Arteries:When blood leaves the heart it travels through arteries.The walls of arteries are thick consisting of 3 layers.The aorta is the largest artery in the body.Every organ in the body receives blood from arteries that branch off the aorta.Arteries are strong and flexible.Arteries are able to withstand enormous pressure from the heart.Your pulse is caused by expansion of the artery wall.

Artery and Vein

In this photo, you can compare the wall of an artery with the wall of a vein.

Veins carry blood back to the heart and lungsBlood moves from the capillaries into veins.Veins are thinner than arteries but still have 3 layersLarge veins have valves to prevent blood from flowing backward.

Blood Vessels

The walls of arteries and veins have three layers. The walls of capillaries are only one cell thick.

Blood Pressure

Caused by the force created when the ventricles contractAs blood moves away from the heart the pressure decreases.Blood Pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer (sfig moh muh nam u tur).Blood Pressure is measured as a fraction with the hearts contraction pressure over the relaxation pressure. 120/80 is a typical pressure reading for a young adult

Capillaries

Blood flows from small arteries to tiny tubes called capillaries.Blood cells pass through capillaries single file!Capillaries are thin walled vessels.Oxygen, Glucose, and Carbon Dioxide pass through capillary walls by the process diffusion.When a capillary gives oxygen to an organ it will take away the waste carbon dioxide made by that organ.

Calculating a Rate A rate is the speed at which something happens. When you calculate a rate, you compare the number of events with the time period in which they occur. Here’s how to calculate the pulse rate of a person whose heart beats 142 times in two minutes.1. Write the comparison as a fraction:

2. Divide the numerator and the denominator by 2:

The person’s pulse rate is 71 heartbeats per minute.

Calculating a Rate

Practice Problem

Calculate your pulse rate if your heart beats 170 times in 2.5 minutes.

68 beats per minute

Section 14.2: Blood and

LymphWhat are the components of blood?What determines the type of blood that a person can receive in a transfusion?What are the structures and functions of the lymphatic system?

BloodBlood is made up plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Plasma90% of plasma is made up of water.Plasma carries fats, glucose, vitamins’ minerals and hormones.Proteins in plasma give it its yellow color. Red Blood CellsTake up oxygen in the lungs and carry it to the body.Red Blood Cells have Hemoglobin, an iron containing protein that binds to oxygen.RBC’s are made in bone marrow. White Blood CellsAre made in bone marrow-they fight diseaseAre bigger than RBC’sWBC’s are fewer in numbers, only about one for every 500-1000 RBC’s.WBC’s can live from months to years they have a nucleus.

Blood consists of liquid plasma and three kinds of cells—red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Blood Types

The marker molecules on your red blood cells determine your blood type and the type of blood that you can safely receive in transfusions.

Blood Type Distribution

The circle graph shows the percentage of each blood type found in the U.S. population.

The Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system is a network of veinlike vessels that returns the fluid to the bloodstream.

The Lymphatic System and The Lymphatic SystemSome fluid in blood leaks out to surrounding tissues to bath cells with necessary materials.Fluid is then collected into vessels that carries fluid back to the bloodstream.Lymph nodes filter lymph, trapping bacteria and germs that cause disease.

Section 14.3: The Respiratory

SystemWhat are the functions of the respiratory system?What structures does air pass through as it travels to the lungs?What happens during gas exchange and breathing?

The Respiratory System

The respiratory system moves oxygen into the body and Carbon Dioxide out. The respiratory equation is:C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---------- 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy) Respiration takes place in every cell in the body

The Path of Air:

Nose and Mouth: lined with cilia and mucus Pharynx = where the nose and mouth connect.Trachea: lined with cilia and mucus. Larynx: below the epiglottis, vocal cords vibrate with air to produce sound. Bronchi: direct air into the lungs.Lungs: are the main organs of respirationAlveoli: tiny sacs in the lungs where exchange occurs

The Path of Air

As air travels from the outside environment to the lungs, it passes through the following structures: nose, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi.

Gas ExchangeAfter air enters an alveolus, oxygen passes through the wall of the alveolus and then through the capillary wall into the blood. Carbon dioxide and water pass from the blood into the alveoli.

How You Breathe

When you breathe, the actions of your rib muscles and diaphragm expand or contract your chest. As a result, air flows in or out.

DiaphragmThe diaphragm is a dome shaped muscle that helps get air in and out of the lungs. It also separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen.

Breathing and Speaking

Two vocal cords, folds of connective tissue that produce your voice, stretch across the opening of the larynx. Air moving over the vocal cords causes them to vibrate and produce sound.

Respiratory System Functions

Oxygen from the air and glucose from digested food are both carried to the cells by the blood. During respiration, oxygen reacts with glucose to release energy.

The Air You Breathe

The air you breathe in contains several different gases, shown in the circle graph on the left. The air you breathe out contains the same gases, but in the amounts shown in the circle graph on the right.

The Air You Breathe

Percent of a gas breathed in or out

Reading Graphs:

What does each wedge of the graphs represent?

The Air You Breathe

Oxygen; less oxygen is breathed out than breathed in—meaning that some must have been used by the body.

Interpreting Data:

Based on the data, which gas is used by the body? Explain.

The Air You Breathe

There is a higher percentage of carbon dioxide in exhaled air. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular activity.

Drawing Conclusions:

Compare the percentage of carbon dioxide in inhaled air with the percentage in exhaled air. How can you account for the difference?

The Air You Breathe

Nitrogen is not used by the body and is not a waste product.

Inferring:

Explain why the percentage of nitrogen is the same in both inhaled air and exhaled air.

Section 14.4: Cardiovascular

and Respiratory Diseases

What are some diseases of the cardiovascular system?How may tobacco smoke affect the body?What are some respiratory diseases that result from infections or other physical conditions?

Cardiovascular Health Atherosclerosis = when artery walls thicken inside because of a buildup of fatty tissue.

Reduces blood flow.Caused by cholesterol build-up.Chronic (long term)

Heart attack

When blood flow to the heart is blocked.

Hypertension

When blood pressure is higher than normal.Causes are lack of exercise, being overweight and too much salt in the diet.

Health Problems and Smoking

Tobacco smoke damages the respiratory system and strains the circulatory system, resulting in such diseases as emphysema, cancer, and chronic bronchitis.

Smoking and Your Health

• Cigarette smoke contains over 4000 different chemicals. Some of the most deadly are:

• Carbon Monoxide: a colorless, odorless gas that robs your cells of oxygen because it binds to hemoglobin. Carbon monoxide causes the heart rate and breathing rate it increase.

• Tar = a dark sticky substance that causes cilia to clump together.

• Nicotine: Causes people to become addicted to cigarettes. It speeds up the nervous system and heart.

• Smoking causes respiratory problems such as:• Chronic Bronchitis: when the air passages

become inflamed and filled with mucus.• Emphysema: when the air sacs are destroyed

along with the lung tissue Lung Cancer: cancerous growths or tumors take over the lungs. 140,000 Americans die of lung cancer each year.• Passive smoking causes 300,000 children to

develop respiratory problems each year.

Respiratory Diseases

During an asthma attack, air passages narrow and breathing is more difficult.

Staying Healthy

Exercise.Eat Right.Avoid smoking, alcohol, and drugs.

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