Post on 11-Jan-2016
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The 1960s…The 1960s…
But first…But first…
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Today’s activityToday’s activity
Through PPTs, your Through PPTs, your textbook, and textbook, and handouts you will handouts you will answer the three answer the three Essential questions Essential questions located in this located in this powerpoint.powerpoint.
You will write a You will write a thesis statement for thesis statement for each and each and explain explain THREE key THREE key evidence points to evidence points to defend your defend your argument.argument.
Essential Question #1Essential Question #1:: To what degree did Kennedy’s “New Frontier” domestic & To what degree did Kennedy’s “New Frontier” domestic &
foreign policy differ from Truman & Eisenhower in the foreign policy differ from Truman & Eisenhower in the 1950s?1950s?
Essential Question #2Essential Question #2:: To what degree was Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society” a To what degree was Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society” a
continuation of JFK’s “New Frontier” domestic agenda?continuation of JFK’s “New Frontier” domestic agenda?
Kennedy & Kennedy & the New the New Frontier Frontier
The election of 1960 between Richard Nixon & John F. The election of 1960 between Richard Nixon & John F. Kennedy was the 1Kennedy was the 1stst to use TV debates: to use TV debates:
Nixon was much better known butNixon was much better known but thethe TVTV debates helped debates helped swing undecided voters towards JFKswing undecided voters towards JFK
1960 marked the beginning of television dominance in 1960 marked the beginning of television dominance in politics politics
Image & appearance became essential traits for candidates Image & appearance became essential traits for candidates
JFK’s New FrontierJFK’s New FrontierBut, it was not the 1st time TV influenced politics…
Eisenhower used TV to campaign in 1952 & 1956
McCarthy was destroyed by TV in the Army-Senate
hearings
Nixon used to TV to defend himself in the “Checkers” speech
TN Senator Kefauver used TV to investigate
organized crime
Kennedy’ administration reflected youth, energy, & Kennedy’ administration reflected youth, energy, & sharp break from Eisenhowersharp break from Eisenhower
JFK promised a JFK promised a New FrontierNew Frontier:: Domestic reforms in education, health care, & civil rightsDomestic reforms in education, health care, & civil rights A foreign policy committed to defeating the Soviet Union & A foreign policy committed to defeating the Soviet Union &
winning the Cold Warwinning the Cold War
JFK’s New FrontierJFK’s New Frontier
The JFK era began “Camelot” comparisons with JFK as a modern-day Lancelot
JFK’s New Frontier promised a return of FDR-era liberal JFK’s New Frontier promised a return of FDR-era liberal policies:policies: But, Conservatives in Congress opposed JFK’s social But, Conservatives in Congress opposed JFK’s social
reforms in education & health carereforms in education & health care Congress did help the poorCongress did help the poor The modernization of industry, gov’t spending, & a major The modernization of industry, gov’t spending, & a major
tax cut in 1963 stimulated the economy & created jobs tax cut in 1963 stimulated the economy & created jobs
JFK’s New FrontierJFK’s New Frontier
Aid for public schools…
…the extension of Social Security…
…unemployment benefits…
…and medical insurance for the elderly were all shot down by Congress
An increase in the minimum wage
Increased funds for public housing
One long-lasting achievement of the JFK-era was One long-lasting achievement of the JFK-era was strengthening the presidency:strengthening the presidency: Eisenhower left many decisions to his staff, but JFK Eisenhower left many decisions to his staff, but JFK
demanded more direct presidential controldemanded more direct presidential control JFK transferred much of the decision-making power from JFK transferred much of the decision-making power from
the cabinet to his White House staffthe cabinet to his White House staff
JFK’s New FrontierJFK’s New Frontier
JFK appointed tough, pragmatic, & academic “New Frontiersmen” to his staff
Kennedy referred to his staff as the “the best & the brightest”
Kennedy Kennedy Intensifies the Intensifies the Cold WarCold War
Addressing U.S. foreign policy & containing Communism Addressing U.S. foreign policy & containing Communism was JFK’s top priority as president:was JFK’s top priority as president: JFK believed Ike compromised with the USSR when the JFK believed Ike compromised with the USSR when the
Cold War could have been wonCold War could have been won JFK aimed to close the “missile gap” & increase U.S. JFK aimed to close the “missile gap” & increase U.S.
defensesdefenses Looked to solve issues in Berlin, Vietnam, & CubaLooked to solve issues in Berlin, Vietnam, & Cuba
Kennedy Intensifies the Kennedy Intensifies the Cold WarCold War
“Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any
friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival & success of liberty. We will do this & more.”
—JFK’s inaugural address
JFK shifted from Ike’s “mutually assured destruction” to JFK shifted from Ike’s “mutually assured destruction” to a “flexible response” capable of responding to a variety a “flexible response” capable of responding to a variety of future problems:of future problems: Increased nuclear arsenal to 1,000 ICBMs & 32 Polaris subs Increased nuclear arsenal to 1,000 ICBMs & 32 Polaris subs
to create a “to create a “first-strike” capabilityfirst-strike” capability Increased the army & air forceIncreased the army & air force Expanded covert operations & created the Green Berets Expanded covert operations & created the Green Berets
Flexible ResponseFlexible Response
JFK was convinced that the USSR had more missiles, but really the U.S. had the lead with
600 B-52s, 2 Polaris subs, 2,000 warheadsTo combat Communism & to help
underdeveloped countries, JFK created the Peace Corps & the Alliance for Progress
JFK hoped to avoid another Sputnik & hoped to beat the JFK hoped to avoid another Sputnik & hoped to beat the Soviets to the moon:Soviets to the moon: JFK greatly expanded NASA & announced that the U.S. JFK greatly expanded NASA & announced that the U.S.
would get to the moon by 1970would get to the moon by 1970 The U.S. landed a man on the moon in 1969 The U.S. landed a man on the moon in 1969
The Space RaceThe Space RaceThe Apollo Program
JFK’s 1JFK’s 1stst confrontation with the Soviet Union came in confrontation with the Soviet Union came in Berlin:Berlin: Khrushchev was upset with the exodus of skilled workers Khrushchev was upset with the exodus of skilled workers
from East Germany to West Berlinfrom East Germany to West Berlin The USSR threatened to remove all U.S. influence from The USSR threatened to remove all U.S. influence from
West Berlin, but settled on building the Berlin Wall in 1961West Berlin, but settled on building the Berlin Wall in 1961
Crisis over BerlinCrisis over Berlin
“Ich bin ein Berliner”—JFK, 1963
VietnamVietnam provedproved toto bebe aa toughtough test:test: Since 1954, Communist leader Since 1954, Communist leader Ho Chi MinhHo Chi Minh gained gained
popularity in North Vietnam; By 1961, he gained a foothold popularity in North Vietnam; By 1961, he gained a foothold in the Southin the South
The U.S. gave aid to unpopular South leader The U.S. gave aid to unpopular South leader Ngo Dihn Ngo Dihn DiemDiem
When Diem lost control of the South, JFK gave the OK for a When Diem lost control of the South, JFK gave the OK for a coup against Diem in 1963coup against Diem in 1963
Containment in Containment in VietnamVietnam
“Strongly in our mind is what happened in China at the end of World War II, where
China was lost. We don’t want that.”—JFK
Vietnam Vietnam Viet Minh are Vietnamese communists in North Vietnam
Viet Cong are Vietnamese communists in South Vietnam
Monk Quang Duc protested Diem’s treatment of Buddhists
Fidel Castro took over Cuba in 1959Fidel Castro took over Cuba in 1959 && developed ties developed ties with Russia with Russia The Eisenhower administration (directed by the CIA) had The Eisenhower administration (directed by the CIA) had
been training Cuban exiles for an invasion & overthrow of been training Cuban exiles for an invasion & overthrow of CastroCastro
In 1961, JFK gave the OK for the CIA to initiate the In 1961, JFK gave the OK for the CIA to initiate the Bay of Bay of Pigs invasionPigs invasion
Containing Castro: Bay Containing Castro: Bay of Pigsof Pigs
JFK blamed the Republicans for allowing a “communist satellite” to arise on “our very doorstep”
The invasion called for U.S. air support but JFK canceled the air strike; without air
support, Castro squashed the invasion
Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure of Bay of Pigs, but did not apologize for coup
To protect Cuba from another U.S. invasion, the USSR To protect Cuba from another U.S. invasion, the USSR began a secret build-up of nuclear missilesbegan a secret build-up of nuclear missiles
On Oct 14, 1962 a U-2 spy plane discovered Cuban On Oct 14, 1962 a U-2 spy plane discovered Cuban missile campsmissile camps
How would the U.S. respond?How would the U.S. respond?
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis24 medium-range & 18 short range ICBMs
Naval blockade to keep warheads out?
Diplomacy: trade nukes in Cuba for nukes in Turkey?
Immediate air strike?Full-scale invasion?Kennedy chose to “quarantine” Cuba to
keep new missiles out & an invasion of Cuba if the USSR did not remove its nukes
The Cuban Missile Crisis Kennedy announced a quarantine (blockade) to keep more missiles out & demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles already in Cuba
"We are eyeball to eyeball, and the other fellow just blinked."
—Sec of State, Dean Rusk
The standoff ended when Russia removed its Cuban The standoff ended when Russia removed its Cuban missiles & the USA vowed to never invade Cubamissiles & the USA vowed to never invade Cuba
The impact of the crisis:The impact of the crisis: SeenSeen asas aa politicalpolitical victoryvictory forfor JFKJFK Installed a “hot line” to improve US-Soviet communicationsInstalled a “hot line” to improve US-Soviet communications This near-nuclear war convinced both sides to move from This near-nuclear war convinced both sides to move from
confrontation to negotiation confrontation to negotiation
Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis
“Our most basic common link is the fact that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the
same air. We all cherish our children’s future. We are all mortal.”
—JFK
And…U.S. removal of nuclear weapons in Turkey
On Nov 22, 1963 in Dallas, JFK was assassinated & VP On Nov 22, 1963 in Dallas, JFK was assassinated & VP Lyndon Johnson became president:Lyndon Johnson became president: LBJ was a master politician with a reputation for getting LBJ was a master politician with a reputation for getting
resultsresults LBJ promised to continue Kennedy's liberal agendaLBJ promised to continue Kennedy's liberal agenda LBJ ultimately exceeded JFK’s record on providing economic LBJ ultimately exceeded JFK’s record on providing economic
& racial equality& racial equality
"Let Us Continue""Let Us Continue"
LBJ helped push through the greatest array of liberal legislation in U.S. history (“Great Society”), surpassing FDR’s New Deal
Americans were stunned this rapid succession of events
LincolnLincoln• Lincoln was elected to Congress Lincoln was elected to Congress
in 1846 & as President in 1860in 1846 & as President in 1860• He was directly concerned with He was directly concerned with
Civil RightsCivil Rights• Lincoln was shot in the head in Lincoln was shot in the head in
front of his wife on a Fridayfront of his wife on a Friday• Lincoln shot in the Ford TheatreLincoln shot in the Ford Theatre• The assassin, John Wilkes The assassin, John Wilkes
Booth, was known by three Booth, was known by three names of 15 lettersnames of 15 letters
• Booth shot Lincoln in a theater Booth shot Lincoln in a theater and fled to a warehouse (barn)and fled to a warehouse (barn)
• Booth was killed before being Booth was killed before being brought to trialbrought to trial
• There were theories that Booth There were theories that Booth was part of a greater conspiracywas part of a greater conspiracy
• Lincoln's successor was Andrew Lincoln's successor was Andrew Johnson, born in 1808Johnson, born in 1808
Kennedy Kennedy • Kennedy was elected to Congress Kennedy was elected to Congress
in 1946 & as President in 1960in 1946 & as President in 1960• He was directly concerned with He was directly concerned with
Civil RightsCivil Rights• Kennedy was shot in the head in Kennedy was shot in the head in
front of his wife on a Fridayfront of his wife on a Friday• Kennedy shot in a Lincoln (Ford)Kennedy shot in a Lincoln (Ford)• The assassin, Lee Harvey The assassin, Lee Harvey
Oswald, was known by three Oswald, was known by three names of 15 letters names of 15 letters
• Oswald shot Kennedy from a Oswald shot Kennedy from a warehouse and fled to a theaterwarehouse and fled to a theater
• Oswald was killed before being Oswald was killed before being brought to trialbrought to trial
• There were theories that Oswald There were theories that Oswald was part of a greater conspiracywas part of a greater conspiracy
• Kennedy's successor was Lyndon Kennedy's successor was Lyndon Johnson, born in 1908Johnson, born in 1908
LBJ quickly pushed through Congress 2 key “Kennedy” LBJ quickly pushed through Congress 2 key “Kennedy” bills:bills: A $10 billion reduction in income taxes that led to increased A $10 billion reduction in income taxes that led to increased
consumer spending & new jobsconsumer spending & new jobs The The Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964 that declared segregation in that declared segregation in
public facilities illegal & protected black voting rightspublic facilities illegal & protected black voting rights
Lyndon Johnson in Lyndon Johnson in ActionAction
The most significant legislation on race since the Reconstruction Amendments
In 1964, LBJ waged a “war on poverty in America” & In 1964, LBJ waged a “war on poverty in America” & created the Office of Economic Opportunity:created the Office of Economic Opportunity: Created the Job Corps for high school dropoutsCreated the Job Corps for high school dropouts Head Start for preschoolersHead Start for preschoolers Adult education & technical training opportunities Adult education & technical training opportunities
As a result, America had 10 million fewer poor people by As a result, America had 10 million fewer poor people by 19701970
Lyndon Johnson in Lyndon Johnson in ActionAction
In 1964, the U.S. had 35 million poor people
In 1964, LBJ ran against: In 1964, LBJ ran against: Conservative Republican Barry Goldwater rejected LBJ’s Conservative Republican Barry Goldwater rejected LBJ’s
liberal welfare programs & called for a stronger foreign liberal welfare programs & called for a stronger foreign policy stancepolicy stance
Segregationist George WallaceSegregationist George Wallace LBJ won in a landslide & the Democrats took control of LBJ won in a landslide & the Democrats took control of
Congress for 1Congress for 1stst time in 25 years time in 25 years
The Election of 1964The Election of 1964
The “Daisy” Campaign Spot
http://http://www.livingroomcandidate.www.livingroomcandidate.
org/commercials/1964/org/commercials/1964/peace-little-girl-daisy peace-little-girl-daisy
Once elected, LBJ initiated his “Once elected, LBJ initiated his “Great SocietyGreat Society” domestic ” domestic agenda:agenda: Medicare & Medicaid extended health insurance to the Medicare & Medicaid extended health insurance to the
elderly & the poorelderly & the poor Extended $1 billion to improve public & parochial schoolsExtended $1 billion to improve public & parochial schools The The Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965 banned literacy tests & banned literacy tests &
provided for federal registrars for pollsprovided for federal registrars for polls
The Great Society The Great Society
By 1965, Congress passed 89 laws or reforms as part of By 1965, Congress passed 89 laws or reforms as part of LBJ’s social agenda:LBJ’s social agenda: The Great Society was the most comprehensive agenda of The Great Society was the most comprehensive agenda of
social reform since FDRsocial reform since FDR But…the American people did not respond well to LBJBut…the American people did not respond well to LBJ Soon…events in Vietnam, would taint his presidencySoon…events in Vietnam, would taint his presidency
The Triumph of ReformThe Triumph of Reform
Johnson Johnson Escalates the Escalates the Vietnam WarVietnam War
LBJ continued JFK’s strong foreign policy positions too:LBJ continued JFK’s strong foreign policy positions too: He supported CIA-sponsored coups in Brazil, Panama, & the He supported CIA-sponsored coups in Brazil, Panama, & the
Dominican RepublicDominican Republic LBJ continued Eisenhower & JFK policies towards VietnamLBJ continued Eisenhower & JFK policies towards Vietnam
But in doing so, LBJ found himself under attack from But in doing so, LBJ found himself under attack from Congress, the media, & universitiesCongress, the media, & universities
LBJ Escalates the LBJ Escalates the Vietnam WarVietnam War“I am not going to lose Vietnam. I am
not going to be the president who saw Southeast Asia go the way China went.”
—LBJ
During the Gulf of Tonkin affair in Aug 1964, the military During the Gulf of Tonkin affair in Aug 1964, the military bombed North Vietnam in retaliation for an attack on the bombed North Vietnam in retaliation for an attack on the USS MaddoxUSS Maddox
The The Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionGulf of Tonkin Resolution gave LBJ the authority to: gave LBJ the authority to: Defend Vietnam at any costDefend Vietnam at any cost Unlimited military intervention to be used at LBJ’s Unlimited military intervention to be used at LBJ’s
discretiondiscretion
LBJ Escalates the LBJ Escalates the Vietnam WarVietnam War
The Vietnam War
1965 marked the beginning of full-scale1965 marked the beginning of full-scale U.S.U.S. involvement in Vietnaminvolvement in Vietnam LBJ was informed that “LBJ was informed that “without U.S. action, defeat is without U.S. action, defeat is
inevitableinevitable”” LBJ authorized bombing raids into North Vietnam & LBJ authorized bombing raids into North Vietnam &
requested 50,000requested 50,000 U.S.U.S. soldierssoldiers sentsent toto AsiaAsia LBJ never explained to the American people how the LBJ never explained to the American people how the
gov’t planned to win the war in Vietnam gov’t planned to win the war in Vietnam
EscalationEscalation
LBJ’s advisors wanted 100,000 troops in 1965 & a plan for 100,000 more in 1966; Estimations
were 500 U.S. deaths per month
LBJ took middle road of limited U.S. intervention: not a withdrawal & not a full-scale invasion of North Vietnam
By 1968, 500,000 U.S. troops stationed to keep Vietnam By 1968, 500,000 U.S. troops stationed to keep Vietnam from falling to Communismfrom falling to Communism U.S. bombings & “search & destroy” attacks were U.S. bombings & “search & destroy” attacks were
ineffectiveineffective Soviet & Chinese weaponry freely flowed into North Soviet & Chinese weaponry freely flowed into North
VietnamVietnam Reckless bombings killed thousands of innocent civiliansReckless bombings killed thousands of innocent civilians
The bloody stalemate & media depictionThe bloody stalemate & media depiction ofof thethe warwar ledled toto protestsprotests
StalemateStalemate
Image of the “My Lai Massacre,” 1968
The early 1960s under JFK represented consumer The early 1960s under JFK represented consumer spending, a strong stance on the Cold War, & more spending, a strong stance on the Cold War, & more social reforms at homesocial reforms at home
The transition to LBJ in 1963 brought success at home The transition to LBJ in 1963 brought success at home (civil rights & the Great Society)(civil rights & the Great Society)
But, heightened involvement in Vietnam signaled the But, heightened involvement in Vietnam signaled the
onset of the counter-cultureonset of the counter-culture movementmovement byby 19681968
ConclusionsConclusions
1968: Year in pictures and 1968: Year in pictures and videovideo