The Anglo-Japanese Alliance

Lai Kwok Sing ( 7 ) Chan Wai Yin ( 21 ) Lau Sze Man ( 30 ) Leung Lai Ting ( 32 )Tsui Siu Yi ( 37 ) Wong Chi Ho ( 38 ) Wu Hei Tung ( 41 )

F.4B

Motives of Britain

An island located at the northwest of Europe

Most of England consists of rolling lowland terrain, divided east from west by more mountainous terrain in the Northwest and north and limestonehills of the Peak District

The British Empire in 1897

by the Tees-Exe line.

Before the Anglo-Japanese Alliance ( late 19th century ), Britain had never signed any treaties with other foreign countries because of her traditional foreign policy of “ splendid isolation ”

By the turn of the century, Russia had developed significant economic and political interests in Manchuria and Korea.

During the Boxer Crisis in 1900, the European Powers(Britain, France, Germany, and Russia), as well as the Uni-siege of their legations in Beijing. The Boxer Uprising 1900-1901

Russia used the unrest as a pretext to send large numbers of troops into Manchuria, acting completely independently of the other Powers.

Britain feared that this was the beginning of the long-awaited partition of China, which would hurt British interests by closing the "open door" to the whole of China.

Britain first turned to Germany for help. France and Russia had been allied since 1893, and although their alliance did not extend to the Far East, France clearly was unlikely to oppose Russian expansion into China.

The Germans agreed to a "joint undertaking" with Britain, signed on 16 October 1900, in which both countries agreed to oppose the division of China and to keep open trade in China "as far as they can exercise influence."

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However , when Russia pressured China for concessions in Manchuria, German ChancellorBernhard von Bülow declared that "there were no German interests of importance in Manchuria and the fate of that province was a matter of absolute indifference to Germany.”

Britain was not on friendly terms with Russia, France or Germany anymore .

This left Japan as the only significant power which had both the means and the will to stand up to Russia in the Far East.

Germany Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow

Also , she had growing apprehensions about an apparent increasing Russian influence in the Far East as well as about the very real French advances in West Africa and the developing naval strength of Germany.

In order to check Russian ambition in Asia , protect her interests in China , get rid of the growing power of foreign countries , and break the isolation , Britain decided to sign an alliance treaty withJapan

Motives of Japan

An East Asian country

To the west is Korea, to the north is Russia, and to the southwest are Chinaand Taiwan.

One of the world's leading industrialized countries, the "Land of the Rising Sun" is composed of over 3,000 islands.

Major island : Honshu ,Hokkaido , Kyushu ,Shikoku.

Japan's outline derived from Ignacio Moreira's map. Cf. Walter p.42

Japan was a major player in Far Eastern affairs when it defeated the Chinese in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895

Was only prevented from annexing the Liaodong peninsula of Manchuria (which contained Manchuria's main port of Newchwang) by an ultimatum from the Triple Intervention－Russia, France, and Germany.

The Sino Japanese War in 1894-1895

The Triple Intervention

Russia and Japanclashed repeatedly in Korea after the war

The Russian lease of Port Arthur in 1898, on the tip of the Liaodong peninsula, did not improve Japanese disposition towards Russia.

In 1900 , China signed the Boxer Protocol with eight foreign countries , including Japan , France , The United States , Britain , Russia , Germany and Italy , because of the loss in the Eight-Power Expedition , which caused by the Boxer Uprising .

Russia took this opportunity to seize Northeast China( Manchuria ) , threatening the interests of Japan on the Korean Peninsula .

Peking, September 7, 1901Peace Agreement between the Great

Powers and China

Russians in the Manchuria in 1900s

During the Manchurian crisis in early 1901, Japan came close to war with Russia

Japan but backed off when it became clear that it would have to take on Russia alone.

Manchurian crisis in early 1901

Not even Britain was willingto go that far over Manchuria.

Still, the ground was prepared for formal negotiations between Britain and Japan to begin in August 1901.

In order to deter Russia ambition , win the future war against Russia and attain the status of a world power , Japan decided to form an alliance with the Britain

Content of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in

1902

Signed in London on January 30, 1902

Signed by Lord Lansdowne(British foreign secretary) and Hayashi Tadasu(Japanese minister in London).

The alliance was renewed and extended in scope twice, in 1905 and 1911 before its demise in 1921. It officially terminated on August 17, 1923.

Lord Lansdowne Hayashi Tadasu

The place where the treaty was signed

was to run for five yearsbefore being renewed,

was primarily directed against the potential shared menace posed , it was believed, by France and Russia in the Far East.

The alliance contain six articles, which is obligated either power to remain neutral if one or other found itself at war.

5 years

Article OneThe High Contracting

parties, having mutually recognized the independence of China and Korea.

Japan is interested in the possesses of China, particular the peculiar degree, politically as well as commercially and industrially in Korea.

Article TwoAbout military aspect

Either Great Britain or Japan, in the defence of their respective interests as above described, should become involved in war with another Power.

The other High Contracting Party will maintain a strict neutrality, and use its efforts to prevent other Powers from joining in hostilities against its ally.

Article ThreeAbout military aspect

Promise of support if either signatory becomes involved in war with more than one Power

In the above event any other Power or Powers should join in hostilities against the Ally.

The other High Contracting Party will come to its assistance and will conduct the war in common, and make peace in mutual agreement with it.

Article FourThe High Contracting

Parties agree that neither of them will, without consulting the other, enter into separate arrangements with another Power to the prejudice of the interestsabove described and this alliance. GUARDING CHILDISH FEET.

[Cartoon by the Jiji, the leading Japanese newspaper, on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.

The "children" are China and Korea. The principal declared object of the Alliance is to guard Chinese and Korean

integrity.]FROM: W. Petrie Watson. Japan: Aspects & Destinies. London: Grant Richards, 1904.

Article FiveIn the opinion of

either Great Britain or Japan, the above-mentioned interests are in jeopardy and equitable .

The two Governmentswill communicate with one another fully and frankly.

Article Six•The present Agreement shall come into effect immediately after the date of its signature, and remain in force for five years from that date.

• In case neither of the High Contracting Parties should have notified twelve months before the expiration of the said five years the intention of terminating it.

• It shall remain binding until the expiration of one year from the day on which either of the High Contracting Parties shall have denounced it.

• When the date fixed for its expiration arrives, either Ally is actually engaged in war, the alliance shall, ipso fact, continue until peace is concluded.

Significance of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1902

The status , which built in 2002 , used to celebrate the Anglo-Japanese Alliance

Both Japan and Britain found common interest in containing Russia.

This was rather significant treaty for it demonstrated in a sense Britain's departure from her long held policy of "splendid isolation" from international treaty entanglements.

Since then , Britain started to sign treaties with other countries

Isolation

Under terms of the treaty, Japan's dominant interest in Korea was recognized and Britain undertook to remain neutral if Japan found herself at war with Russia(as she was soon to be)

Additionally, would intervene on her behalf if a second power (i.e., France) were to come to Russia's aid.

Japan at last won in the Russo-Japanese War which in 1904-1905

The Russo-Japanese War in

1904-1905

Japan and the United States, however, as the first and the second most advanced industrial nations have a lot of common stakes around the world and a lot of gain by cooperating together on those issues. The issues including

1)Trade and economic area

2)Others areas

In trade and economic area

The U.S. and Japan are two advanced industrial nations that engaged in world-wide economic activities

Thus they share basic common interest in maintaining the world-wide open and free trade

In the other areasThe new things that

started to be concerned such as population, health, or environment that have now become top priority global concern, the two nations share vital interest.

http://www.arts.monash.edu.au/ncas/teach/unit/aus/aus1020/wapecon.html

http://ic.ucsc.edu/~naso/hist159b/presentations/return%20to%20the%20east%20pres/sino-japanese_war.htm

http://ic.ucsc.edu/~naso/hist159b/presentations/return%20to%20the%20east%20pres/developments_in_painting.htm

http://ideas.repec.org/p/cep/stiisp/432.html

Information

http://ic.ucsc.edu/~naso/hist159b/presentations/return%20to%20the%20east%20pres/russo-japanese_war.htm

http://ic.ucsc.edu/~naso/hist159b/presentations/return%20to%20the%20east%20pres/russo-japanese_war.htm

http://ic.ucsc.edu/~naso/hist159b/presentations/return%20to%20the%20east%20pres/new_confidence.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance

http://ic.ucsc.edu/~naso/hist159b/presentations/return%20to%20the%20east%20pres/multi-purpose_spaces.htm

Information