Post on 17-Dec-2015
Characteristics Shared By All Animals
• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Most are motile
• Consume food and are dependent upon photosynthetic organisms
• Most reproduce sexually
Invertebrate vs. Vertebrate Animals
• Invertebrates lack a vertebral column (no backbone)– 95% of all animals are
“inverts”– Examples: jellyfish,
worms, shellfish, snails, crustaceans, spiders, insects, and sea stars
• Vertebrates possess a nerve cord surrounded by a spine (backbone!)– You are a vertebrate!– Examples: fish,
amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals
Invertebrates: Major PhylaChapters 15 and 16
• Porifera
• Cnidaria
• 3 Worm Phyla: – Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Annelida
• Mollusca
• Arthropoda
• Echinodermata
Invertebrates: Porifera
• The Sponges!
• Asymmetrical– No definite body shape
• Filter feeders
• Nonmotile adults but larva swim!
• Asexual and sexual reproduction
• No true tissues
Invertebrates: Cnidaria• Jellyfish, corals, hydra, sea anemone, and
corals• Organism armed with stinging cells• Radial symmetry: Top and bottom but no
back or front• Gastrovascular cavity: Carnivorous• Asexual and sexual reproduction• Two life stages: medusa and polyp• True Tissues
Invertebrates: Worms
• Bilateral Symmetry: Definite head containing nerves and sensory organs
• Complex tissues
• Variety of habitats and life cycles
• 3 Major Worm Phylum:– Platyhelminthes: flatworms– Nematoda: roundworms– Annelida: segmented worms
Invertebrates: Mollusca
• Bivalves, snails, slugs, octopoda, and squid• Bilateral symmetry, Complex tissues and organs,
sexual reproduction• Muscular foot, mantle, radula, and soft body
(visceral mass)• Many mollusks have hard, protective shells• Includes filter feeders, foragers, and predators• 3 Major Classes
– Gastropods (snails, limpets, slugs)– Bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops)– Cephalopods (octopoda and squid)
Phylum: Mollusca, Class Cephalopoda
• Octopus, Squid, Nautilus, Cuttlefish• Intelligent invertebrates?• A new octopus in the aquarium…• What on Earth is a cuttlefish?• Cuttlefish Specialist Interview on Nova
Invertebrates: ArthropodsOver 1 million species! Extremely diverse phylum
• Mastered habitats of land, water, and air
• Bilateral symmetry, Jointed appendages
• Complex organ systems and sense organs– Sight, smell, taste, gravity, and touch– Compound eyes detect light and movement
• Segmented bodies: head, thorax, abdomen
• Exoskeleton: animal molts as it grows in size; a new exoskeleton forms
Invertebrates: ArthropodsOver 1 million species! Extremely diverse phylum
• Arthropod Classes– Insects (6 legs): Most successful organism on Earth! Includes
flies, ants, butterflies, moths, grasshoppers, beetles, bees, and wasps
• Wing type used to classify insects• Life cycle includes metamorphosis• Many are important pollinators for plant kingdom• Social insects such as bees and ants live in complex colonies
complete with specialized jobs and communication between insects.
– Arachnids (8 legs): spiders, ticks, and scorpions– Crustaceans (10 legs): barnacles, crabs, shrimp, crayfish, lobster– Centipedes (about 30 legs, 1 pair of legs per body segment)– Millipedes (about 30 legs, 2 pair of legs per body segment)– What about the horseshoe crab?
Invertebrates: Echinoderms
• “Spiney skin”: Sea stars, sea cucumbers, sand dollars, and sea urchins
• Bilateral symmetry as larvae and radial symmetry as adults
• Endoskeleton• Tube feet
– Water vascular system used for movement, gas exchange, and feeding
• Regeneration• Pattern of development more closely related to
vertebrates than other invertebrates
Vertebrates belong to Phylum Chordata
• Vertebrates possess a nerve cord surrounded by a spine (backbone!)
• Endoskeleton, Bilateral symmetry
• Vertebrates control body temperature:1. Endotherms: body temperature controlled
internally by metabolism; “warm-blooded”
2. Ectotherms: body temperature controlled through environment; “cold-blooded”
Vertebrates: Fishes• 1st vertebrates! 31,000 species• Gas exchange through gills• Ectotherms• Streamlined body with fins for locomotion• Very good sense of smell• Highly developed nervous system• Two-chambered heart
• Three Fish Classes1. Jawless fish: lampreys and hagfish2. Cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, skates3. Boney fish: halibut, trout, salmon
Jawless Fishes
Hagfishhttp://people.whitman.edu/~yancey/deepsea.html
http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~youson/lamprey-photo.htm
Lamprey
Jawless Fishes
• No jaw! (like early fishes)
• Examples: Hagfish and Lampreys
• Hagfish are scavengers.
• Lampreys are parasites. Lampreys attach to host by suckers and feed upon blood and body fluids. – Common host: Sharks
Cartilaginous fishes
“Mermaid’s purses”http://www.jaxshells.org/926c.htm
Skatehttp://www.riverocean.org.uk/Sustianablefishing/Skate.htm
The Beautiful Manta Ray
http://crabbyadventures.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/images/15-a.326232456_std.jpg
Tropical ray living near coral reefs; Filter feeder; 25 ft across, 5000 lbs.
The Whale Shark: World’s Largest Fish
Tropical, warm-temperate waters; Filter feeder; Largest recorded whale shark was about 41 ft long and 47,000 lbs.
The species is considered vulnerable and the population is unknown.
Cartilaginous Fishes• Endoskeleton made entirely of cartilage
– Cartilage is a flexible yet strong connective tissue. (Your ears and the end of you nose are made of cartilage.)
• Jaws present!• Sharks with sharp senses and teeth are
predators.• But the whale shark filter feeds.• Most keep swimming to stay afloat.• Examples: Sharks, rays, and skates
Bony Fishes• Appeared 350 million years ago; Largest number
of fish species• Endoskeleton of hardened minerals: Bone!• Buoyancy Control: The swim bladder is a balloon
filled with air that controls the fishes’ depth underwater.
• Scales and mucus reduce water resistance• Specialized fins make fish great swimmers• Operculum: Bony structure that pumps water into
the gill chamber even when the fish is stationary.
The African Lungfish!• A hardy, fearless
predator from swamps and rivers of West and South Africa
• Prey: Small frogs and fish
• Two lungs allow fish to breath air!
• Heart is four-chambered• Survive a drought by
burrowing in mud
The Mudskipper• Mudskippers live in intertidal
zones and are equally happy in and out of water.
• Breathing occurs through the skin, mouth, and throat. Mudskipper may even hold pockets of water in their gill chambers when burrowing in sediment.
• Feeds on small arthropods.• Habitat: Mudflats of East
Africa, Japan, China, South East Asia and Northern Australia
Copyright 2006: Chris Chafer
Movement onto Land
• Bony fishes with strong, lobed fins evolved into organisms that could spend time crawling along the ground, outside of the water.
• Fossil records show that the fins evolved into two pairs of legs. Additional adaptations included the ability to breathe through the skin and the development of lungs.
• These ancestors of the amphibian are long extinct, but the modern-day lungfish and mudskipper may share a common ancestor with early amphibians.
Vertebrates: Amphibians
• Amphibian means: “Dual Life”• Part of life spent in water, part on land:
Amphibians require water to reproduce b/c the eggs lack a waterproof shell.
• Egg fertilization occurs in the water (just like bony fish).
• Ectotherms• Gas exchange through moist skin and/or lungs• Three-chambered heart• Life cycle: Metamorphosis with fish-like tadpole
Amphibians: Frogs and Toads
• No tails as adults• Frogs are aquatic; toads are terrestrial.• Metamorphosis: Tadpoles with gills, fins, and tail
hatch from eggs. Tadpoles develop hind legs first. As the front legs form, the tail slowly shrinks. Lungs and other adult features make the changes complete.
• Vocal creatures: Spring peepers may be heard in early spring evenings and bull frogs make loud, deep calls to attract a mate.
• A few species hatch from eggs as tiny frogs instead of tadpoles.
Amphibians: Salamanders and Newts
• Adults have a tail!
• Also respire through skin or simple lungs.
• Terrestrial; Burrow under forest debris.
• Aquatic salamanders have gills as adults.
Tiger Salamander, NJ resident
Vertebrates: Reptiles
• Snakes, lizards, turtles, tortoises, alligators, and crocodiles
• Ectotherms• Dry waterproof skin, gas exchange
through spongy lungs• Three-chambered heart (almost four)• Egg with yolk and protective waterproof
coating• Hatched young fend for themselves
Vertebrates: Birds
• Beaks, feathers, wings and most fly!• Hollow endoskeleton• Endotherms• Gas exchange: spongy lungs• Four-chambered heart• Egg with yolk and hard protective coating• Care for hatched young, complex social
behavior, migration, pollinators
Vertebrates: Mammals
• Hair and skin and large brain
• Endotherms
• Gas exchange: lungs with a diaphragm
• Four-chambered heart
• Young born live and in immature stage
• Care for young and nurse via mammary glands
Vertebrates: Mammals
• Egg-laying mammals called monotremes– Duck-billed platypus and spiny anteater
• Pouched mammals called marsupials– Opossum, koala and kangaroo
• Placental mammals– Unborn young are nourished by placenta– Live young are born fully developed– Most mammals are placental
Placental Mammals
• Carnivora: Dogs, cats, bears, seals, otters, walruses• Cetacea: Whales and dolphins• Insectivora: Moles and shrews• Rodentia: Largest order of mammals! Mice, rats,
porcupines, and gophers• Proboscidea: Elephants• Primates: Monkeys, apes, lemurs, humans• Chiroptera: Bats• Perissodactyla: Horses, zebra, and rhinoceroses• Artiodactyla: Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, deer• Lagomorpha: Rabbits and hares
Works Cited• Classification of Living Things: Animalia & Plantae: Cambridge Educational
(2001)• Science Insights: Exploring Living Things; Scott Foresman-Addison Wesley
(1999)• Title Images
– http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t025/T025675A.jpg&imgrefurl=http://encarta.msn.com/media_461518808/Centipede.html&h=336&w=500&sz=10&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=ShlPXVKcV3cDrM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcentipede%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG
– http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.actden.com/grap_den/clipart/images/rabbit.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.actden.com/grap_den/clipart/rabbit.htm&h=309&w=414&sz=47&hl=en&start=31&tbnid=G6PRvtkq-aXpkM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=125&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drabbit%26start%3D18%26ndsp%3D18%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN
– http://universe-review.ca/I10-26-hydra.jpg
• Bat Image source: http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://dine.sanjuan.k12.ut.us/heritage/land/animals/mammals/images/bat.jpg&imgrefurl=http://dine.sanjuan.k12.ut.us/heritage/land/animals/mammals/bat.htm&h=450&w=600&sz=23&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=QRM6gGXm2uzHmM:&tbnh=101&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbat%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG
• Social Behavior Images– http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.learnaboutwildlife.com/images/bowerbird.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.learnaboutwildlife.com/
&h=566&w=643&sz=75&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=Z2tJjAZshYKuCM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dbowerbird%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN
– http://i76.photobucket.com/albums/j3/ferchikaiko/Parrots.jpg– http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.geocities.com/rs_suresh/peacock.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.geocities.com/rs_suresh/
statebirds.html&h=390&w=572&sz=80&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=SeqmRAOlLhfBHM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpeacock%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DG