Transcript of The 1960s were marked by John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier and Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society...
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- The 1960s were marked by John F. Kennedys New Frontier and
Lyndon B. Johnsons Great Society 1960: Kennedy (JFK) and Johnson
(LBJ) are the leading DemocraticPartycandidates for President
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- Kennedy (JFK): 43-year-old senator from Massachusetts
Massachusetts Roman Catholic Very wealthy family World War II Navy
hero hero Kennedy: the nation was adrift; promised was adrift;
promised to get America moving again to get America moving
again
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- Johnson (LBJ): Senator from Texas Majority Leader of the U. S.
Senatethe most U. S. Senatethe most powerful Majority Leader
powerful Majority Leader in over 100 years in over 100 years
Kennedy narrowly wins the Democratic nomination at the convention;
selects Johnson as V. P. candidate to help win the South
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- Republicans nominate Vice- President Richard M. Nixon of
California Kennedys Catholic religion: early campaign issue Kennedy
overcame by reassuring a meeting of Protestant ministers in
Houston, TX I will make my decisions...in the national interest,
and without regard to outside religious pressure...
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- The first election of the television age. September 26,
1960first televised presidential debate in history Kennedy won the
image battlelookedmorepresidential
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- A second major event in the campaign: Dr. Martin Luther King
arrested in Atlanta, GA, sentenced to 4-months in jail.
Eisenhoweradministration does not get involved Kennedys brother
& campaign manager, Robert Kennedy, arranges for King to be
released on bail. Many African-Americans support Kennedy
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- Kennedy/Johnson defeat Kennedy/Johnson defeat Nixon and Henry
Cabot Lodge, Jr. Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.Kennedyinaugurated
Jan. 20, 1961. ChallengesAmericans: Ask not what your country can
do for you; ask what you can do for your country.
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- Kennedy selects a cabinet of the best and brightest. Dean Rusk
as Secretary of State Ford Motor Co. presidentRobert McNamara, as
Secretary of Defense
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- Kennedy selects a cabinet of the best and brightest. Brother,
Robert Kennedy, as Attorney General as Attorney General Foreign
policy: Trumans containment, and Eisenhowers massive retaliation,
is followed by Kennedys flexible response.
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- Camelot Kennedy brought new energy to the office of the
President Did things with vigor and energized the American people
50-mile hikes Touch football Glamorous wife Jacqueline Bouvier
Jackie Kennedy brought grace and glamour as First Lady Televised
White House tour
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- Camelot First president to widely use the television to promote
his agenda Regular press conferences showcased the Kennedy wit
Stories of his young, beautiful family intrigued Americans
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- Kennedys Social Programs The New Frontierlegislative agenda to
be pioneers and explore uncharted areas of science and space...un-
conquered pockets of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions
of poverty and surplus. Congressional coalition of Republicans and
Southern Democrats does not support Kennedys domestic reforms
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- Kennedys Social Programs To get America moving again, used
deficit spendingspending more used deficit spendingspending more
than the government takes in (by than the government takes in (by
taxes and tariffs) taxes and tariffs) Lowered taxes giving people
more money to invest and spend to invest and spend Increased
minimum wage to $1.25 Increased defense spending for more nuclear
missiles, nuclear submarines, nuclear missiles, nuclear submarines,
and a larger force and a larger force
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- Kennedys foreign policy included extending helping hands to
extending helping hands to neighbors neighbors Created the Peace
Corps, led by R. Sargent Schriver (Marias father and Kennedys
brother-in-law) The Alliance for Progress offered economic and
technical assistance to help Latin American countries improve their
living standards
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- Camelot ends November 22, 1963 President & Mrs. Kennedy
travel to Dallas, TX for political speeches Around 1:00 p.m.,
Kennedy and Texas Governor John Connally are shot. Connally
survives, but Kennedy dies Connally survives, but Kennedy dies
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- Johnson is sworn in as the nations 36 th President aboard Air
Force 1 The nation, The nation, and the free and the free world,
are world, are in shock in shock All All commercial commercial TV
stops for TV stops for three days three days
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- Former U. S. Marine, Lee Harvey Oswald, with ties to the Soviet
Union, is arrested for the murder of Kennedy and Dallas policeman
J. D. Tibbets.
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- Sunday, November 24, 1963: Lee Harvey Oswald is shot dead by
Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner, in the basement of the Dallas
Police Department, live on national television. Ruby is later Ruby
is later convicted of murder convicted of murder dies in jail. Was
dies in jail. Was there a conspiracy? there a conspiracy?
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- Monday, November 25, 1963, JFKs funeral is attended by the
worlds leaders and watched on National television Later, Johnson
appoints the Warren Commission to investigate the
assassination.
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- Dont let it be forgot Dont let it be forgot That once there was
a spot That once there was a spot For one great, shining moment For
one great, shining moment That was known as That was known as
Camelot. Camelot. Lyrics by Frederick Lowe Music by Alan J. Lerner
Camelot
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- Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ) very powerful politician What ever
Lyndon really wants he gets in the end. wants he gets in the end.
Protg of Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn of Texas.
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- Elected to Congress 1937 energetic legislator; caught the eye
of President Roosevelt Brought many Federal projects to his
district district Elected to the Senate from Texas 1948 Democrats
elect him Majority Leader of the Senate in 1955 of the Senate in
1955
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- Famous for political arm-twisting technique known as the
Johnson technique known as the Johnson treatment treatment
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- At 63, the quintessential Tall Texan Tall Texan Spoke with
pronounced Texas drawl Married to Claudia Taylor Lady Bird Johnson
As a Southerner, in a time of Southern hostility to civil rights,
Johnson emerged as a champion of civil rights.
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- Through LBJs leadership as president, he pushed through
Congress: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 of 1964 A Federal tax cut of
$11 billion in 1964 $11 billion in 1964 Initiated the War on
Initiated the War on Poverty with the Poverty with the Economic
Opportunity Act of 1964: Head Start, VISTA, and the Job Corps
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- 1964, Johnson defeats Republican Senator Barry M. Goldwater
(AuH 2 0) of Arizona in a landslide 61% of popular vote; 61% of
popular vote; 90% of electoral votes 90% of electoral votes An
ultra-conservative, Goldwater felt that the Government should not
promote programs to overcome poverty and racial discrimination
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- May 1964, at the University of May 1964, at the University of
Michigan, Johnson initiates the Michigan, Johnson initiates the
phrase The Great Society: phrase The Great Society: The Great
Society The Great Society demands an end to demands an end to
poverty and racial poverty and racial injustice. injustice.
Secondary Education Act of 1965: over Secondary Education Act of
1965: over $1 billion to help Americas schools $1 billion to help
Americas schools
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- 1965: Congress passed legislation 1965: Congress passed
legislation enhancing Social Security with enhancing Social
Security with Medicare (hospital insurance and low Medicare
(hospital insurance and low cost medical insurance for Americans
cost medical insurance for Americans over 65) and Medicaid (health
insurance over 65) and Medicaid (health insurance for welfare
recipients) for welfare recipients) Passed the Twenty-fourth
Amendment Passed the Twenty-fourth Amendment in 1964, ending poll
taxes in federal in 1964, ending poll taxes in federal elections
elections Passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Passed the Voting
Rights Act of 1965 eliminated literacy tests for voting eliminated
literacy tests for voting The Great Society
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- The Great Society aided by the Warren Court Chief Justice Earl
Warren (former governor of California) governor of California)
Banned prayer in public schools public schools (Engel v. Vitale
(1962)) (Engel v. Vitale (1962)) Declared state- required loyalty
oaths unconstitutional
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- No president in the post-World No president in the post-World
War II era extended the power War II era extended the power and
reach of the federal and reach of the federal government more than
government more than Lyndon B. Johnson. Lyndon B. Johnson. Poverty
fell from 25% in 1962 to 11% in 1973 The Great Society did increase
the federal budget deficit and led to more conservative
Republicans
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- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Lunch counter sit-ins
in Greensboro, NC, Feb. 1960 Founded by Ella Barker as a student
adjunct of the Southern Christian Leadership Conf. Kept spirit of
resistance alive
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- 1961Freedom Riders take bus caravan from Washington, D. C. to
the South Anniston, Alabama, one bus is firebombed Anniston,
Alabama, one bus is firebombed Other freedom riders are attacked by
a white mob and beatenpolice refuse to intervene
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- President John F. Kennedy, President John F. Kennedy, aided by
Attorney General aided by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, sends
Robert F. Kennedy, sends 400 U. S. marshals to 400 U. S. marshals
to protect the riders protect the riders Robert Kennedy also issues
an order banning segregation in all interstate travel
facilities.
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- September 1962, Air Force veteran James Meredith wins federal
court case allowing him to enroll at all- white University of
Mississippi
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- Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett, blocks entry President
Kennedy orders federal marshals to escort Meredith to registrars
office. Sep. 30campus Riots 5,000 troops needed.
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- June 11, 1963Alabama June 11, 1963Alabama Governor George
Wallace Governor George Wallace copies Barnett at the University
copies Barnett at the University of Alabama. Kennedy, again, uses
federal of Alabama. Kennedy, again, uses federal troops troops
Kennedy addresses nation that evening: Kennedy addresses nation
that evening: Are we to say to the worldand much Are we to say to
the worldand much more importantly, to each otherthat this more
importantly, to each otherthat this is the land of the free, except
for is the land of the free, except for Negroes? Then demands that
Congress Negroes? Then demands that Congress pass a sweeping civil
rights bill. pass a sweeping civil rights bill.
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- In Jackson, MS, shortly after midnight, June 12, 1963, a sniper
shot and killed NAACP field secretary Medgar Evers White
supremacist White supremacist Byron de la Beckwith Byron de la
Beckwith arrested; released arrested; released after hung juries in
after hung juries in two trials. Finally two trials. Finally
convicted 1994 convicted 1994
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- August 28, 1963, more than 250,000 August 28, 1963, more than
250,000 people, including about 75,000 whites, people, including
about 75,000 whites, march on Washington. march on Washington.
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- Rally at the Lincoln Memorial For three hours, several speakers
demand immediate passage of the Civil Rights Bill
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- Final speaker is Dr. Martin Luther King, who gives his now
famous I have a dream speech.
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- On July 2, 1964, based on the leadership of President Johnson,
who was the only politician in the U. S. who could have persuaded
enough Southern Members of Congress to vote Aye!, Congress passed
the Civil Rights Act of 1964
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- Black Power Movement Stokely Carmichael member of SNCC first
called for Black Power instilling of racial pride in African-
Americans Black Panthers (Oakland, CA)
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- Huey P. Newton Bobby Seale Eldridge Cleaver Semi-military
lines; wore weapons openly and proudlywilling to fight for
justice
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- Black Muslims (Nation of Islam) Taught Blacks to take
responsibility for their own lives, to be disciplined to live by
strict codes of behavior and to reject any dependence on Whites
Elijah Muhammad Malcolm X (Little) Excellent oratory skills;
insisted that blacks had the right to defend them- selves,
violently if necessary
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- The worst days of the Nuclear Age: The Cuban Missile Crisis
October 1962
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- Cuba is 90 miles from Florida. Fidel Castro becomes Communist
dictator of Cuba in 1959. Expels many non- Communists to the U.
S.
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- After Kennedy becomes President on January 20, 1961. He becomes
aware of a plan by Cuban a plan by Cuban refugees in the U.S.
refugees in the U.S. to invade Cuba and to invade Cuba and oust
Castro. oust Castro.
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- April 17, 1961, Bay of PigsApril 17, 1961, Bay of Pigs
invasion. invasion. Cuban army defeats invasion.Cuban army defeats
invasion. Castro fears U. S.-led overthrow.Castro fears U. S.-led
overthrow.
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- Castro appeals to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev for help.
Nikita Khrushchev for help. Khrushchev has told the U. S.: We will
the U. S.: We will bury you! bury you! The Soviet military is
concerned that is concerned that they are trailing the they are
trailing the United States in United States in the nuclear arms
race. the nuclear arms race.
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- October 14, 1962, U. S. reconnaissance aircraft...
reconnaissance aircraft...... sight Soviet ballistic missiles in
Cuba.
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- Kennedy places all U. S. military forces on full alert and...
on full alert and... orders a naval blockade of Cuba. orders a
naval blockade of Cuba. The world is at the brink of nuclear
war.
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- Kennedy inner circle works feverishly to devise options to deal
with the crisis. Brother Robert emerges Brother Robert emerges as
key advisor. as key advisor. U. N. ambassador U. N. ambassador
Adlai E. Stevenson Adlai E. Stevenson Im prepared prepared to wait
to wait until hell until hell freezes over exchange freezes over
exchange with Soviet delegate Zorin with Soviet delegate Zorin
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- Oct 22, 1962: Kennedy addresses the American people: any
missile attack from Cuba on the U. S. or its allies would trigger
an all-out attack by the U. S. on the Soviet Union.
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- We have no wish to war with the Soviet Union, for we are a
peaceful people who desire to live in peace with all other
peoples...The cost of freedom is always high, but Americans have
always paid it. And one path we will never choose, and that is the
path of surrender, or submission.
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- Finally, Khrushchev orders the missiles removed. removed.
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- 1961, Khrushchev realizes that realizes that the Soviet System
is in difficulty in Berlin, Germany In 11 years since the Berlin
Airlift, 3 million East Berliners had fled to West Berlin Showed
weakness of Communist government and seriously weakened economy
August 13, 1961, East German troops begin construction of the
Berlin Wall
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- The Berlin Wall Worsened the Cold War tensions
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- On June 26, 1963, Kennedy visits Berlin On June 26, 1963,
Kennedy visits Berlin and makes his now famous Ich bin ein and
makes his now famous Ich bin einIch bin einIch bin ein Berliner
Berliner speech at the Berlin Wall. Berliner speech at the Berlin
Wall. Berliner
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- 1963-1973 U. S. prestige and respect severely undercut severely
undercut American people torn U. S. failed to win political
objectives Reduced ability to protect ourselves and our allies and
our allies
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- Vietnam a colonial possession of France for many years. World
War II: Japanese expel French Vietminh proclaim independence 1946:
French return; control southern half of Vietnam; Vietminh southern
half of Vietnam; Vietminh control northern half control northern
half U. S. (President Truman) sends economic aid to the French
economic aid to the French
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- Vietminh oppose French in south as guerillas Battle of Dien
Bien Phu in 1954French expelled Military field commander: Vo Nguyen
Giap
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- The Geneva Accords divided Vietnam along the 17 th Parallel
along the 17 th Parallel Decided by Decided by France, Great
France, Great Britain, the U. S., Britain, the U. S., China, the
USSR, China, the USSR, Laos, Cambodia, Laos, Cambodia, the
Vietminh, & the Vietminh, & South Vietnams South Vietnams
anti-Communists anti-Communists
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- North Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh Communist Capital: Hanoi
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- South Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem Ngo Dinh Diem Ngo Ninh Nhu Ngo
Ninh Nhu Catholic in Buddhist Country; backed by USA Country;
backed by USA Capital: Saigon
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- The U. S. supports the South The U. S. supports the South
Vietnamese government with Vietnamese government with economic aid.
economic aid. 1950: Truman supported the French: $15 million
Eisenhower & Kennedy provide economic aid and military
advisers.
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- 1960: John F. Kennedy elected President of elected President of
the United States; the United States; agrees with agrees with
Domino Theory Domino Theory Eisenhowers Advisors promote Domino
Theory Kennedy sends 3,000 military 3,000 military advisors
advisors
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- 1958Ho regime funds the Vietcong to start a War of National
Liberation against the Diem Regime in the south. Insurgency fought
by guerillas Vietminh become the National Liberation Front, also
known as the Vietcong. Arms/supplies smuggled from N to S via Ho
Chi Minh Trail
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- Diem regime has much opposition Buddhist opposition 1962-63
monks burn selves to death. Catholic minority leading Buddhist
majority majority
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- Diem regime in many ways worse than Viet Cong. Revolution
summer 1963Diem and Nhu executed. Kennedy supported the revolt; did
not want Diem executed Diem followed by a series of corrupt
leaders
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- November 22, 1963, Kennedy is assassinated; V.P. Lyndon B.
Johnson becomes President Johnsons focus was a better life for
Blacks and poor Americans. Wanted nothing to do with Vietnam.
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- Summer 1964, two U. S. destroyers U. S. destroyers conducting
electronic eavesdropping conducting electronic eavesdropping are
allegedly attacked by North are allegedly attacked by North
Vietnamese gunboats in the Vietnamese gunboats in the Gulf of
Tonkin. Gulf of Tonkin. At Johnsons urging, Congress passes the
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution on 7 August 1964U. S. becomes actively
involved in Vietnam War.
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- Feb 1965 JohnsonunleashesOperation Rolling Thunder: sustained
bombing of North Vietnam Secret bombing plan he had had on Secret
bombing plan he had had on the drawing board for months the drawing
board for months waiting for right opportunity to launch waiting
for right opportunity to launch
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- A different type of war Vietcongfarmers in day; guerillas at
night guerillas at night Who is the enemy? Very patient people
willing to accept many casualties to accept many casualties U.S.
grossly underestimated the Vietnamese people, their resolve,
Vietnamese people, their resolve, and their resourcefulness and
their resourcefulness
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- A different type of war Jungle fightingU.S. trained for
European war trained for European war Defoliants Massive bombing of
North American atrocities: My Lai (March 16, 1968) Agent Orange
Napalm SpecialForces New jungle-friendly weaponsM-16 rifle
weaponsM-16 rifle
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- First U. S. commander: William C. Westmoreland Search and
destroy missions missions Strategic hamlets Ia Drang Valley
Campaign1965 Campaign1965 (We Were Soldiers) (We Were
Soldiers)
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- 1965: 50,000 Americans 1967: 500,000 Americans 500,000
Americans
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- Major drug problem (Fire Base Maryann) Several racial Several
racial problems problems American Morale Begins To Dip American
Morale Begins To Dip Disproportionate representation of
Disproportionate representation of poor people and minorities poor
people and minorities
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- Many soldiers affected by news of anti-war protests and actions
of activist protests and actions of activist celebrities such as
Jane Fonda celebrities such as Jane Fonda (Hanoi Jane) (Hanoi
Jane)
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- If you served and survived, you went If you served and
survived, you went homeno incentive to fight hard homeno incentive
to fight hard U. S. moderately successful 1964- U. S. moderately
successful 1964- 1967televised body counts 1967televised body
counts always favored the U. S. always favored the U. S. Officers:
in the bush 6 months; Officers: in the bush 6 months; in the rear 6
months. Enlisted: in the rear 6 months. Enlisted: 12 months in the
bush 12 months in the bush American Morale Begins To Dip American
Morale Begins To Dip Often resulted in fragging Often resulted in
fragging
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- Key event: Tet Offensive Jan-March 1968 Jan-March 1968 Nightly
news in U.S. Important U.S. military victory but huge political
defeat Many student protests in U. S.
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- March 1968, Johnson announces will not run for re-election will
not run for re-election With J. William Fulbright
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- 1968 M. L. King assassination Bobby Kennedy assassination
assassination
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- Democratic National Convention Yippies riot in the streets of
Chicago
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- Democratic National Convention With Bobby Kennedy dead, the
Democrats must choose between Democrats must choose between Eugene
McCarthy, George McGovern Eugene McCarthy, George McGovern and Vice
President Hubert Humphrey. The and Vice President Hubert Humphrey.
The Convention chooses Humphrey Convention chooses Humphrey
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- November 1968, Richard M. Nixon defeats Humphrey defeats
Humphrey says will seek defeats Humphrey peace with honor Increases
bombingIncreases bombing of North of North Invades CambodiaInvades
Cambodia New wave ofNew wave of student protests student
protests
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- Nixon appoints General Creighton Nixon appoints General
Creighton Abrams as the commander of U. S. Abrams as the commander
of U. S. forces in Vietnam forces in Vietnam Tactics better;
Tactics better; morale rises; morale rises; U. S. becomes more U.
S. becomes more successful once successful once again. again.
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- May 4, 19704 students shot dead, 9 wounded at Kent State U.
(Ohio) 9 wounded at Kent State U. (Ohio)
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- Congress and the American people begin to turn against war U.S.
enters into Paris Peace Accords Lead U. S. negotiator: Dr. Henry A.
Kissingerlater would serve as Secretary of State
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- U. S. and North Vietnam argue for 5 months over shape of table
1973U.S. and North Vietnam sign peace treaty peace treaty Dr.
Kissinger Dr. Kissinger and North and North Vietnamese Vietnamese
negotiator: negotiator: Le Duc Tho Le Duc Tho
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- U. S. pulls out of Vietnam in 1973 April 1975: North Vietnamese
conquer South Vietnam and unite both Vietnams under a Communist
government U.S.: 57,000 killed; 154,000 wounded Longest war in U.
S. history
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- If we have to fight, we will fight. You will kill ten of our
men and we will kill one of yours, and in the end it will be you
who tires of it. Ho Chi Minh
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- Lyndon B. Johnson Political career undone by Vietnam; withdraws
from presidential race March 31, 1968
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- 1968 January 31: Tet Offensive begins Feb: Eugene McCarthy
defeats Johnson in New Hampshire Democratic primary in New
Hampshire Democratic primary March 31: Johnson withdraws from the
race April 4: Martin Luther King assassinated Major riots in U. S.
cities Major riots in U. S. cities June 6: Bobby Kennedy
assassinated August: Democratic national convention November: Nixon
elected president
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- The Silent Majority Vice President Spiro T. Agnew with
President Nixon with President Nixon
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- Students for a Democratic Society Univ. of Michigan
Disillusionment with society Determination to build new politics
Student radicalism The Weather Underground
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- U. C. Berkeley and the Free Speech Movement Rights of students
to engage in political activism on campus political activism on
campus Led by Mario Savio
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- U. C. Berkeley and the Free Speech Movement Nation-wide
attention of students strike
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- U. C. Berkeley and the Free Speech Movement 1969: Peoples
Park
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- The Anti-War Movement Burning draft card Peace marches and
teach-ins
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- The Anti-War Movement Jimmy Carter and amnesty to draft-dodgers
angered many Americans and served to draw the nation further
apart
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- The Counterculture Hippies shared some beliefs of some beliefs
of the New Left the New Left Belief that U. S. society had grown
society had grown hallow because of hallow because of materialism,
materialism, technology, & war technology, & war Key leader
of Counterculture: Dr. Timothy Leary Tune in, Turn on, DropOut
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- The Counterculture The capital of the counterculture: San
Franciscos Haight-Ashbury District The Summer of Love (1967)
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- The Counterculture 1969two terrible incidents of violence
within the counterculture within the counterculture The
Tait-LoBianca murders in Los Angeles; Charles Manson and his family
Hells Angels beating at Rolling Stones Concert at Altamont
Raceway
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- The Counterculture Major drug problem in 1969-1970 1970,
musicians Janis Joplin and Jimi Hendrix died of drugoverdoses
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- Most important pop artist of the counterculture: Andy Warhol
the counterculture: Andy Warhol Colorful silkscreens
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- Key Event of Counterculture Period: Period: Rock Concert at
Woodstock, NY, in August 1969 August 1969
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- Native Americans As a group, Native Americans have been the
poorest of Americans and been the poorest of Americans and have
suffered from the highest have suffered from the highest
unemployment rate unemployment rate More likely than any other
group to suffer other group to suffer serious health serious health
problems such as problems such as alcoholism or alcoholism or
tuberculosis tuberculosis
- Slide 109
- 1960s-1970s, Native Americans 1960s-1970s, Native Americans
wanted greater opportunity wanted greater opportunity to control
and govern their lives to control and govern their lives 1961:
Declaration of Indian Purpose 67 tribes 67 tribes President Johnson
established the National Council on Indian Opportunity But,
progress of reform slow
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- 1968: American Indian Movement (AIM) established Movement (AIM)
established Militant Native American Rights Movement Rights
Movement November 1969: seized vacant Alcatraz Island in San
Francisco Bay
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- Most violent demonstration: 200 Sioux at Wounded Knee, SD 200
Sioux at Wounded Knee, SD Site of Native American massacre by U. S.
Cavalry in 1890 by U. S. Cavalry in 1890 Sioux seized town; took 11
hostages 1973 Negotiations with FBI for 10 weeks Ended in shootout:
1 Native American killed; 1 wounded
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- Native American victories Mid-1970s onward, several reforms
granted by Congress granted by Congress 1992, Ben Nighthorse
Campbell Campbell elected to U. S. Senate from Colorado Changed
from Dem. to Rep. in 1995 to Rep. in 1995
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- The 1960s was a time of great change in all aspects of American
society Latinos 1960sU.S. Latino population: 3 million to >9
million 3 million to >9 million Puerto Ricans 1 million since
1960 600,000 in New York City York City
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- 1959-1980s: hundreds of thousands of Cubans fled Castros
thousands of Cubans fled Castros Communist Cuba Communist Cuba Many
settled in Florida Florida Miami: a boom town Mariel Boat Lift of
1980 1980 Many other immigrants from El Salvador, Guatemala,
immigrants from El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Colombia
Nicaragua and Colombia
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- Largest group of Latino immigrants from Mexico immigrants from
Mexico Largest immigration has been since World War II World War
II
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- 1960s: many Latinos encountered ethnic prejudice and
discrimination ethnic prejudice and discrimination in jobs and
housing in jobs and housing Most lived in segregated barrios
Jobless rate nearly 50% higher than whites than whites Percentage
of Latino people living in poverty: 50% higher than whites in
poverty: 50% higher than whites As Latino population in the U.S.
grew, so did their cries for greater representation & better
treatment
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- The Farm Worker Movement Long work days, Long work days,
difficult labor, difficult labor, very low wages, very low wages,
no union, no union, disgusting housing disgusting housing
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- Cesar Chavez... Cesar Chavez......believed that the only way to
improve conditions for farm workers was to unionize them
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- 1927--Born in Arizona on small farm.1927--Born in Arizona on
small farm. 1937Family migrant workers in CA1937Family migrant
workers in CA 1942Quits school after 8 th grade to1942Quits school
after 8 th grade to work in the fields 1944joins Navy
serves1944joins Navy serves in Pacific in Pacific
1952becomes1952becomes involved in involved in Community Community
Service Organization Service Organization More about Cesar
Chavez
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- 1952-1962helps to organize Latino organize Latino civil rights
movement civil rights movement citizenship citizenship voter
registration voter registration better working and better working
and living conditions (farms and labor living conditions (farms and
labor camps--barrios.) camps--barrios.) opposes police brutality
opposes police brutality
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- 1962, Chavez and Dolores Huerta 1962, Chavez and Dolores
Huerta... establish the National Farm Workers Association 1965:
California grape growers refuse to growers refuse to recognize the
union recognize the union Chavez launched a nation- wide boycott of
the wide boycott of the companies grapes companies grapes
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- Promoted change through peaceful protests (Huelga) Mar.-Apr.
1966march from DelanoMar.-Apr. 1966march from Delano to Sacramento
Feb.-Mar. 196825 day fast.Feb.-Mar. 196825 day fast. Bobby Kennedy:
oneBobby Kennedy: one of the heroic of the heroic figures of our
time.
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- 1970: the grape growers sign contracts with the United sign
contracts with the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee Farm
Workers Organizing Committee Guaranteed higher wages and more
benefits to farm workers more benefits to farm workers in
Californias Central Valley in Californias Central Valley The
boycott of grapes was the most near-perfect of nonviolent most
near-perfect of nonviolent struggles. struggles.
- Slide 124
- Dies in sleep April 23, 1993.Dies in sleep April 23, 1993.
Funeral in Delano, CA attended by moreFuneral in Delano, CA
attended by more than 40,000 mourners than 40,000 mourners August
8, 1994President Clinton awardsAugust 8, 1994President Clinton
awards Medal of Freedom to Cesar Chavez Medal of Freedom to Cesar
Chavez The end of all education should surely be service to others.
surely be service to others. Cesar Chavez:
- Slide 125
- The Brown Power Movement The work of Chavez in California
inspired Hispanic groups throughout inspired Hispanic groups
throughout the U.S. the U.S. 1968Congress passed the Bilingual
Education Actmoney Bilingual Education Actmoney for schools to
develop bilingual for schools to develop bilingual and cultural
heritage programs and cultural heritage programs for
non-English-speaking children for non-English-speaking
children
- Slide 126
- The Brown Power Movement Young Mexicans began calling
themselves Chicanos or Chicanas themselves Chicanos or Chicanas
shortened form of Mexicanos, shortened form of Mexicanos,
expressing pride in heritage expressing pride in heritage David
Sanchez and Carlos Montes begin the Brown Berets a community action
group that organized school walkouts to demand programs to reduce
Chicano school dropout rate
- Slide 127
- Political organization Mexican American Political Organization
(MAPA) (MAPA) Sponsored candidates, registered and educated voters,
lobbied for and educated voters, lobbied for legislation that
benefited Latinos legislation that benefited Latinos Edward Roybal
(Los Angeles, 1962) Henry Gonzalez (Texas, 1961) (Texas, 1961)
Elected to Congress
- Slide 128
- Political organization 1970, Texan Jose Angel Gutierrez
Established La Raza Unida (The United People Party) Latino
candidates in five states and won five states and won positions on
school positions on school boards and city boards and city councils
and some councils and some positions of city mayor positions of
city mayor
- Slide 129
- The Womens Movement 1960s on, key to womens movement: belief
that women should have belief that women should have economic,
political, and social economic, political, and social equality with
men equality with men Feminism 1950: 1 of 3 women worked for wages
1960: 40% of women worked for wages Widespread wage and job
discrimination discrimination
- Slide 130
- The Womens Movement Key leader: Betty Friedan 1963: Wrote The
Feminine Mystique: captured the discontent many women felt Died
February 4, 2006
- Slide 131
- The Womens Movement 1966: The National Organization for Women
(NOW) formed to more Women (NOW) formed to more actively pursue
womens goals actively pursue womens goals Members pushed for
creation of more child-care facilities and for more child-care
facilities and for improved educational opportunities improved
educational opportunities for women for women 1971, Gloria Steinem
founded the National Womens Political Caucus: encouraged women to
seek political office
- Slide 132
- The Womens Movement Key issue supported by NOW and other
feminist groups: womans right to feminist groups: womans right to
have an abortion have an abortion 1973: Burger Court: Roe v. Wade
women had right to choose abortion women had right to choose
abortion during first 3 months of pregnancy during first 3 months
of pregnancy Roe v. Wade still bitterly debated 1972: Equal Rights
Amendment passed Congress but did not achieve passed Congress but
did not achieve ratification of 38 states (3/4 of 50) ratification
of 38 states (3/4 of 50)
- Slide 133
- The Womens Movement Conservative women spoke out against NOW
and the Equal Rights against NOW and the Equal Rights Amendment
Amendment Phyllis Schlafly led the Stop-ERA campaign Insisted that
the ERA was the work of was the work of radical feminists who
radical feminists who hate men, marriage, hate men, marriage, and
children. and children.
- Slide 134
- Since the decision of the Marshall Court in Marbury v. Madison
(1803) Supreme Courts have made thousands of decisions. Some of
them, however, have been so important, that they are considered
landmarkor very important--decisions. In this short class we shall
discuss some of those landmark decisions.
- Slide 135
- Good evening Columbians. I was Chief Justice Earl Warren. Our
first case was a multi-amendment case (with emphasis on the First
Amendment) that my court, the Warren Court, decided: Griswold v.
Connecticut (1965). A Connecticut law criminalized counseling
married couples about or giving married couples medical treatment
for the purposes of preventing conception of a child.
- Slide 136
- Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) Issue: Does the Constitution
protect the right of marital privacy against state restrictions on
a couples ability to be counseled in the use of contraceptives? The
Court held: together the First, Third, Fourth and Ninth Amendments
create the right to privacy among married people. The Connecticut
law was therefore unconstitutional and rendered null and void.
- Slide 137
- In 1958 a Virginia law was in effect that banned interracial
marriages. Two residents of Virginia, Mildred Jeter, an
African-American woman and Richard Loving, a white male, were
married in Washington, D. C., and shortly after returned to
Virginia. They were charged with violating the Virginia law, found
guilty and sentenced each to a year in jail. Yet another case that
the Warren Court, decided, similar in many respects to Griswold v.
Connecticut (1965) was Loving v. Virginia (1967.)
- Slide 138
- Loving v. Virginia (1967) Issue: Did Virginias
antimiscegenation law violate the Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment? In a unanimous decision, the Court held: that
distinctions drawn according to race were generally odious to a
free people and were subject to the most rigid scrutiny under the
Equal Protection Clause. The Virginia law had no legitimate purpose
independent of invidious racial discrimination. The Court further
rejected Virginias argument that the statute was legitimate because
it applied equally to blacks and whites.
- Slide 139
- Columbians, I was Chief Justice Warren Burger. We will now
discuss one of my Courts landmark decisions in a case regarding the
Fourteenth Amendment: Roe v. Wade (1973) Roe v. Wade (1973) Norma
McCorvey (Roe), a Texas resident, sought to terminate her pregnancy
by abortion, because the pregnancy was the result of rape. Texas
law prohibited abortions except to save a pregnant womans life. Roe
sued claiming that the Texas law violated the Fourteenth
Amendment.
- Slide 140
- Roe v. Wade (1973) Issue: Does the Constitution embrace a
womans right to terminate her pregnancy by abortion? The Burger
Court held: a womans right to an abortion fell within the right to
privacy (Griswold v. Connecticut--1965) protected by the Fourteenth
Amendment. The decision gave a woman total autonomy over her
pregnancy during the first trimester.
- Slide 141
- Now we are going to discuss 4 cases that primarily pertain to
the rights of the accused in criminal cases. The first case is Mapp
v. Ohio (1961) While searching her home for a fugitive, Ohio police
discovered obscene materials in Dolree Mapps possession. The police
admitted that the search of the home for the fugitive violated the
Fourth Amendment. Still, Mapp was convicted of possessing obscene
materials.
- Slide 142
- Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Issues: 1) Were the confiscated materials
1) Were the confiscated materials protected by the First Amendment?
protected by the First Amendment? 2) May evidence obtained in a
search 2) May evidence obtained in a search that violated the
Fourth Amendment that violated the Fourth Amendment be used in a
state court? be used in a state court? The Court held: all evidence
obtained through illegal searches and seizures is inadmissible in
state court. This decision created the exclusionary rule, placing
on all levels of government the requirement of excluding illegally
obtained evidence from all criminal court proceedings.
- Slide 143
- Our next case concerns the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments;
specifically the right to counsel: Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Gideon was arrested in Florida and charged with felony breaking and
enter- ing. He lacked funds to hire a lawyer and requested a
court-appointed lawyer. The judge refused; Gideon defended himself,
was convicted, and sentenced to 5 years in state prison.
- Slide 144
- Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Issue: Do the Sixth and Fourteenth
Amendments guarantee a right to legal counsel in all cases? The
court held: Gideon had a right to be represented by a
court-appointed attorney. Overruled Betts v. Brady (1942). Justice
Black: an obvious truth that a fair trial for a poor defendant
requires a competent legal counsel. Lawyers are a necessity, not a
luxury.
- Slide 145
- Another landmark decision dealing with the right of an accused
person to an attorney was the 1964 decision, Escobedo v. Illinois.
Escobedo was arrested in connection with a murder and, during
interrogation at a local police station, the police denied him
access to his attorney. Without his lawyer present, he confessed to
firing the shot that killed the victim and, based on that
confession, was convicted.
- Slide 146
- Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) Issue: Is an accused person
entitled to have an attorney present during questioning.? The
Warren Court held: based on the exclusionary rule from Mapp v. Ohio
(1961), the police obtained Escobedos confession in an illegal
manner. His conviction was overturned. The Court also created the
Escobedo Rule: based on the Sixth Amendment, police must warn an
accused of the rights to remain silent and to have an attorney
present during questioning.
- Slide 147
- Columbians, Elle here. Our next case is one of the most famous
in American history. It involves the Fifth Amendment: Miranda v.
Arizona (1966) Miranda was arrested in Arizona and the police
questioned him without advising him of his constitutional rights
under the Fifth Amendment (self- incrimination.) He confessed to
part of the crime. His confession was used in court and he was
convicted, based, in part, on his confession.
- Slide 148
- Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Issue: Did the police practice of
interrogating individuals without interrogating individuals without
advising them of their right to counsel advising them of their
right to counsel and protection against self-incrimination and
protection against self-incrimination violate the Fifth Amendment?
violate the Fifth Amendment? The Court held: Prosecutors could not
use statements in court that had been made by defendants unless
police had advised them of their privilege against
self-incrimination. The Court also specifically outlined what
police warnings to suspects must include (right to remain silent,
right to counsel present during questioning, etc.)
- Slide 149
- In 1896 the Court ruled, in Plessy v. Ferguson, that Blacks
could be placed in separate facilities if they were equal to those
used by whites. School districts therefore created separate but
equal schools I was Justice Thurgood Marshall. When I was an
attorney, I argued, and won, the single most important Supreme
Court case regarding civil rights: Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka, KS (1954).
- Slide 150
- Brown v. Board of Education (1954) An African-American girl
named Linda Brown lived near an all-white school in Topeka, KS. To
get to her all-black school, she had to cross several dangerous
roads and railroads. Her father, Oliver Brown, filed suit to
overturn Plessy v. Ferguson to enable Linda Brown to attend the
all-white school near her home. Issue: Did the separate but equal
provision of Plessy v. Ferguson violate the equal protection clause
of the Fourteenth Amendment?
- Slide 151
- Brown v. Board of Education (1954) The Warren Court held:
Plessy v. Fergusons separate but equal rule was a violation of the
Fourteenth Amendment. Racial segregation in public education has a
detrimental effect on minority children because it is interpreted
as a sign of inferiority. Result: beginning of the end of all forms
of state-maintained racial segregation.
- Slide 152
- The other landmark case from the Burger Court we will discuss
had to do with reverse discrimination under the affirmative action
issue: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
Allan Bakke, 35 year old Caucasian, had twice been rejected for
admission to the UC Davis medical school. The school reserved 16
places in each entering class for qualified minorities as
part...
- Slide 153
- Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)...of
the universitys affirmative action program, in an effort to redress
long- standing, unfair minority exclusions from the medical
profession. Bakkes college GPA and MCAT scores exceeded those of
any of the minority applicants who had been admitted ahead of him.
Bakke claimed that he was excluded from admission solely on the
purpose of race; or reverse discrimination.
- Slide 154
- Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) Issue:
Did UC violate the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection clause,
and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, by practicing an affirmative
action policy? The Burger Court could arrive at no single majority
opinion. The Court ordered the UC Davis Medical School to admit
Bakke. However, the Court also ruled that the use of race as a
criterion in admissions decisions in higher edu- cation was
constitutionally permissible.
- Slide 155
- In 2003, my court made a similar ruling in Gratz v. Bollinger.
Jennifer Gratz applied to the University of Michigans College of
Literature, Science and Arts with an adjusted GPA of 3.8 and an ACT
score of 25 (about 1300 SAT). The University of Michigan admitted
using race in making admissions decisionsits policy is to admit
virtually all qualified applicants who are black, Latino or Native
American.
- Slide 156
- Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) Issue: Did the University of
Michigans use of racial preferences in undergraduate admissions
violate the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment or
the Civil Rights Act of 1964? The Rehnquist Court held that the
Universitys policy did violate both laws. In the Bakke decision the
Court took into account the fact that the University of California
provided individualized con- sideration to Bakke. The Univ. of
Michigan did NOT do so because each minority applicant received an
automatic 20-points.
- Slide 157
- Despite ruling against the University of Michigans admissions
policy, our Court did, however, confirm that affirmative action
plans in university admissions are legal and valid under the
Constitution. Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)
- Slide 158
- Nixon visits China Nixon visits China
- Slide 159
- Highlights in U. S. Foreign Policy Dtente (relaxation of cold
relations) 1972-early 1980s 1972-early 1980s
- Slide 160
- Under Richard Nixon, the office of the President of the United
States began to look imperial, or supreme Since Franklin Roosevelt,
the president began to get more and more power, even though
Congress would NOT let him pack the Supreme Court Truman integrated
the military by executive order
- Slide 161
- Johnson went over Congresss head to put more troops into
Vietnam Nixon impounded, or refused to spend, money appropriated by
Congress for certain programs with which he disagreed Nixon
expanded the power of the presidency and gave little thought to the
checks and balances of the Constitution
- Slide 162
- Nixon distanced himself from Congress and basically worked with
a very small group of fiercely loyal advisers.
- Slide 163
- Who were those guys? Attorney General John N. Mitchell Chief of
Staff H. R. Bob Haldeman H. R. Bob Haldeman Domestic Affairs
adviser John D. Ehrlichman The Berlin Wall
- Slide 164
- 1972: reasonably popular, Nixon chooses to run for re-election
Democratic opponent, extreme liberal Senator extreme liberal
Senator George McGovern from George McGovern from South South
Dakota Dakota Never a serious challenge
- Slide 165
- But Nixon had an overwhelming fear of losing elections of
losing elections Loss to Kennedy in 1960 Loss to Pat Brown in the
1962 election for governor of California The press wont have Nixon
to kick around any longer. Committee to Re-elect the President
(CRP) hired the plumberspeople whose job it was to plug government
leaks to the media.
- Slide 166
- June 17, 1972, 2:30 a.m., a guard at the Watergate Complex in
Washington, D. C. caught 5 men breaking into the offices of the
Democratic National Headquarters They were plumbers Intent: to
wiretap phones and photograph documents Quickly learned that the
groups leader, James McCord, was a CIA agent and a member of
CRP
- Slide 167
- The Cover-up All incriminating documents shredded in Haldemans
White House office The White House, with Nixons consent, asked the
CIA to ask the FBI to stop its investigation of the burglary on
grounds of national security On Mitchells orders, the CRP the CRP
gave the burglars $500,000 to buy their silence after they were
indicted.
- Slide 168
- As the 1972 election campaign went on, most Americans lost
interest in the Watergate burglary. However, However, Washington
Post Washington Post reporters Carl reporters Carl Bernstein and
Bernstein and Bob Woodward (shown with publisher Katherine Bob
Woodward (shown with publisher Katherine Graham) kept the story
alive, trying to find Graham) kept the story alive, trying to find
evidence of a conspiracy. evidence of a conspiracy.
- Slide 169
- In November 1972, Nixon decisively defeated McGovern, amassing
60.7% of the popular vote and a 520-17 margin in electoral votes
Inaugurated on January 20, 1973
- Slide 170
- January 1973, all of the burglars were convicted. Judge John
Sirica stated that he believed from the evidence presented that the
burglars had not worked alone. April 30, 1973, Nixon fired White
House lawyer John Dean and announced theresignations of Haldeman
andEhrlichman.
- Slide 171
- Nixon also denied any attempt at a cover-up. May 1973, the
Senate convened a special committee to investigate the Watergate
burglary Chairman: Senator Sam Ervin (D, NC) Ranking Republican:
Senator Howard Baker of TN
- Slide 172
- Testimony from numerous witnesses June, 1973: John Dean
testified that the president had been deeply involved in the
cover-up John Mitchell refuted Deans charges in his testimony There
was no smoking gun
- Slide 173
- July 1973: presidential aide, Alexander Butterfield testified
that testified that President Nixon taped (audio tape) all of his
Oval Office conversations For over a year, there was a legal battle
over releasing the tapes Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox took the
president to took the president to Court in October 1973 to get the
tapes.
- Slide 174
- Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Cox.
Richardson refused and resigned, as did the Deputy Attorney General
The incident became known as the Saturday Night Massacre Democrats
in the House of Representatives then began to look into the
possibility of starting impeachment hearings
- Slide 175
- Many Democrats did not want to impeach Nixon because they
feared that if he left office, the pugnacious Vice President Spiro
T. Agnew would become president However, within days, Vice
President Agnew resigned when he admitted to accepting bribes from
Maryland engineering firms while governor of Maryland and while
vice president Democrats began to seriously consider impeaching
Nixon
- Slide 176
- Nixon named, and the Senate approved, Representative Gerald R.
Ford of Michigan as the new vice-president News reports then
announced that in 1971 and 1972, Nixon had only paid $1000 income
tax on his $200,000 salary Nixon went on national TV: People have
the right to know whether or not their president is a crook. Well,
I am not a crook.
- Slide 177
- March 1974, a grand jury indicted Mitchell, Haldeman,
Ehrlichman, and four other presidential aides on charges of
conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury
- Slide 178
- April 30, 1974, Nixon released 1,254 pages of edited
transcripts from his White House tapes Revealed Nixons vulgar
language and lack of concern about fully addressing the scandal
Also revealed lengthy gaps in the tapes. Investigators demanded
full transcripts Nixon refused, citing national security
concerns
- Slide 179
- The Burger Supreme Court ruled unanimously that Nixon had to
surrender the tapes. Nixon released them on Aug 5. The House
Judiciary Committee approved 3 articles of impeachment The tape,
despite an 18-minute gap, revealed that Nixon knew about the
administrations role in the Watergate break-in and had agreed with
the plan to obstruct the FBIs investigation.
- Slide 180
- August 8, 1974, after consulting with his family and the
Reverend Billy Graham President Nixon went on national TV to
announce his resignation Left office at noon on Aug. 9, 1974
- Slide 181
- Aug. 9: addressed his Aug. 9: addressed his staff for the final
time staff for the final time Boarded the helicopter Boarded the
helicopter as he left the White as he left the White House
House
- Slide 182
- Gerald R. Ford became the 38 th President of the U.S. at noon,
August. 9, 1974 Nixon: only president to ever resign from office
ever resign from office Ford: only appointed president in U.S.
history president in U.S. history
- Slide 183
- Gerald R. Ford Only president to have been an all-American
athlete; Univ. of Michigan One month after taking office, pardoned
Richard Nixon angering many people Faced a worsening economy
Gasoline and heating oil prices extremely high
- Slide 184
- Sept 5, 1975: Sept 5, 1975: Lynette Squeaky Fromme Lynette
Squeaky Fromme Sacramento Sacramento Two assassination attempts Two
assassination attempts Sept 25, 1975 Sara Jane Moore San
Francisco
- Slide 185
- Named Nelson Rockefeller as nations second appointed nations
second appointed vice-president vice-president Former governor of
New York and heir to the Rockefeller fortune Ford and Democratic-
controlled Congress could not agree on how to stop inflation Ford
vetoed 50 bills in 2 years as president Unemployment and inflation
droppedbut no apparent long-term solutions
- Slide 186
- Foreign policy: key advisor, Secretary of State, Dr. Henry A.
Kissinger Ford continued Nixons policy of improving relations with
China and the Soviet Union 1974 & 1975 summits with Soviet
leader Leonid I. Brezhnev
- Slide 187
- One achievement: Helsinki Accords (Helsinki, Finland), 35
nations promised better cooperation between the nations of Eastern
and Western Europe
- Slide 188
- 1975: Mayaguez Incident Communist Khmer Rouge government of
Cambodia seized the U.S. merchant ship, SS Mayaguez in the Gulf of
Siam
- Slide 189
- 1975: Mayaguez Incident Ford ordered two air strikes against
Cambodia and sent Marines to rescue the 39 crew members Successful
mission with the loss of 41 U. S. Marines
- Slide 190
- 1976 Election Ford challenged in primaries by former California
governor, Ronald W. Reagan Reagan some success, but Ford gets
Republican nomination.
- Slide 191
- Rockefeller chose not to run for VP Ford chooses Senator Bob
Dole of Kansas as his running mate as his running mate Several
Democrats run, but former Georgia governor and peanut farmer, Jimmy
Carter, gets the nomination
- Slide 192
- Carter Plains, Georgia Graduate of U. S. Naval Academy Relative
unknown Selects Minnesota Senator Walter Mondale as
vice-presidential candidate Carter ran as an outsider
(outsideWashing- ton, DC) Promised to restore integrity to
presidency
- Slide 193
- Campaign included televised debateCarter came across as not
strong on economic issues but also as a nice, moral person
- Slide 194
- Carter won a close election Carter won a close election
- Slide 195
- Wanted to be known as the peoples president Wanted to be known
as the peoples president Roosevelt-like fireside chats on radio
& TV Alienated himself from Congresseven the Democratic Party
in Congress
- Slide 196
- Focused on energy and economic problems of U.S. Considered
economic crisis greatest crisis facing nation April 17, 1977urged
Americans to cut consumption of oil and gas Winter: 65 degrees day;
55 degrees night Created cabinet-level Dept. of Energy
- Slide 197
- National Energy Act of 1977 Tax on gas-guzzling cars Removed
price controls on oil & natural gas produced oil & natural
gas produced in the U. S. in the U. S. Tax credits for development
of alternative energy supplies of alternative energy supplies Major
problems in economy as well Voluntary wage & price freezes to
slow inflation inflation Convinced Federal Reserve to raise
interest rates rates
- Slide 198
- Many Americans believed Carter had no economic policy at all
had no economic policy at all Malaise Speech: A crisis of
confidence has struck at the very heart and soul of our national
will. Many believed that Carter had given up Many believed that
Carter had given up 1980: inflation at 14%--highest since 1947
Standard of living in U.S. slipped from 1 st to 5 th in the world
Approval rating: 26%; lower than Nixons low
- Slide 199
- The U. S. economy of the late 1970s Rapid expansion of service
sector Communications, transportation and retail trade retail trade
Decline in manufacturing One major cause: overseas competition
Deteriorating industries created a Deteriorating industries created
a Rustbelt Rustbelt Detroit to New York City York City
- Slide 200
- Foreign Policy Rejected realpolitik (policy of negotiating with
powerful nations in spite of their behavior) Committed to assuring
human rights throughout the world Foreign policy based on moral
principlesworld-wide assurance of principles of Declaration of
Independence Many critical of this policy as nave and
closed-minded
- Slide 201
- 1977: completed treaty with Panama giving the canal to Panama
on Dec. 31,1999 Many Americans criticized this decision
- Slide 202
- Firm insistence on human rights led to breakdown in relations
with the Soviet Union June 1979signed a SALT II agreement with the
USSR; criticized by many in Congress as a treaty that would put the
U.S. at a nuclear disadvantage Limited numbers of nuclear weapons
and nuclear missile launchers each side could produce
- Slide 203
- December 1979 the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan Carter
allowed SALT II to die in the Senate Carter also ordered the U. S.
Olympic Team to boycott the 1980 Moscow Games Carter called the
invasion a gross interference in the internal affairs of
Afghanistan
- Slide 204
- Camp David Accords Carter helped negotiate peace between Egypt
and Israel after 13 days of intense negotiations at Camp David,
Maryland Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Israel Egypt:
first Arab nation to recognize existence of Israel Left question of
Palestinians open-ended Carter promised billions of dollars in U.
S. foreign aid to both nations
- Slide 205
- Low Ebb of Carter Foreign Policy January 1979, Iranian
religious leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led an overthrow of
the pro- U. S. Shah of Iran
- Slide 206
- Carter supported the shah to the end After the shah had escaped
into exile, in October 1979, Carter let the shah into the U.S. for
cancer treatment November 4, 1979 armed students seized the U. S.
embassy in Tehran and took 52 hostages Demanded the U.S. send the
shah back to Iran in exchange for hostages
- Slide 207
- Carter refused Carter banned all trade with Iran and also broke
off diplomatic relations with that country The Iranian students
held the U. S. hostages for 444 days
- Slide 208
- One bright spot: 1980 Winter Olympics Eric Heiden: 5 gold
medals in speed skating USA Ice Hockey Team defeats unbeatable
Soviet team in Semi-finals Feb.1980
- Slide 209
- The Miracle on Ice restores American morale but then
- Slide 210
- April 24, 1980, an attempt by U. S. special Operating forces,
including Delta Force, to rescue the hostages met with disaster at
a refueling point in the Iranian desert (Desert One.) Eight service
people died in the attempt An Air Force C- 130 aircraft and a
Marine helicopter collided during ground refueling
- Slide 211
- As the 1980 election campaign began, Carter refused to leave
the White House until the hostages were returned; would not
campaign Result: former CaliforniaGovernor, Ronald Reagan swept to
victory in the election As Reagan inaugurated, Iran released
hostages
- Slide 212
- The Environment 1962 Rachel Carsons Silent Spring Aroused
widespread public concern about use of insecticides Nuclear power
concerns 1979: accident at Three Mile Island, PA 1986 disaster in
Chernobyl, the Ukraine (worldsworstnuclearaccident)
- Slide 213
- The Environment Oil spills and improperly disposed toxic waste
Santa Barbara oil spill 1969 Love Canal (Niagara Falls, NY) 1978
toxic waste disposal problems Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska,
1989 Depletion of ozone layer due to burning fossil fuels (coal
& oil)
- Slide 214
- Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
- Slide 215
- Conservatism reached a high point in the U.S with the election
of Ronald Reagan in 1980 Former movie actor and Governor of
California Governor of California Vice President: George H. W. Bush
H. W. Bush
- Slide 216
- Reagan led the Conservative Coalition Alliance of
intellectuals, business leaders, middle-class voters, disaffected
Democrats, and fundamentalist Christian groups Favored Lower taxes
and a return to traditional moral standards moral standards Opposed
Big government, entitlements, affirmative action, busing, the Equal
Rights action, busing, the Equal Rights Amendment Amendment
- Slide 217
- Rise of conservative religious groups: The Moral Majority Jerry
Falwell JimBakker JimmySwaggart PatRobertson Leaders Fundamentalist
Christianityusing television and other forms of mass
communication
- Slide 218
- Key campaign phrase: Are you better off today than you were 4
years ago? Elected in landslideElected in landslide: 43.9 million
votes to Elected in landslide 35.5 million for Carter; 489-49
electoral votes
- Slide 219
- Taking office, promised to reduce size and influence of federal
government, which, he said, would encourage private investment The
scariest words in the English language are: Im from the government
and Im here to help.
- Slide 220
- Deep cuts in government spending on social programs Did not cut
middle-class entitlement programsguaranteed and provided benefits
to particular groups: Social Security for retired people or
military pensions Did cut: food stamps, job training,welfare
benefits, free school lunches
- Slide 221
- Reaganomics Lower taxes to accompany reduced spending on social
programs. People who pay less tax will invest more, which, in turn,
would increase the nations supply of goods & services Based on
the theory of supply-side economicscutting taxes gives people the
incentives to work, save and invest
- Slide 222
- Supply-side economics, (continued) (continued) With lower
taxes, people invest more Increased business investment creates
more jobs, as entrepreneurs and other suppliers develop new
products and services. More workers means more taxpayers, which
causes government revenues to increase, even though tax rates are
low. 1981Reagan signed into law a 25% cut in federal income taxes,
spread out over three years
- Slide 223
- With cuts in social programs, Reagan authorized increases in
military spending Defense Department budget doubled 1981-1984
Military pay increased B-1 bomber
- Slide 224
- 1983proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (Star
Wars)anti-ballistic missile defense Opposed by some because of cost
and questionabletechnologicalbasis Offered to share technology with
USSR
- Slide 225
- Under Reaganomics, interest rates fell and the stock market
soared producing a long period of economic growth Inflation rate:
14% 1980; 4% 1988 But large budget deficits and a huge national
debt: $900 billion in 1980 to national debt: $900 billion in 1980
to $4 trillion 1992U.S. the worlds $4 trillion 1992U.S. the worlds
largest debtor nation largest debtor nation Overall: by 1984, most
Americans felt that they were better off than they had been they
were better off than they had been in 1980 in 1980
- Slide 226
- Supreme Court: became more conservative under Reagan Appointed
the first female justice, Sandra Day OConnor of Arizona Also
appointed conservatives Antonin Scalia and Anthony Antonin Scalia
and Anthony Kennedy and elevated Kennedy and elevated conservative
William Rehnquist conservative William Rehnquist to Chief Justice
when Warren to Chief Justice when Warren Burger retired Burger
retired
- Slide 227
- George Bush continued Reagans policy of appointing
conservatives to the Supreme Court with David Souter
andClarenceThomas The Rehnquist Court made rulings restricting
abortion rights, imposing new restrictions on civil rights, and
limiting the rights of people who are arrested
- Slide 228
- Republicans swept to victory in presidential elections of 1984
and 1988 19841984: Reagan and Bush win decisively over 1984
Democrats Walter Mondale and Geraldine Ferrarothe first woman ever
to be the candidate of a major party for vice president
- Slide 229
- 19881988: Bush and Dan Quayle, 1988 a senator from Indiana a
senator from Indiana defeat Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis
(Pres) and Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas (V.P.)
- Slide 230
- Reagan/Bush foreign policy Soviet Union: The Evil Empire Mr.
Mr. Gorbachev, Gorbachev, tear down tear down this wall! this
wall!Reagans policies led to the end of the USSR and freedom in
Eastern Europe The Berlin Wall fell in 1989
- Slide 231
- Reagan supported anti- Communist contra rebels in Nicaragua
Reagan ordered U. S. Rangers and paratroopers to remove Cuban
troops and eliminate the Communist government on the Caribbean
island of Grenada in 1983 Operation Urgent Fury
- Slide 232
- Illegally sell arms Illegally sell arms to Iran, an enemy, to
Iran, an enemy, use the proceeds use the proceeds to illegally fund
to illegally fund pro-American Contra rebels in Nicaragua, then led
by a Communist regime Iran-Contra Scandal Devised by National
Security Advisor, Bud McFarlane; carried out by Marine Lieutenant
Colonel Oliver North Scandal had no long-term negative affect on
Reagan: the Teflon President
- Slide 233
- June 1989, Chinese people protest in a pro-democracy movement
Beijings Tiananmen Square Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square Crushed
by government; restored hard-line communists to powerBush protests
but takes no action
- Slide 234
- South Africa, 1990 U. S. trade embargo to protest policy of
apartheidsystem for separating races to protect white supremacy
Over time, government of South Africa gradually repealed apartheid
laws; Blacks first voted 1994; Nelson Mandela first black
president
- Slide 235
- 1989: Bush sent 20,000 military personnel to Panama to
overthrow and arrest dictator Manuel Antonio Noriega on charges of
drug trafficking. Operation Just Cause highlysuccessfulAmerican
operation led by General Max Thurmond Noriegacurrently serving 40
years in a U.S. prison
- Slide 236
- August 1990: Iraq invades oil-rich Kuwait oil-rich Kuwait U. S.
responds with Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm Military
leaders: General Colin Powell and General H. Norman
Schwarzkopf
- Slide 237
- Operation Desert Storm Jan 16, 1991- Feb 28, 1991 Air war: Jan
16-Feb 24; Ground war: Feb 24-Feb 28 Decisive U.S.-led coalition
victoryless than 400 UN coalition casualties; more than 100,000
Iraqi deaths (military & civilian) Validated U. S. military as
most powerful in the history of the world
- Slide 238
- Bushs domestic policy not nearly as successful as foreign
policy Huge national debt and federal deficit Democratic majority
in Congress Some cooperation Plan to bail out savings and loan
industry Civil rights billcombat discrimination in jobs Americans
with Disabilities Act But...
- Slide 239
- Read my lips: no new taxes! Congressional democrats forced Bush
to agree to a tax increase to reduce the deficit; later painted him
as going back on a promise Also: economic recession slowly
increased in 1991-1992, leading to the election of 1992 1992,
Democratic candidate for president: Governor Bill Clinton of
Arkansas: Its the economy, stupid.
- Slide 240
- The election of 1992 Bush (Republican), Clinton (Democratic),
H. Ross Perot of Texas (Independent) Results New V. P. : Senator Al
Gore of TN
- Slide 241
- Clinton presidency: early policies and troubles Gays in the
military (Dont ask, dont tell) Large tax increase on wealthy
Americans Significant reduction of government spending Health care
reform Led by wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton Dismal failureCongress
abandoned abandoned Ratified North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) & General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
- Slide 242
- Clinton Foreign Policy Helped broker an agreement between
Israel & Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Intervened in
civil war in Haiti Brokered the Dayton Accords for peace in
Bosnia-Herzegovina and sent U.S. troops as peacekeepers
- Slide 243
- Congressional Election of 1994 People dissatisfied with
Clintons leadership due to several judgmental errors Led by
Congressman Newt Gingrich of GA, Republicans offer the Contract
With America, & sweep to victory taking control of both houses
of Congress Even Dem. Speaker of the House Tom Foley of WA defeated
GOP: more power to the states; cut taxes & federal
spending
- Slide 244
- Clinton shifts agenda to political center, proposed own plan
for tax cuts and balanced budget Clinton helped by major
improvement in the economy Regained popularity among American
people Election of 1996: Clinton & Gore sweep to victory over
Republicans Bob Dole of KS and Jack Kemp of NY RRRR eeee ssss uuuu
llll tttt ssss
- Slide 245
- Clinton & Republican Congress: smallest budget deficit in
almost 30 years Clinton presidency marred by scandal Whitewaterland
deal prior to election Whitewaterland deal prior to election
Vincent Foster suicide (Clinton Vincent Foster suicide (Clinton
aide) aide) Jennifer Flowers Jennifer Flowers Paula Corbin Jones
Paula Corbin Jones Monica Lewinsky Monica Lewinsky Clinton lied
under oath; encouraged Lewinsky to do same
- Slide 246
- The Clinton scandals illustrated two major changes in the
character of American life: Increasing role of scandal in U. S.
politics (sensationalist media) Blurring of distinction between
public and private behavioralmost every facet of a politicians life
a target of inquiry and exposure Media knew JFK had many sexual
liaisons, but said nothing. Today, everything is fair game.
- Slide 247
- High tech economy: computers & soft ware Bill Gates and
Microsoft Silicon Valley Biotechnology industries New drugs
(scourge of AIDS) DNA research Cloning of animal and human tissue
Economy now based on two family members earning incomes
- Slide 248
- Two-tiered economy: top 40% of population increasing wealth and
income; bottom 60% experiencing real declines in wealth and income
Most important change: globalization of the economy Greater choices
for consumer but many jobs sent overseas North American Free Trade
Agreement General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (World Trade
Organization)
- Slide 249
- George W. Bush & Dick Cheney Al Gore and Joe Lieberman of
CT Florida vote countcontested Results