Post on 26-Dec-2014
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TASK 1: STUDY THE GIVE CASES AND IDENTIFY BEHAVIOURS WHICH ARE NOT DESIRABLE. WHAT ACTIONS WOULD YOU
TAKE?
Case 1: A pupil kicks another pupil after seeing this on the playground.As a teacher, what action would you take?
Method: Reinforcement • Reinforcement is the act of following a response with a
reinforcer.• A reinforcer is a stimulus (encouraging activity) that increases
the frequency or occurrence of a response it follows. • There are 2 types of reinforcement:-• Positive reinforcement • Negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement• Positive reinforcement is the encouragement of a desired
response (behaviour) by a pleasant stimulus.
• It increases the probability of the reoccurrence of the same response to the same situation.
Negative reinforcement• Negative reinforcement is the discouragement of an
undesired response (behaviour) by an unpleasant stimulus.
• It decreases the probability of the reoccurrence of the same response to the same situation.
Punishment • Punishment is used to erase undesirable behaviours by
presenting a distressing stimulus when the behaviour occurs.
• Can be classified into 2 types:-• Positive punishment• Negative punishment
Types of punishment • Positive punishment• An undesirable stimulus is received after a behaviour occurs.
• Negative punishment• A desirable stimulus is lost or removed after a behaviour occurs.
Action taken• The pupil who kicks another pupil will be given negative
reinforcement.• For example: • He/She was not allowed to play at the playground for a week. • However, if the negative reinforcement fails to avoid the
undesirable behaviour, the pupil will be punished.• Negative punishment: if he/she fails to behave good at the
playground, he/she will not be given recess hour.
Case 2 : A group of pupils enter the classroom noisily and walk around the classroom.
You want the pupils to enter the classroom, sit down and wait quietly.
Method 1: Behavior contract
• The behavior contract is a written agreement about how the individual will behave.
• It will indicate the appropriate consequence if the student neglect to behave according to the contract and it also states the positive reinforcement to be used for successful compliance.
Examples: • Student Name:
_________________________Date:_________________________Room:_________________________
I, , will enter the classroom quietly without making
any noise, sit down and wait quietly for the teacher to enter the classroom.
Method 2: Consequences
1. Consequences:• occur immediately after a behavior, • may be positive or negative, • expected or unexpected, • immediate or long-term, • material or symbolic (grade),
2. Consequences occur after the desired behavior occurs, then either positive or negative reinforcement may be given.
Examples
• Provide instruction with simple and clear directions.
• Gain student’s full attention before giving instructions.
• Provide one instruction at a time - do not provide too many different instructions.
• Monitor compliance - provide time limits.
• Provide appropriate consequences for compliance.
Group Consequences
• Provide a set of behavior rules or expectations• Determine the interval of time for the contingency - the
longer the interval, the more valuable the reward• Provide a menu of choices to avoid satiation• Determine criterion for reinforcement
Individual Consequences
• Surprise Tokens: delivered at times that are not predictable by students
• Rewards(Random Drawing): students place their name on a piece of paper and place into a jar when they comply to rules, at the end of the day, conduct a drawing for prizes
CASE 3: A PUPIL CONSISTENTLY ANSWERS WITHOUT RAISING HIS HANDYOU WANT THE STUDENT TO RAISE HIS HAND BEFORE ANSWERING THE QUESTION
METHOD 1: EXTINCTION• Extinction is a procedure in which the reinforcement that has
been maintaining or increasing an inappropriate behavior is withheld entirely.
• A common practice of the extinction procedure is ignoring behavior that is reinforced by attention.
• Identifying behavioral reinforces and removing them can decrease a behavior.
• An undesired behavior without reinforcement can diminish until it no longer occurs.
Extinction through accustomizing
• When a person receives a stimulus and experiences the conditioned response a number of times, then the intensity of the emotion they feel may well become dulled with familiarity
Extinction through extreme experience• A strange thing that happens sometimes is that a behavior
may become extinct not through ignoring the triggers that cause it, but actually exacerbating it to the extreme.
Guidelines to Follow:
• ~ Briefly remove all attention from the student
• ~ Refuse to argue, scold or talk
• ~ Turn your head to avoid eye contact
• ~ Do not show anger in your manner or gestures
• ~ Act absorbed in some other activity
• ~ Be sure that the behavior does not allow him a material reinforcer
• ~ Give lots of attention and reinforcement when the inappropriate behavior stops
REFERENCES• http://www.afcec.org/tipsforteachers/tips_c3.html• http://changingminds.org/explanations/behaviors/
conditioning/extinction.htm• http://www.parentsunitedtogether.com/page41.html