Post on 02-Jan-2016
THE ADRENAL GLAND
The Adrenal Gland
The Adrenal Gland
The adrenal medulla catecholamine
The adrenal cortex corticoids
Anatomy of Adrenal Cortex
zona glomerulosa secretes aldosterone
zona fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids
zona reticularis secretes androgens
Adrenocortical hormone
Renal and Circulatory effects of Aldosterone
Aldosterone Increases Renal Tubular Reabsorption of Na+ and Secretion of K+ Excess Aldosterone↑→ ECF ↑→ABP↑ Small effect on plasma Na+ Concentration
Renal and Circulatory effects of aldosterone
K+ concentration Aldosterone ↑→ Hypokalemia and Muscle
Weak-ness Aldosterone ↓→Hyperkalemia and Cardiac
Toxicity Mild Alkalosis: Aldosterone ↑ adrenal glands suddenly stop secreting
aldosterone salt are lost in the urine→ECF↓ → blood volume
↓ → circulatory shock → causes death within a few days (without treatment)
Glucocorticoids
Function
:inhibit NADH oxidation which is necessary for glycolysis
:FFA↑
Glucocorticoids
Function
Poor wound healing
not most other cells
Glucocorticoids
Function
: same with mobilization of amino acid from muscle glucose uptake in adipose cell ↓
Glucocorticoids
Function
Cushing’s syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome
Buffalo-like torso Rounded face, “moon-face”.
Glucocorticoids
Function Resisting stress
Trauma , infection, intense heat or cold, surgery
Resisting stress
stressor
Brain
Anterior pituitary (ACTH) Sympathetic nervous system
Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla
Glucocorticoids NE,E
Glucocorticoids
Function
Glucocorticoids
Function
Summary of glucocoticoid action
Gs Hepatic gluconeogenesis↑Insulin action↓
BG ↑ Glucocoticoid↑→Adrenal diabetes
Pro-tein
Catabolism ↑ (especially in muscle)anabolism ↓
Amino acid in blood plasma
difficult of wound healing
Fat Fat mobilization ↑Fat redistribution
acetone body ↑ Glucocoticoid↑→central obesityCushing’s syndrome
H2O and Na+
Similar with aldosteroneADH ↓GFR ↑
(1/400 of aldosterone)
Glucocoticoid↓→Water Intoxication
Blood cell
hematopoiesis↑lymphopoiesis↓lung and spleen eosinophil storage↑
RBC↑TBC↑lymphocyte↓neutrophil↑eosinophil ↓
Leuke-mia
Gastric shield
gastric acid and peptic enzyme ↑gastric mucosa↓fall off of gastric epithelia cell
ulcer ↑
Circulat-ion
permisivienesss
glucocoticoid↓→BP↓
CNSexcitability↑
less→euphoriamore→restlessness,insomnia
Regulation of Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormone
Hypothalamus – Anterior Pituitary – Adrenocortical Axis
Regulation of Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormone
Action of CRH Synthesis and release of ACTH
Action of ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone ) control Cortisol secretion hypertrophy and proliferation of
the adrenocorticol cells
Large amount administration of exogenous glucocoticoid , prohibit to stop using it suddently
?
Regulation of Secretion of Adrenocortical Hormone
Regulation of cortisol Secretion Negative feedback
effect of cortisol
Diseases of Adrenal Glands
Cushing’s Disease Hyper-active adrenal cortex rounded face & obesity Thin, frail skin poor wound healing
Addison’s Disease Hypo-active adrenal cortex Decreased appetite, weight loss Cold intolerance Stress susceptibility
The adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla
Insulin
Insulin Small protein
51 AA Receptor
Tyrosine kinase
Insulin
Insulin
acetoacetic acid is also converted into b-
hydroxybutyric acid and acetone.
ketone bodies: Acetoacetic, b-hydroxybutyric acid ,acetone
Insulin
Insulin
Glucagon
Endocrine regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Polypeptide
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Funtion : increase the calcium concentration Bone
Stimulate osteoclast to remove Ca 2+ from the bone matrix
Kidney: Increased Ca2+ reabsorption, PO4
2- excretion Small intestine
Increased Ca2+ reabsorption
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin
Produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland.
Function plasma Ca 2+ and PO4
2-↓
Regulation Concentration of Ca 2+ increased ,The
calcitonin increased.
Vitamin D3
Function ↑intestinal calcium and phosphate
absorption. ↓renal calcium and phosphate excretion. Coordinate with PTH increase Ca 2+ .
Summary
Summary