Post on 14-Jan-2016
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The BREAK-UP of YUGOSLAVIA
Josip Broz Tito
“Brotherhood and
Unity”
A popular refrain:
“Yugoslavia has7 neighbors6 republics5 nationalities4 official languages3 major religions2 alphabets1 dinar (national currency)
Major Religious Groups
Catholics
Orthodox
Islam
Protestants
Slovene/Catholic 91%Croat/Catholic 3%Serb/E Ortho 2%
Croat/Catholic 78%Serb/E Ortho 12%
Serb/ E Ortho 63%Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6%Albanian/Muslim 14%Hungarian/Catholic 4%
Muslims (43.7%)Croats/Catholic (17.3%) Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %)
66% Macedonian/E Ortho23% Albanian/Muslim2% Serb/E Ortho4% Turk/Muslim
Patterns of Ethnic Settlement
Facilitated the Conflict and Break-up
Bosnia: 40% ofurban couplesethnically mixed
Which is a more appropriate goal?
To protect state sovereignty? Borders?To allow all groups to have self-determination and independent nations?
Bosnia Bosnia Geographically it’s in the middle
• Territory was desirable for its access to the Adriatic Sea and for strategic reasons
It was an example of a truly multi-ethnic society with no majority
• Muslims (43.7%)• Croats (17.3%) • Serbs (31.4 %)
The population consisted of large ethnic groups
• Linked to Serbia and Croatia• Serbia and Croatia wanted these people and their
lands to join Serbia and Croatia respectively, rather than be in a multi-ethnic Bosnia
According to Donnelly why was the genocide not stopped?
IRONY OF ETHNIC CLEANSING
Ethnic cleansing and mass murder produced ethnically pure territorial units
• ultimately produces NEATER maps on which peace settlement could be worked
– allowing the safe areas to fall got rid of enclaves that cluttered the map
• world leaders denounce ethnic cleansing BUT in the end BACK RESULTS which bring peace
ETHNIC MIX BEFORE THE
WAR
After Dayton Accords
Before the War
BOSNIA
Declares independence, tooBosnian Serbs • declare an independent Serb state and
lay siege to Sarajevo, claiming the city as its capital
• Yugoslav artillery shell Bosnia/Sarajevo—providing support to Serb irregulars who engage in ethnic cleansing of Bosnia
• 1000 Serbs shells a day hitting Sarajveo• 3,777 hit in 16 hours on July 23, 1993
Women and Elderly Fleeing Srebrenica with UN watching
Mass Graves Uncovered Where the Men From Srebrenica Ended Up
Back to original dilemma…
What are the conflicting values?
International Role in Yugoslavia
Neo-isolationist or Internationalist?Cooperative or Military Interventionist?
International Role in YugoslaviaSept 1991
UN arms embargo on Yugoslavia
Oct 1991Sec’y General sends special envoy (Vance) negotiate a short cease-fire
Feb 1992Deploy UNPROFOR (14,000 soldiers)
• to ensure that areas vacated by Serbian army are protected
• assist humanitarian agencies• assist displaced persons in getting home
November 1992
–send UN troops to Macedonia (1st preventive action ever)
February 1993
–establish International Criminal tribunal
June 1993
–increase UNPROFOR size
–authorize use of force (including air strikes)
Feb. 1994
–NATO authorizes air strikes to deter attacks on civilians in Sarajevo
April 1994
–Contact Group forms to draw up peaceful settlement
US, UK, Germany, France, Russia
What guidelines should determine when the U.S. gets involved in the affairs of other countries?
With the rise of Gorbachev and liberalization of relations with USSR
Yugoslavia was no longer a crucial link to US foreign policyFear precedent of break-up
US and West was focused on Persian GulfWEST not prepared to deal with conflicting goals: integrity of state v. self determination
http://www.kforonline.com/
Slovenia (West)Slovene/Catholic 91%Croat/Catholic 3%Serb/E Ortho 2%
Croatia (West)Croat/Catholic 78%Serb/E Ortho 12%
Macedonia (East)66% Macedonian/E Ortho23% Albanian/Muslim2% Serb/E Ortho4% Turk/Muslim
Serbia and Montenegro (incorporated Vojvodina and Kosovo) (East)
Serb/ E Ortho 63%Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6%Albanian/Muslim 14%Hungarian/Catholic 4%
Bosnia and Hercegovina (Central)
Muslims (43.7%)Croats/Catholic (17.3%) Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %)
Ethnic and Religious Make-up