Post on 07-Sep-2015
description
Romblon State University
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Odiongan, Romblon
Tel. No. (042) 567-5588
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RESEARCH TERMINAL REPORT
PROJECT TITLE: Design, Development and Performance Evaluation of Fruits and Vegetable Scrap Shredder
PROPONENTS: Engr. Alfredo F. Fortu Jr.
Engr. Mark Anthony Castillano
IMPLEMENTING COLLEGE: College of Engineering and Technology
DURATION: 4 months
I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Waste generation and subsequent accumulation generated by unabated increase in human populations is one of the major problems confronting future generations. This is aggravated by improper waste disposal that often causes greater problems in terms of environmental pollution and disease occurrence not only to human beings but also to animals. Converting solid waste into organic fertilizer will not only increase farm household income but also become a stable source of organic fertilizer for rehabilitating highly nutrient depleted agricultural soils and reduce environmental pollution generated by improper waste disposal. This study was conducted to design, develop and evaluate the performance of a shredder. Specifically, it sought to design and develop fruits and vegetable scrap shredder and determine the input capacity, shredding efficiency and power consumption rate of the shredder.
The design principle of the shredder is based on the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard (PAES 244) but the design specification is modified to meet the requirements for shredding fruit and vegetable scrap. Results showed that among the three commodities, fruit scrap has the highest moisture content (71 %) and input capacity (333.33 kghr-1). The shredding efficiency of vegetable, fruits and root crops is 100 percent because there was no unshredded scrap material and partially shredded material. During shredding operation, the voltage and current was recorded and results showed that the root crops has the highest power consumption rate (P 0.45/hr). This means that the maximum power consumption rate if we used the machine for eight hours is P3.6.
The developed shredder is a cost-effective machine based on the power consumption rate. Shredded scrap materials are ready to be used as organic fertilizer. The shredder can help in waste management of the local government unit and can produce organic fertilizer at minimum processing cost.
II.INTRODUCTION
Waste generation and subsequent accumulation generated by unabating increase in human populations is one of the major problems confronting future generations. This is aggravated by improper waste disposal that often causes greater problems in terms of environmental pollution and disease occurrence not only to human beings but also to animals.
In Romblon especially in the municipality of Odiongan, substantial amount of agricultural waste are generated daily especially during market days. The practice is they just collect the biodegradables and place it in a Materials Recovery Facility. This causes further deterioration of waste and emission of bad odor.
Fruits and Vegetables Scrap are rich in nutrients and can be used as organic fertilizer for vegetable production. To hasten the decomposition of the agricultural waste, they need to be reduced into smaller particles. This reason prompted the researchers to design and develop the fruits and vegetable shredder to facilitate the decomposition of agricultural waste and eventually help in the production of organic fertilizer.
Fruits and vegetables compromise a large and dynamic sub-sector within Philippine agriculture. It accounts for 31% of agricultural output (by value); in the past three decades it has been growing at a rate of 2.8% per year, compared to just 1.8% for agriculture as whole. Many of the vaunted high value crops, such as those identified in the governments official programs, are fruits and vegetables. In common with rest of agriculture, development of fruits and vegetables sub-sector is highly dependent on technological change (Weinberger and Lumpkin, 2007).
Waste generation and subsequent accumulation generated by unabated increase in human populations is one of the major problems confronting future generations. This is aggravated by improper waste disposal that often causes greater problems in terms of environmental pollution and disease occurrence not only to human beings but also to animals. Converting solid waste into organic fertilizer will not only increase farm household income but also become a stable source of organic fertilizer for rehabilitating highly nutrient depleted agricultural soils and reduce environmental pollution generated by improper waste disposal (Dela Cruz, Aganon, Patricio, Romero, Lindain and Galindez, 2004).
CTI is developing a package of tool to process perishable fruits and vegetables into shreds that can be dried and ground into shelf-stable flour, prioritizing cassava, sweet potatoes and bread fruit as staple foods that have the potential to greatly improve food security in the regions where they are born. CTIs manually operated shredder produce small shreds that are optimally shape for quick drying. The shredder was developed after a decade of research and development by engineers at the University of Saint Thomas (UST). The shredder can be operated by hand, but is also capable of being motorized.
Biomass shredder reduce biomass into small pieces for handling purpose, enhancing size reduction, and subsequently create a suitable feed for the production of fuel from the biomass. Biomass waste shredding not only aids in the transformation of waste into valuable renewable energy, but improves recycling efficiency and lowers landfill volumes. Biomass shredding equipment especially facilitates the processing of untreated biomass, a critical step in the production of renewable energy from waste.
To hasten the decomposition of organic materials for organic fertilizer purposes, plants substrates have to be shredded into smaller sizes. Hence, a plant shredded is necessary ( Sinon, Martinez jr and Abadiano,2013).
This study was conducted to design, develop and evaluate the performance of a shredder at Romblon State University, Odiongan, Romblon during the school year 2015 2016.
Specifically, it sought to:
1. Design and develop fruits and vegetable scrap shredder
2. Determine the input capacity, shredding efficiency and power consumption rate of the shredder.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fabrication
Fabrication of fruits and vegetable scrap shredder was conducted at Brgy. Amatong, Odiongan, Romblon under the Pakyaw Labor and Materials Scheme.
Raw Materials Preparation
Agricultural waste materials (e.g. fruits and vegetable scrap) were collected from Odiongan Public Market and underwent shredding process until the desired size of organic waste is reached.
Moisture Content Determination
The moisture content of the shredded materials was determined by calculating the loss in weight of the material using oven drying method at 105oC overnight (AOAC, 1993)
Percent moisture content of each sample was calculated on a wet basis using the equation below.
Where:
%MCdb = Moisture content dry basis, %
Wi = initial weight of sample, g
Wf = final weight of sample, g
Input Capacity
Where:
Ci = input capacity, kg/h
Wi = weight of input biomass material, kg
To = operating time, h
Unshredded Biomass Material
a.) Amount =
b.) Percent (Ubm)=
where:
Ubm = percent unshredded biomass materials, %
Wus = weight of the unshredded biomass materials, kg
Wps = weight of the partially shredded biomass materials, kg
Tc = duration of sample collecting in output chute, h
Wi = weight of total input biomass material, kg
Shredding efficiency
Effs = 100 - Ubm
where:
Effs = shredding efficiency, %
Ubm = percent unshredded biomass materials, %
Power Consumption Rate
This was done by getting the current and voltage during shredding operation.
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The design principle of the shredder is based on the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard (PAES 244) but the design specification is modified to meet the requirements for shredding fruit and vegetable scrap (Figure 1 and 2). The power requirement of the fruit and vegetable scrap shredder is much lesser compared to biomass shredder because of the soft physiological structure and high moisture content of fruits and vegetables. Fabrication was done based on the design specification and locally available materials. The shredder is developed to hasten the decomposition of fruits and vegetables through size reduction process.
Hopper
part of the biomass shredder where the biomass materials to be cut are loaded. The total length of the hopper is 23 inches with an opening at one end of 3x6 in.
Prime mover
electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the biomass shredder. In this study, we used 1 hp electric motor.
Orientation of blade assembly
The blades and shaft assembly rotates with respect to the horizontal axis.
Blade action
Machine that is composed of shredding chamber only.
Main shaft
Blades are connected and arranged to an open cylinder main shaft
Shredding chamber
Outlet chute
Prime mover
Hopper
Figure 1. Exploded View of the Shredder
Prime mover
Rotating blades
Counter blades
Shredding guide
guide
Figure 1. Internal Parts of the Shredder
Table 1 presents the summary of experimental data. Methods of Test specified in the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES 245:2010) was used throughout the study. Ten kilograms per trial of each commodity was used in the performance evaluation of the shredder. Results showed that among the three commodities, fruit scrap has the highest moisture content (71 %) and input capacity (333.33 kghr-1). Oven drying method was used to get the moisture content of the scrap. The high moisture content of fruits (e.g. melon, mango) affects its input capacity because of its soft physical structure. The shredding efficiency of vegetable, fruits and root crops is 100 percent because there was no unshredded scrap material and partially shredded material. Partially shredded materials are those scrap whose size is more than one fourth (1/4) of its original size after one shredding process. After one shredding process the particle size of the scrap is ready to be mixed as organic fertilizer (see appendices:figure 7 and 8). During shredding operation, the voltage and current was recorded and results showed that the root crops has the highest power consumption rate (P 0.45/hr). This means that the maximum power consumption rate if we used the machine for eight hours is P3.6. In eight hours of operation we can shred more than hundred kilogram of fruits and vegetable scrap.
Table 1. Summary of Experimental Data
Commodity (Scrap)
Moisture Content (%wet basis)
Input Capacity (kghr-1)
Shredding Efficiency (%)
Power Consumption Rate (/hr)
Vegetables 1
50
125
100
0.36
2
60
131.58
100
0.32
3
52
129.87
100
0.34
Fruits 1
70
333.33
100
0.23
2
71
250
100
0.28
3
69.5
303.03
100
0.27
Root crops 1
51.5
232.56
100
0.45
2
50.5
322.58
100
0.41
3
53
200
100
0.42
Based on the multiple comparisons, there is no significant difference on the power consumption rate of three commodities (vegetable, fruit, root crops) using tukey analysis at 5% level of significance. In input capacity, fruit and root crops are not significantly different with vegetable scrap while fruit and root crops is significantly different with each other. The moisture content of vegetable and root crops has significant difference while fruit has no significant difference with vegetable and root crops at 5% significance level.
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
1. The developed shredder is a cost-effective machine based on the power consumption rate.
2. Shredded scrap materials are ready to be used as organic fertilizer.
3. The shredder can help in waste management of the local government unit and can produce organic fertilizer at minimum processing cost.
Recommendations
1. Modify the blades of the shredder from horizontally assembled to vertically assembled. It will facilitate easy discharge of the shredded scrap due to additional gravitational force.
2. Shredded fruit and vegetable scrap should be used as organic fertilizer.
3. Conduct laboratory analysis of the nutrient content of the shredded scrap
VII. PERCEIVED IMPACT OF THE RESULTS
1. Better Waste Management
2. Production of Organic Fertilizer
VII. REFERENCES
AGANON C.P.et.al. Unpublished Study. 2004
DELA CRUZ E. N., et.al. Production of Organic Fertilizer from Solid Waste and its Utilization in Intensive Organic Based Vegetable Production and for Sustaining Soil Health and Productivity. 2006
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard 245:2010 (PAES published 2010) ICS65.060.01
The CLSU Ecological Solid Waste Management Project. Unpublished Terminal Report 2004. RM-CARES,CLSU.
http://www.pids.gov.ph
www.vecoplan.de/en_01 shredders.htm
VIII. APPENDICES
Table 2. Moisture Content Determination
Commodity
Initial Weight (g)
Final Weight (g)
Moisture Content (%wet basis)
Vegetables 1
20
10
50
2
20
8
60
3
20
9.6
52
Fruits 1
20
6
70
2
20
5.8
71
3
20
6.1
69.5
Rootcrops 1
20
9.7
51.5
2
20
9.9
50.5
3
20
9.4
53
Table 3. Determination of Input Capacity
Commodity
Weight of input biomass material (kg)
Operating time (hr)
Input Capacity (kg/hr)
Vegetables 1
10
0.08
125
2
10
0.076
131.5789474
3
10
0.077
129.8701299
Fruits 1
10
0.03
333.3333333
2
10
0.04
250
3
10
0.033
303.030303
Rootcrops 1
10
0.043
232.5581395
2
10
0.031
322.5806452
3
10
0.05
200
Table 4. Determination of Shredding Efficiency
Commodity
total input biomass (kg)
unshredded biomass (kg)
partially shredded biomass (kg)
unshredded biomass (%)
Shredding Eff. (%)
Vegetables1
10
0
0
0
100
2
10
0
0
0
100
3
10
0
0
0
100
Fruits 1
10
0
0
0
100
2
10
0
0
0
100
3
10
0
0
0
100
Rootcrops 1
10
0
0
0
100
2
10
0
0
0
100
3
10
0
0
0
100
Table 5. Determination of Power Consumption Rate
Commodity
Voltage
Current
Operating time (hr)
Power (kW)
Existing rate (P)
(Pesos/hr)
Power consumption rate
(Pesos/hr)
Vegetables 1
190
8.4
0.038
1.596
6
0.363888
2
191
8.45
0.033
1.61395
6
0.3195621
3
191.5
8.5
0.035
1.62775
6
0.3418275
Fruits 1
187.8
8.34
0.025
1.566252
6
0.2349378
2
188
8.38
0.03
1.57544
6
0.2835792
3
188.2
8.4
0.029
1.58088
6
0.27507312
Rootcrops 1
195.5
8.9
0.043
1.73995
6
0.4489071
2
194.1
8.7
0.04
1.68867
6
0.4052808
3
195
8.86
0.041
1.7277
6
0.4250142
Figure 3. Weighing of fruit scrap
Figure 4. Weighing of Vegetable Scrap
Figure 5. Weighing of Root crops
Figure 6. Shredding of fruit scrap
Figure 7. Shredding of vegetable scrap
Figure 8. Shredding of root crop scrap
Figure 9. Shredded Fruit Scrap
Figure 10. Shredded Vegetable Scrap
Figure 11. Data Gathering on Power Consumption Rate
Figure 12. Internal parts of fruit and vegetable scrap shredder
Figure 13. External parts of fruit and vegetable scrap shredder
SUMMARIZE
/TABLES=ShreddingEfficiency powerconsumtionrate inputcapacity
moisturecontent BY Commodity
/FORMAT=VALIDLIST NOCASENUM TOTAL LIMIT=100
/TITLE='Case Summaries'
/MISSING=VARIABLE
/CELLS=COUNT .
Summarize
[DataSet0]
ONEWAY
ShreddingEfficiency powerconsumtionrate inputcapacity moisturecontent BY
Item
/MISSING ANALYSIS
/POSTHOC = TUKEY ALPHA(.05).
Oneway
[DataSet0]
Post Hoc Tests
Homogeneous Subsets
Figure 14. Analysis of Variance
5
(
)
100
%
-
=
Wi
W
W
MC
f
i
db
Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSD
.07723
*
.01911
.016
.0186
.1359
-.08464
*
.01911
.011
-.1433
-.0260
-.07723
*
.01911
.016
-.1359
-.0186
-.16187
*
.01911
.000
-.2205
-.1032
.08464
*
.01911
.011
.0260
.1433
.16187
*
.01911
.000
.1032
.2205
-166.63819
*
35.97064
.009
-277.0060
-56.2704
-122.89657
*
35.97064
.033
-233.2644
-12.5288
166.63819
*
35.97064
.009
56.2704
277.0060
43.74162
35.97064
.487
-66.6262
154.1094
122.89657
*
35.97064
.033
12.5288
233.2644
-43.74162
35.97064
.487
-154.1094
66.6262
-16.16667
*
2.58915
.002
-24.1109
-8.2224
2.33333
2.58915
.659
-5.6109
10.2776
16.16667
*
2.58915
.002
8.2224
24.1109
18.50000
*
2.58915
.001
10.5558
26.4442
-2.33333
2.58915
.659
-10.2776
5.6109
-18.50000
*
2.58915
.001
-26.4442
-10.5558
(J) Item
2.00
3.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
(I) Item
1.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
Dependent Variable
powerconsumtionrate
inputcapacity
moisturecontent
Mean
Difference
(I-J)
Std. Error
Sig.
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
95% Confidence Interval
The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
*.
Case Processing Summary
a
9
100.0%
0
.0%
9
100.0%
9
100.0%
0
.0%
9
100.0%
9
100.0%
0
.0%
9
100.0%
9
100.0%
0
.0%
9
100.0%
ShreddingEfficiency *
Commodity
powerconsumtionrate
* Commodity
inputcapacity *
Commodity
moisturecontent *
Commodity
N
Percent
N
Percent
N
Percent
Included
Excluded
Total
Cases
Limited to first 100 cases.
a.
Case Summaries
a
100.00
.23
333.33
70.00
100.00
.28
250.00
71.00
100.00
.28
303.03
69.50
3
3
3
3
100.00
.45
232.56
51.50
100.00
.41
322.58
50.50
100.00
.43
200.00
53.00
3
3
3
3
100.00
.36
125.00
50.00
100.00
.32
131.58
60.00
100.00
.34
129.87
52.00
3
3
3
3
9
9
9
9
1
2
3
N
Total
fruit
1
2
3
N
Total
rootcrop
1
2
3
N
Total
vegetable
N
Total
Commodity
Shredding
Efficiency
powercons
umtionrate
inputcapacity
moisturec
ontent
Limited to first 100 cases.
a.
ANOVA
.000
2
.000
.
.
.000
6
.000
.000
8
.039
2
.020
35.900
.000
.003
6
.001
.043
8
44785.181
2
22392.590
11.538
.009
11644.983
6
1940.831
56430.164
8
609.056
2
304.528
30.285
.001
60.333
6
10.056
669.389
8
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total
ShreddingEfficiency
powerconsumtionrate
inputcapacity
moisturecontent
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
powerconsumtionrate
Tukey HSD
a
3
.2645
3
.3418
3
.4264
1.000
1.000
1.000
Item
2.00
1.00
3.00
Sig.
N
1
2
3
Subset for alpha = .05
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
a.
inputcapacity
Tukey HSD
a
3
128.8164
3
251.7129
3
295.4545
1.000
.487
Item
1.00
3.00
2.00
Sig.
N
1
2
Subset for alpha = .05
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
a.
moisturecontent
Tukey HSD
a
3
51.6667
3
54.0000
3
70.1667
.659
1.000
Item
3.00
1.00
2.00
Sig.
N
1
2
Subset for alpha = .05
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.
a.