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TERTIARY SECTORGEOGRAPHY Y3 Social Studies
WHAT ACTIVITIES ARE INCLUDED IN THE TERTIARY SECTOR?
TOURISM, A BOOMING ACTIVITY
The tertiary sector, or the service industry, includes all the
economic activities which do not produce material goods, but
provide services to people. It includes, commerce,
communications, transport and leisure activities. One of the
fastest growing leisure activities is tourism.
A little bit of history
Until the second world war tourism was not very important
economically. Only the European nobility and upper classes could
afford to travel for pleasure and they made long journeys to exotic
places (Egypt, India), to spa towns (Spa, Baden-Baden) and to
coastal cities (San Sebastián, Biarritz, Monte Carlo).
Today, however, the tourist industry is one of the most important
economic activities in developed countries
Spa, Belgium
Baden-Baden
THE TERTIARY ECONOMIC SECTOR
In developed countries, services are very widespread and the
majority of people have access to basic services, such as health care and
education. In many countries the service industry accounts for a large
share of GDP and employment.
In developing countries, services are insufficient, and most of the
population does not have access to basic services. The sector is far less
important, in terms of employment and GDP, as low-paid services
requiring few qualifications predominate, such as domestic service and
street traders.
Regional differences
CLASSIFICATION OF THE SERVICES
• Private or market services are provided by private
companies, who charge money to people or other
companies who require the service. Their main
objective is to earn profits.
• Public or non-market services are provided by the
State with money collected through taxes. Their purpose
is to provide basic services to society, rather than making
profits. They include public administration, health care
and education.
Location of services
Traditionally, services providers have located themselves
close to consumers. The most specialised were located in
large cities while less specialised ones were distributed
more uniformly around the country.
Today, improvements in transport and new
communication technologies means that certain services
have moved to areas with lower costs, such as small and
medium-sized towns and underdeveloped regions.
HOW IS THE LOCATION OF THE SERVICES LIKE?
200 shops and 40 restaurants
COMMERCE
DEFINITION: Commerce or trade is the exchange of goods
and services between producers and consumers in exchange for
some form of payment. Its aim is to meet the needs of the
population.There are two types of markets:
• Physical markets, where merchandise is present, such as
produce markets.
• Abstract markets, where it is not present, such as stock
exchanges or securities markets.
Phisycal markets, like this produce market, offer goods which are physically present.
In abstract markets, like this stock exchange where shares are bought and sold, the goods are not present.
VocabularySTOCK EXCHANGE: bolsa SHARES:
acciones
Domestic trade is carried out within the borders of a country. It
can
be wholesale*, when large amounts of merchandise are bought
directly
from producers and then sold to smaller shops; or retail*, which
sells
directly to consumers. Today, because of new technologies,
telesales
and internet shopping are becoming increasingly popular.
Foreign trade is carried out between countries. Importation is
the
purchase of foreign goods and services, exportation the sale of
goods
and services abroad. Both exchanges are recorded annually in a
document called the balance of payments, which can be positive
(in
surplus) if the value of exports exceeds the value of imports, or
negative
(in deficit), if the opposite is true.
Wholesale: al por mayor Retail: al por menor
Comercio interior y exterior
DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN TRADE
LAND TRANSPORT
Land transport is the most frequently used type of transport in
the world and the infrastructure forms the largest global
transport network. There are two main types of network.
Road transport
Advantages Disadvantages
it is door-to-door(directly from the starting point to the destination) and is very flexibile with regard to time.
the passenger and goods capacity islimited and that high densities of traffic cause accidents and pollution,in particular CO2 emissions, which cause climate change.
Rail transport
Advantages Disadvantages
it has high capacity, it is safe, fast and has low levels of pollution if it is electrified.
the network does not always go door-to door,and construction and maintenance costs are high, especially inthe case of high-speed rail.
WATER AND AIR TRANSPORTWATER TRANSPORT
Ships are used, above all, for the
transportation of large quantities
of
merchandise by sea or navigable
rivers and account for only a small
percentage of passenger transport.
Ships are ideal for the
transportation of heavy, goods,
over large distances such as oil,
cereals, minerals or coal and also
manufactures. The advantages
are its large capacity and low cost.
The disadvantages are that it is
slow, and that accidents cause
contamination of the waters.
AIR TRANSPORT
Air transport by plane is used for
the transportation of passengers
over long distances and the
transportation of perishable
(perecedero), urgent or lightweight
goods.
The advantages are it is fast,
safe and the fact that the routes
are not
affected by geographic land
features (mountains, rivers, etc.).
The disadvantages are the high
costs of operation and
maintenance, the high price of
fuel and the acoustic and
atmospheric pollution it causes
The European transport network is one of the most modern and
efficient in the world, especially in the member countries of
the EU.
– Road transport has a dense network of motorways. The railway
network, is important for both passenger and goods transport,
especially in the countries in the west and the centre of the
continent.
– Water transport has large merchant fleets*. Maritime transport
has very active ports, such as Rotterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg, Le
Havre, Amsterdam, London and Bilbao, on the Atlantic Ocean;
and Marseille, Genoa, Barcelona, Valencia and Piraeus on the
Mediterranean Sea. River transport is carried out along navigable
canals and rivers, such as the Rhine (the busiest waterway* in
Europe), the Danube and the Volga.
– Air transport has major international airports, such as London,
Frankfurt and Paris.
THE EUROPEAN TRANSPORT NETWORK
TOURISM
Definition Tourism is the
temporary transfer of
people from their place of
residence to other places,
for leisure purposes, for a
period of more than 24
hours and less than one
year.
Since 1950, it has
experienced enormous
growth in developed
countries, where it has
become a mass
phenomenon enjoyed by
the middle classes.
CAUSESEVOLUTION
• The increase in the standard of
living.
• The generalisation of the five-day
working week and paid holidays.
• The improvement of means of
transport and tourist facilities.
• Tourist company marketing, which
promotes tourism through
advertising.
• Water tourism is the most popular form of tourism. It includes sun-and- sand tourism, along the coasts of temperate seas and the shores of some lakes; nautical tourism, based around nautical ports and marinas; and spas, located next to springs and thermal waters.
• Mountain tourism includes skiing and sports and adventure activities, such as hiking (excursionismo), climbing (escalada), canyoning, paragliding(parapente), etc.
• Rural tourism lets people find out about traditional activities and landscapes, visit agricultural museums, rest and purchase natural or artisanal products.
• Other forms of tourism include cultural tourism, where people visit cities of historic, artistic or cultural interest; business trips, congresses and conventions, which value good communication and infrastructure; and religious tourism to holy* places such as Mecca, Rome, Santiago de Compostela or Jerusalem.
TYPES OF TOURISM
EUROPEAN TOURISM
Europe is both a major source and receiver of international
tourists.
– The high number of European tourists is due to the high
standard of living and it is led by the Germans, the French and
the British.
– Tourists come to Europe because of the good
transportation
network, the diversity of the physical environment and
the cultural wealth (riqueza cultural). In 2008, six out of the
ten leading tourist destinations in the world were in Europe,
most notable being France, Spain and Italy.