The Bonn

Challange

Thimphu – FAO

May, 2013

Deforestation and degradation have a

long history

Central Europe, 900-1900

Source: Oedekoven, 1980 (in Williams 2006)

Deforestation and degradation have a

long history

Forest cover in Sao Paulo State, Brazil

Mudslide - China

Crop failure - Malawi

Land degradation - Haiti

Erosion - Kenya

Source: Oedekoven, 1980 (in Williams 2006)

Aridity - Sahel

Source: Oedekoven, 1980 (in Williams 2006)

Flooding - Indonesia

Biodiversity and carbon loss - Indonesia

Intact

Fragmented

Degraded

Deforested

Deforested since 2000 (1%)

Forests in decline Current status of lands where forests can grow

28%

19% 37%

15%

Carbon

46%

is gone

Land area: 100% = 7.5 billion ha Forest biomass carbon: 100 % = 997 Gt C

Source: WRI analysis based on “World agriculture: Toward 2015/2030. Interim Report.” 2006. FAO; and United Nations Population Division Projections (online).

Global food production needs to increase 63% from 2006–2050

Kcal (trillions)

63%

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Southern Sweden: 100 years ago and today

Sweden

Source: Hanson, C. et al. 2010. Southern Forests for the

Future. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute

Southeastern United States

Pohang, Republic of Korea

Before: 1960

After: 2000

Nepal

1.5 km South of

border, Nigeria

8.5 km North of

border, Niger

Shinwanga, Tanzania- then

Shinwanga, Tanzania- now

Humbo, Tanzania

Before: 2000

After: 2007

Costa Rica

Degraded by fire,

drought, extreme

climatic events, or

pests and disease

These areas are so

far from human

habitation that

restoration is

unlikely to happen

Remote restoration Unpopulated- less likely to be restored

Wide-scale restoration Restoration to forest – only or mainly

• Less population

• Less intensive land use

• Population density is higher

• The land use is mixed

• Closed forests cannot grow

Mosaic restoration Restoration to a mix of people and trees

Protective restoration

may be an opportunity

in the agricultural

landscape.

Trees can help prevent

soil erosion, protect

waterways, absorb

storm water, increase

soil fertility, and

enhance soil moisture

capacity.

Protective restoration on croplands Croplands are not included on the restoration opportunity map

Lands of Opportunity

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500

Africa Asia South America

Oceania North America

Europe

Total mosaic

Total widescale

Restoration opportunities by continent

(million hectares)

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200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Temperate Subtropical Tropical

Total mosaic

Total widescale

Restoration opportunities by biome

(million hectares)

Restoration opportunities in Asia Leading countries by region

Map of degraded lands with potential for oil palm in West Kalimantan,

Indonesia

Degraded, high potential

Degraded, potential

Not degraded, not suitable

Why isn’t this happening in more

places? . . . 18 case studies

• Niger - Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration

• Panama Canal Watershed • Precious Woods • Sweden - Reforestation in the

Southwest • Tanzania - Woodland

Regeneration • TIST - Small Group Tree Planting • Tree Planting Failures • United States - Reforestation in

the South • Viet Nam - Mangrove Restoration

• Brazil’s Atlantic Forest • China • China - Loess Plateau Watershed

Rehabilitation Project • Costa Rica • Ethiopia - Assisted Natural

Regeneration in the Humbo Project

• Guanacaste - Secondary Forest Regrowth

• Haiti • Kenya’s Green Belt Movement • Nepal - Community Forestry

ISSUE: Case not made

ISSUE: Policies and

conditions not supportive

ISSUE: Champions not empowered,

supporters not mobilized

What is likely economic impact of

restoring 150 million hectares of

deforested and degraded forest

landscapes worldwide?

$84 billion per year in

net benefits

• Direct additional income for forest

dependent communities

• Contribution to national and global

economies

Meeting the Bonn Challenge:

Rural Benefits

Achieving the Bonn Challenge

target would:

• Sequester 47 GtCO2e (at an

approximate rate of 1

GtCO2e per year)

• Reduce the current

“emissions reduction gap” by

between 11% to 17%.

Meeting the Bonn Challenge:

Rural Benefits

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140

Temperate Subtropical Tropical

Potential carbon storage by biome - high estimate (gigatons)

Theoretical potential gain in carbon stock

by biome

1. Inspire commitments to restore and raise awareness of the “what, why, where, and how”

2. Support methods and policies that close gaps in enabling conditions and capacity to advance restoration

3. Mobilize on-the-ground efforts through coalitions of restoration champions and building capacity for restoration

How?

Monitored by Global Forest Watch 2.0

Inspire

Global restoration awards

Targeted restoration outreach effort

John Liu

Global Restoration Council

Global Partnership on Forest Landscape Restoration

• ARC - Alliance of Religions and Conservation

• CARE International

• CBD - Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity

• CIFOR - Centre for International Forestry Research

• FAO - UN Food and Agriculture Organization

• FORIG - Forest Research Institute Ghana

• Global Mechanism for the UN Convention to Combat Desertification

• ICRAF - World Agroforestry Centre

• IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature

• IUFRO - International Union of Forest Research Organizations

• ITTO - International Tropical Timber Organization

• PROFOR - Program on Forests

• Tropenbos International

• UNFF - Secretariat of the United Nations Forum on Forests

• UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre

• World Bank

• World Resources Institute

• Wageningen University and Research

• WWF

• China

• El Salvador

• Finland

• Ghana

• Italy

• Japan

• Kenya

• Lebanon

• the Netherlands

• South Africa

• Switzerland

• United Kingdom

• United States

Status of pledges

20 m ha Pledges announced • USA: 15 million ha

• Rwanda: 2 million ha

• Brazil Mata Atlantica Restoration Pact: 1 million ha

• El Salvador: 1 million ha

• Costa Rica: 1 million ha

30 m ha in pre-pledges

• Alianza Mesoamericana de

Pueblos y Bosques: 20 million

ha

• India: 10 million ha

Support

Propose policies Assess enabling context

and capacity

Assess opportunities Economic analysis

Case study key factor analysis

• Niger - Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration

• Panama Canal Watershed • Precious Woods • Sweden - Reforestation in the

Southwest • Tanzania - Woodland

Regeneration • TIST - Small Group Tree Planting • Tree Planting Failures • United States - Reforestation in

the South • Viet Nam - Mangrove Restoration

• Brazil’s Atlantic Forest • China • China - Loess Plateau Watershed

Rehabilitation Project • Costa Rica • Ethiopia - Assisted Natural

Regeneration in the Humbo Project

• Guanacaste - Secondary Forest Regrowth

• Haiti • Kenya’s Green Belt Movement • Nepal - Community Forestry

Further case study development…adding economics…

Key factors analysis diagnostic tools

1. Inspire 2. Support 3. Mobilize and

implement

• Clearly identifiable

benefits

• Policymaker support

• Local community and/or

land owner buy-in

• Public education and

engagement

• Trigger events

• Ecological environment

(feasibility)

• Economic environment

• Policy environment

• Social environment

• Technical

• Management

• Outreach

Mobilize

Engagement and outreach Convene champions

Support reform and advocacy

Measure progress

Brazil Opportunity area

• 25% of country

• Widescale: 57 m ha

• Mosaic: 150 m ha

Strategy

• Initial focus: Pará

State

• Partners: Imazon,

Pará State

Government,

Federal Government

Funding

• BMU

Indonesia Opportunity area

• 27% of country

• Widescale: 17 m ha

• Mosaic: 34 m ha

Strategy

• Initial focus: Jambi

Province

• Partners: ICRAF,

Jambi Province

Government,

Federal Government

Funding

• BMU

Africa’s drylands Opportunity area Africa

total

• Widescale: 115 m ha

• Mosaic: 600 m ha

Strategy

• Initial focus: Sahel,

Rwanda, Mozambique

• Partners: ICRAF, Africa

Regreening Initiatives

Funding

• Needed

Water harvesting Agroforestry Micro-dosing

+ +

Agroforestry (Niger): Grain yields increase as tree density

increases

No trees

Source: Adapted from Mahamane, L. (AFF). Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration in Niger.

Presentation to the United Nations, February 2011.

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Gra

in y

ield

(kg

/ h

a /

yr)

Tree density (trees / ha)

Benefits of agroforestry: Fodder, poles, and fuel wood

Photos: C. Reij

Photos: L. Mahamane

Photos: L. Mahamane

New vegetable garden in Batodi

Benefits of agroforestry: Improved wellbeing for women

2014

More partners welcome!