteins within the membrane. They
give support to the membrane and give support to the membrane and prevent it from collapsing.prevent it from collapsing.
Carbohydrates are attached to the Carbohydrates are attached to the integral proteins. These form the integral proteins. These form the GLYCOCALYX.GLYCOCALYX.
The glycocalyx is a sticky coat that The glycocalyx is a sticky coat that allows the cell to bind to other cells.allows the cell to bind to other cells.
The glycocalyx also serves as a The glycocalyx also serves as a marker.marker.
i.e.: certain antibiotics recognize i.e.: certain antibiotics recognize the the
glycocalyx and attach to the glycocalyx and attach to the cell.cell.
Functions of the Plasma Functions of the Plasma MembraneMembrane
Allows entry into the cell Allows entry into the cell (Endocytosis)(Endocytosis)
Phagocytosis – cell eatingPhagocytosis – cell eating
Pinocytosis – cell drinkingPinocytosis – cell drinking
Receptor-Mediated - Receptor-Mediated - hormoneshormones
Allows movement out of cells Allows movement out of cells (Exocytosis)(Exocytosis)
CytoplasmCytoplasm
Cytosol is a gel like substance which Cytosol is a gel like substance which holds all the internal cellular holds all the internal cellular organelles.organelles.
Contains ions, water, and enzymes.Contains ions, water, and enzymes.
THE ORGANELLESTHE ORGANELLES
Perform all the cellular functions.Perform all the cellular functions.
““Little Organs”Little Organs”
MITOCHONDRIAMITOCHONDRIA
Power plant of Power plant of the cellthe cell
Produces energy Produces energy
RIBOSOMERIBOSOME
2 parts that make proteins.2 parts that make proteins.
RNA
Ribosome
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Subway system of the cell.Subway system of the cell.Network of membrane-walled tubes Network of membrane-walled tubes
that twist through the cytoplasm.that twist through the cytoplasm.ROUGH E.R. – have ribosomes ROUGH E.R. – have ribosomes
attached.attached.SMOOTH E.R. – do not have SMOOTH E.R. – do not have
ribosomes attached.ribosomes attached.
GOLGI APPARATUSGOLGI APPARATUS
Stacks of disk shaped membranes.Stacks of disk shaped membranes.
SortSort
Package proteinsPackage proteins
ProcessProcess
LYSOSOMESLYSOSOMES
Sacs containing digestive enzymes Sacs containing digestive enzymes that can break down almost all types that can break down almost all types of biological materials.of biological materials.
PEROXISOMESPEROXISOMES
Contain oxidases (use oxygen to Contain oxidases (use oxygen to neutralize aggressive compounds neutralize aggressive compounds known as free radicals).known as free radicals).
Free radicals can damage cellular Free radicals can damage cellular proteins, membranes, and DNA if left proteins, membranes, and DNA if left to accumulate.to accumulate.
CYTOSKELETONCYTOSKELETON
System of complex rods that run System of complex rods that run throughout the cytoplasm.throughout the cytoplasm.
MicrotubulesMicrotubulesMicrofilamentsMicrofilaments
CENTROSOMECENTROSOME
Contains a matrix and an inner pair Contains a matrix and an inner pair of centrioles which are important in of centrioles which are important in cellular division.cellular division.
NUCLEUSNUCLEUS
Membrane bound organelle which is Membrane bound organelle which is the control center for all cellular the control center for all cellular activity..activity..
Contains DNA – produce instructions Contains DNA – produce instructions for protein synthesis.for protein synthesis.
Contain chromosomesContain chromosomes
Produce ribsomes in the nucleolusProduce ribsomes in the nucleolus
Related Clinical TermsRelated Clinical Terms
NECROSIS – cellular death due to NECROSIS – cellular death due to disease or injury.disease or injury.
HYPERTROPHY – increase in size.HYPERTROPHY – increase in size.
i.e. Muscle cells become i.e. Muscle cells become hypertrophic in response to exercise.hypertrophic in response to exercise.
nucleus
Cell membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
TISSUESTISSUES
Chapter FourChapter Four
OBJECTIVES for TissuesOBJECTIVES for Tissues
Be able to list the four basic tissue Be able to list the four basic tissue types and give examples of each.types and give examples of each.
Describe the functions of each tissue Describe the functions of each tissue type.type.
Describe the cellular components of Describe the cellular components of each tissue type.each tissue type.
Describe and identify the Describe and identify the morphology of epithelial tissue types.morphology of epithelial tissue types.
TissuesTissues
Cells do not operate independently.Cells do not operate independently.Related cells work and operate Related cells work and operate
together in organized groups.together in organized groups.
The bottom line:The bottom line:
Tissues are clubs of cellular Tissues are clubs of cellular organization.organization.
Four Types of TissuesFour Types of Tissues
1. Epithelial Tissue1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue3. Muscle Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue4. Nervous Tissue
EPITHELIAL TISSUEEPITHELIAL TISSUE
Covers the body surface Covers the body surface
oror
Lines a body cavityLines a body cavity
Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue
Occurs at the interface of two Occurs at the interface of two different environments.different environments.
i.e. The epidermis is between the i.e. The epidermis is between the inside and the outside of the body.inside and the outside of the body.
Protects the body by detecting Protects the body by detecting harmful stimuli.harmful stimuli.
i.e. Receptors for pain are found i.e. Receptors for pain are found within the skin.within the skin.
SecretionSecretion
release of molecules from the cellrelease of molecules from the cell
AbsorptionAbsorption
bringing small molecules into the bringing small molecules into the cell.cell.
Ion transport – moves ions (charged Ion transport – moves ions (charged molecules) across a membrane.molecules) across a membrane.
The epithelium filters fluids that The epithelium filters fluids that cross the barrier.cross the barrier.
Characteristics of Epithelial Characteristics of Epithelial TissueTissue
1. Cellularity 1. Cellularity – composed almost entirely – composed almost entirely of cells.of cells.
2. Specialized Contacts – 2. Specialized Contacts – connects connects adjacent cells.adjacent cells.
gap junctions, tight junctions, gap junctions, tight junctions, desmosomesdesmosomes
3. Polarity 3. Polarity – under surface called the – under surface called the “basement membrane”.“basement membrane”.
4. Avascular 4. Avascular – lacks blood vessels. – lacks blood vessels. Receives nutrients through the Receives nutrients through the underlying connective tissueunderlying connective tissue
5. 5. RegenerationRegeneration – replaces lost/dead – replaces lost/dead cells quickly.cells quickly.
Shapes of Epithelial TissueShapes of Epithelial Tissue
Simple Epithelium – one layerSimple Epithelium – one layerStratified Epithelium – more than one Stratified Epithelium – more than one
layerlayerSquamous – cells are wider than tallSquamous – cells are wider than tallCuboidal – cells are just about as tall Cuboidal – cells are just about as tall
as wideas wideColumnar – cells are taller than wide.Columnar – cells are taller than wide.
CONNECTIVE TISSUECONNECTIVE TISSUE
Types of connective tissueTypes of connective tissue
FatFat
CartilageCartilage
Ligaments and TendonsLigaments and Tendons
BoneBone
BloodBlood
CollagenCollagen
Functions of Connective TissueFunctions of Connective Tissue 1. Support and bind other tissues. 1. Support and bind other tissues.
(tendons, ligaments)(tendons, ligaments) 2. Hold body fluids (ground substance).2. Hold body fluids (ground substance). 3. Defend against infection3. Defend against infection - mast cells- mast cells - macrophages- macrophages - plasma cells- plasma cells - neutrophils- neutrophils 4. Store nutrients as fat. 4. Store nutrients as fat.
Muscle TissueMuscle Tissue
Brings about body movement.Brings about body movement. Moves by shortening.Moves by shortening. Three Types:Three Types:
1. skeletal – pulls on long bones. Striated.1. skeletal – pulls on long bones. Striated.
2. cardiac – only in the heart.2. cardiac – only in the heart.
3. smooth – no visible striations. Found in 3. smooth – no visible striations. Found in walls of hollow visceral organs such as walls of hollow visceral organs such as digestive system, urinary organs, blood digestive system, urinary organs, blood vessels, and uterus. Mostly involuntary.vessels, and uterus. Mostly involuntary.
Nerve TissueNerve Tissue
Uses electrical impulses to transport Uses electrical impulses to transport information.information.
Can RegenerateCan Regenerate
Identify the Following:
Epidermis
Dermis
Hair follicle
Subcutaneous fat
Pore