Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on...

APPENDIX 1

Table A 1.1 List of previous works done on hydrotropy

S.No. Author(s) YearParticulars

Solute Studied Hydrotrope(s) UsedParameters

Varied

1 Mckee 1946 Amyl chlorides Sodium xylene sulfonate-

2 Booth and Everson 1948Amyl alcohol, Benzoic acid,Bromoform, Butyl alcohol,Chloroform

Sodium xylene sulfonate 25°C

3 Booth and Everson 1949Acetophenone, Aniline,Benzaldeyde, Benzene

Sodium benzene sulfonate -

4 Booth and Everson 1950Hexane, Carbon tetra chloride,Cotton seed oil, o-cresol,Cyclohexanol

Na-o-xylene sulfonate,Na-m-benzene disulphate, Na-p-bromobenzene sulfonate

25°C and60°C

5 Licht and Wiener 1950 Benzoic acidNa-p-cymene sulfonate,Na-p-bromobenzene sulfonate,Na-m-benzene disulfonate

6 Poochikian and Cradock 1979 Cytotoxic agent ‘chatreusin’Na-mono, di and tri hydroxylbenzoates

7 Saleh et al 1980 Diazepam Sodium Salicylate -

8 Badwan et al 1982 Benzodiazepines Sodium salicylate 25°C

9. Hansen and Rosenholm 1986 Pentanol Sodium propionate 298 K

10 Pandit and Sharma 1987 Phenyl benzoatePotassium salts of butylmonoglycol sulphate,p-Cumyl phenol

Table A 1.1 (Continued)

S.No. Author(s) Year

Particulars

Varied

11 Mahapatra et al 1988

2,6-Xylenol/p-cresol,

o-Chlorophenol/phenol,

2,4-Dichlorophenol/

p-chlorophenol

p-Toluene sulfonic acid

12 Darwish 1989 Etoposide

Sodium benzoate,

Sodium o-hydroxybenzoate,

Sodium 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate

13 Geetha et al 1991 o- and p-ChloronitrobenzenesSodium butyl monoglycol

sulphate

14 Rasool et al 1991

Diazepam, Griseofulvin,

Progesterone,

17 Beta-estradiol,

Testosterone

Nicotinamide -

15 Agarwal and Gaikar 1992p-Cresol/2,6-xylenol,

Phenol/o-chlorophenol

Sodium toluate, Sodium toluene

sulfonate, Sodium cymene

sulfonate

16 Agarwal and Gaikar 1992

p-Cresol/2,6-xylenol,

isopropanol/ fm-butanol,

wc-butanol/rert-butanol

Sodium toluate,

Sodium toluene sulfonate, Sodium

cymene sulfonate

17 Pathak and Gaikar 1993o- and p-Chlorobenzenoic

Sodium-p-toulene sulfonate,

Sodium-butyl monoglycol

sulfonate

303, 313 and

Varied

18 Gaikar and Sharma 1993

p-Cresol/2,6-xylenol,Phenol/o-chlorophenol,p-Chlorophenol/2,4-Dichlorophenol,o-Cresol/6-Cl-o-cresol,p-/o-lsopropylphenolst,2,4-Dichlorophenol/2,4,6-Trichlorophenol,Phenollacetophenone

Potassium benzoate,Sodium benzoate,Sodium xylene sulfonate,

19Raynaud-lacroze andTarvare

1993 2-NaptholSodium cumene sulfonate, Sodiumbutyl monoglycol sulfate

25ºC and60ºC

20 Ammar and Khalil 1995 OxaminiquineSodium salts of hydroxyl, Aminodervitavies of benzoic acid

21 Jadhav et al 1995m- and p-Aminoacetophenones

Sodium butyl monoglycolsulphate,Sodium cumenesulfonate, Sodiumxylenesulfonate,

25ºC and50ºC

22 Calonie et al 1996 o- and p-Chlorobenzoic acidSodium butyl monoglycolsulphate

25 °C and45°C

23 Friberg et al 1996 Phenethyl alcohol Sodium xylene sulfonate -

24 Tavare and Jadhav 19966-Aminopenicillanic acid,Phenoxyacetic acid

50 mass %Sodium butylmonoglycol sulfate,40 mass % Sodiumcumenesulfonate,40 mass % sodiumxylenesulfonate

Particulars

Varied

25 Suzuki and Sunada 1998 NifidipineNicotinamide,

26 Nagendra Gandhi et al 1998 n-Butyl acetate

Citroic acid,

Sodium benzoate,

Sodium salicylate, Urea

303,313,323

and 333 K

27 Nagendra Gandhi et al 1998 Ethyl benzoateCitric acid, Sodium benzoate,

303,313,323

and 333 K

28 Gaikar and Phatak 1999o-/p-Chlorobenzoic acids,

o-/p-Nitroanilines

Sodium butyl monoglycol

sulphate

29 Tavare and Jadhav 19996-Aminopenicillanic acid,

Phenoxyacetic acid

Sodium butyl monoglycol

sulphate-

30 Dhara and Chatterji 1999Poly(n-isopropylacrylamide)

hydrogels

Hydroxybenzenes,

Hydroxybenzoates,

Benzenesulfonates

24ºC and

31 Silva et al 1999 Polar dye (Methyl yellow)

Nicotinamide,

Sodium p-toluene sulfonate,

Tetrapropyl and tetrabutyl

ammonium bromides

32 Gonzalez et al 2000

Ethoxylated fatty alcohol

containing between five and

six oxyethylenic units (C12E6)

Sodium p-toluene sulfonate -

Varied

33Dharmendira Kumarand Nagendra Gandhi

2000 Amyl acetateCitric acid,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate, Urea

303, 313, 323and 333 K

34Dharmendira Kumarand Nagendra Gandhi

2000 Methyl salicylateCitric acid,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate, Urea

303, 313,323 and 333

35 Hino and Ford 2001 Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Nicotinamide 50 to 70 ºC

36 Simmora et al 2001 RapamycinBenzyl alcohol,Benzyl benzoate,Benzoic acid

37 Horvath et al 2001 Lecithin Sodium xylene sulfonate -38 Guo et al 2002 CTAB/n- C5H11OH/H2O Penicillin potassium -

39 Raman and Gaikar 2002 PiperineSodium alkyl benzene sulfonates,Sodium butyl monoglycol

40 Roy and Moulik 2002

Water/Triton X-100+BuOH(1:1 w/w)/isooctane,water/AOT/isooctane,Cetylpyridiniumchloride andTX-100 and methyl cellulose.

Sodium salicylate,Proline, Resorcinol, Pyrogallol,Urea

30 ºC

41 Dandekar and Gaikar 2003 CurcuminoidsSodium cumene sulfonate,Sodium n-butyl benzene sulfonate

42 Lee et al 2003 Paclitaxel n-Poly nicotinamide -

43 Raman and Gaikar 2003 Boswellic acids Alkylbenzene sulfonate -

Particulars

Varied

44 Lee et al 2003 Paclitaxel

N,N-Diethylnicotinamide, N-

Picolylnicotinamide,

N-allylnicotinamide, Sodium

salicylate

45Gnanendran and Amin

2003 Natural gas p-Toluene sulfonic acid

-10 ºC at

1500 psig,

46 Guo et al 2004 CTAB/n-C5H11OH/H2O Cephanone -

47 Mishra and Gaikar 2004 Diosgenin Sodium Cumene Sulfonate 293 K

48 Agarwal et al 2004 Nimesulide

Sodium ascorbate,

Sodium salicylate,

Sodium benzoate

49 Koparkar and Gaikar 2004o- and p-Hydroxy

acetophenones

Sodium cumene sulfonate, Sodium

p-xylene sulfonate, Sodium p-

toluene sulfonate-

50Meyyappan and

Nagendra Gandhi2004 Benzyl acetate

Citric acid,

Sodium benzoate,

303, 313, 323

and 333 K

51 Agrawal et al 2004 Nimesulide

Nicotinamide,

Sodium ascorbate,

Piperazine

25±2 °C

52 Huh et al 2004 Paclitaxel N,N-Diethylnicotinamide -

Varied

53 Varade et al 2004

Poly (ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)– poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO–PPO–PEO) triblock copolymer L62

Sodium benzene sulfonate,Sodium toluene sulfonate, Sodiumxylene sulfonate

54Meyyappan andNagendra Gandhi

2005 Benzyl benzoateTri-sodium citrate,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate, Urea

303, 313, 323and 333 K

55 Maheshwari 2005 CefiximeUrea, Sodium acetate, Sodiumcitrate

56 Mishra and Gaikar 2006Embelin (2,5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-p-benzoquinone)

Sodium-n-butyl benzenesulfonate,Sodium cumene sulfonate

40°C and50°C

57 Evstigneev et al 2006 Vitamin B2Caffeine,Nicotinamide

58 Mishra and Gaikar 2006 AndrographolideSodium cumene sulfonate, Sodiump-toluene sulfonate, Sodiumsalicylate

59 Maheshwari 2006 Paracetamol Urea -

60 Maheshwari et al 2006Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin,Tinidazole, and Metronidazole

Sodium benzoate, Niacinamide-

61 Zhu et al 2006The pseudoternary Span 80-Tween 85/isopar M/water

Acrylamide 40 ºC

62 Maheshwari 2006 Aceclofenac Sodium salicylate -

63 Jain 2007 IndomethacinUrea, Nicotinamide, Resorcinol,Sodium benzoate,Sodium p-hydroxy benzoate

Varied64 Maheshwari et al 2007 Frusemide Ibuprofen sodium -

65 Dandekar et al 2008 Limonoid aglyconesSodium salicylate,Sodium cumene sulphonate

45 °C

66 Maheshwari and Shukla 2008 Hydrochlorothiazide Niacinamide -

67 Maheshwari et al 2008 Aceclofenac Ibuprofen sodium 28 ±1°C

68 Ramesh et al 2009 o-/p-XyleneSodium salicylate,Sodium benzoate,Nicotinamide

303, 313, 323and 333K

69 Mishra and Gaikar 2009 ForskolinSodium cumene sulfonate, Sodiump-toluene sulfonate, Sodiumsalicylate

20 to 70°C

70 Jenamayjayan et al 2009 Phenol/o-chlorophenolUrea, Citric acid,Sodium salicylate, Nicotinamide

303, 313, 323and 333K

71 Negi and Gaikar 2009 o/p-NitrophenolsSodium toluene sulfonate, Sodiumxylene sulfonate, Sodium cumenesulfonate

72 Maheshwari et al 2009 Naproxen Ibuprofen sodium -

73 Sable et al 2009 OlanzepineSodium benzoate,Sodium acetate,Sodium bicarbonate,

74 Maheshwari et al 2010c Ketoprofen30% Urea,30% Sodium citrate

75 Sharma et al 2010 Tenfovir disoproxil fumerate Sodium benzoate 25 ±1°C

Varied

76 Shukla et al 2010 GlipizideSodium acetate,Sodium benzoate,Sodium salicylate

77 Smita and Mukesh 2010Pseudoephidrine Sulphate,Desloratidine,

Urea 28 ±1°C

78 Pareek et al 2010 Cefprozil

Potassium acetate, Potassiumcitrate,Sodium acetate,Sodium citrate, Urea

79 Maheshwari et al 2010a Atenolol Metformin hydrochloride 28±1ºC

80Maheshwari andMoondra

2010 Aceclofenac Sodium salicylate 27 ±1°C

81 Maheshwari et al 2010b Ornidazole Urea -

82 Jain et al 2010 Gatifloxacin N,N-Dimethyl urea 28 ±1°C

83 Kim et al, 2010

Griseofulvin, Clofibrate,Nifedipine, Glybenclamide,Dihydroanthracene,Progesterone, Felodipine,Anthracene, Fenofibrate,Itraconazole, Probucol,Coenzyme Q10, Paclitaxel.

N,N-Diethylnicotinamide,N,N-Dimethylbenzamide 37 ºC

84 Marimuthu et al 2011 BenzeneCitric acid, Urea, Nicotinamide,Sodium salicylate

303, 313, 323and 333 K

Table A 1.2 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on the

solubility (S) of acetylsalicylic acid in water

S.NoC,

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 4.80 5.10 5.72 6.33

2 0.10 4.89 5.16 6.11 6.40

3 0.20*

6.00 7.20 8.00 10.33

4 0.30 17.00 28.22 32.00 34.00

5 0.40 20.00 34.55 46.00 50.00

6 0.50 28.00 44.00 52.00 71.00

7 0.60 37.00 45.00 67.00 87.00

8 0.70 42.00 56.00 73.00 108.00

9 0.80 50.00 67.00 91.00 127.00

10 0.90 57.00 80.00 101.00 137.00

11 1.00 75.00 90.00 123.00 178.23

12 1.20 95.00 116.00 165.00 209.00

13 1.40 116.00 140.00 204.00 272.00

14 1.60 131.00 167.00 226.00 317.00

15 1.80 168.00 200.00 268.00 378.00

16 2.00 180.00 248.00 327.00 440.00

17 2.20 217.00 278.00 367.00 505.00

18 2.40**

240.11 339.10 405.10 556.12

19 2.60 240.88 339.73 405.77 556.66

20 2.80 241.01 340.11 406.03 556.87

21 3.00 241.63 340.83 406.35 557.04*MHC;

**Cmax

solubility (S) of p-aminobenzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 4.16 5.50 6.13 6.91

2 0.10 4.60 5.63 6.38 7.20

3 0.20 5.16 5.77 6.44 7.36

4 0.25*

7.55 8.21 9.10 10.44

5 0.30 7.88 8.88 10.11 11.11

6 0.40 8.50 9.50 11.02 12.02

7 0.50 8.90 10.20 13.70 14.70

8 0.60 10.20 12.30 16.00 17.00

9 0.70 10.50 14.80 20.60 22.60

10 0.80 11.40 16.00 21.10 24.10

11 0.90 12.00 17.30 27.30 29.30

12 1.00 12.60 21.10 31.10 33.90

13 1.20 15.20 24.70 34.70 41.90

14 1.40 18.30 28.50 38.50 58.60

15 1.60 23.40 31.40 46.00 70.60

16 1.80 28.00 38.90 65.20 77.70

17 2.00 32.00 48.00 73.10 96.00

18 2.20 36.60 67.70 102.40 142.00

19 2.40 42.70 79.20 106.30 145.70

20 2.65**

51.99 87.45 112.82 148.11

21 2.70 52.78 87.66 112.97 148.53

22 2.80 52.92 87.90 113.11 148.70

23 3.00 53.54 88.11 113.59 149.12*MHC;

**Cmax

solubility (S) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 4.20 4.40 5.00 6.17

2 0.10 4.90 5.30 5.93 7.10

3 0.20*

11.00 12.34 15.20 20.00

4 0.30 22.00 15.00 25.00 43.00

5 0.40 28.00 15.00 40.00 46.00

6 0.50 33.00 29.00 60.00 66.00

7 0.60 44.00 40.00 66.00 90.00

8 0.70 53.00 42.00 97.00 93.00

9 0.80 72.00 56.00 116.00 126.00

10 0.90 84.00 68.00 117.00 150.00

11 1.00 91.00 80.00 131.00 170.00

12 1.20 108.00 107.00 156.00 205.00

13 1.40 130.00 131.00 204.00 250.00

14 1.60 155.00 150.00 224.00 310.00

15 1.80 163.00 174.00 262.00 370.00

16 2.00 178.00 195.00 265.00 385.00

17 2.25 183.00 210.00 291.00 442.00

18 2.50**

196.03 230.66 315.22 467.11

19 2.75 196.88 231.02 316.00 468.00

20 3.00 197.36 231.22 316.65 468.24*MHC;

**Cmax

solubility (S) of stearic acid in water

S.NoC,

103 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 1.20 1.29 1.36 1.50

2 0.10 1.64 2.00 2.20 2.42

3 0.20 2.11 2.80 3.10 4.60

4 0.30*

4.00 6.00 8.00 14.00

5 0.40 5.20 8.00 13.00 23.00

6 0.50 6.70 10.40 18.50 32.00

7 0.60 8.00 14.40 24.00 42.80

8 0.70 9.70 16.20 31.20 54.00

9 0.80 11.00 19.60 34.40 64.60

10 0.90 12.90 22.00 40.40 74.20

11 1.00 13.80 26.00 45.20 85.20

12 1.20 16.70 33.00 55.00 100.80

13 1.40 20.20 39.00 63.00 115.00

14 1.60 25.00 44.80 69.60 124.80

15 1.80 29.50 48.00 76.00 134.50

16 2.00 34.80 54.90 81.40 138.40

17 2.20 38.60 55.80 86.00 140.20

18 2.40**

41.11 59.07 90.65 143.83

19 2.60 41.38 59.09 90.69 143.86

20 2.80 41.41 59.12 90.73 143.89

21 3.00 41.47 59.14 90.75 143.92*MHC;

**Cmax

Table A 1.6 Effect of hydrotrope concentration (C) on the solubility (S)

of 6-gingerol in water for different hydrotropes at T = 303 K

S.NoC,

103 S, mol/L

Sodium

salicylateNicotinamide

Sodium

benzoateUrea

1 0.00 3.40 3.40 3.40 3.40

2 0.10 6.01 5.00 4.37 3.89

3 0.20 12.22 7.78 6.63 5.26

4 0.30 22.61 16.33 8.35 7.83

5 0.40 30.26 23.56 18.56 9.54

6 0.50 35.34 25.82 22.22 10.89

7 0.60 38.60 29.99 23.45 16.99

8 0.70 42.62 31.87 27.62 21.65

9 0.80 49.11 36.66 32.22 23.56

10 0.90 53.52 39.65 36.00 26.44

11 1.00 58.26 46.83 41.11 27.88

12 1.10 63.32 48.78 46.23 29.43

13 1.20 68.00 53.38 48.78 31.23

14 1.30 74.22 59.28 51.76 33.62

15 1.40 78.36 65.11 55.22 34.36

16 1.50 81.20 68.31 57.27 36.89

Table A 1.7 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the

solubility (S) of salicylic acid in water

S.NoC,

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 2.14 2.22 2.31 2.44

2 0.10 2.15 2.23 2.34 2.48

3 0.20 2.16 2.24 2.39 2.52

4 0.30 2.18 2.25 2.39 2.60

5 0.40*

2.33 2.39 2.49 2.93

6 0.50 2.35 2.40 2.50 3.12

7 0.60 2.36 2.50 2.92 3.37

8 0.70 2.46 3.20 3.88 4.30

9 0.80 2.52 3.60 4.46 5.29

10 0.90 3.00 3.74 4.86 6.84

11 1.00 3.33 4.44 5.71 7.96

12 1.20 3.86 5.35 6.77 9.09

13 1.40 4.22 5.75 8.42 10.36

14 1.60 4.67 6.75 9.69 12.55

15 1.80**

5.54 7.47 10.60 13.69

16 2.00 5.55 7.49 10.61 13.76

17 2.25 5.58 7.51 10.63 13.78

18 2.50 5.58 7.52 10.63 13.79

19 2.75 5.60 7.53 10.64 13.79

20 3.00 5.60 7.53 10.65 13.80

**Cmax

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

T = 303 K

T = 313 K

T = 323 K

T = 333 K

Figure A 1.1 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on the

solubility (S) of salicylic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

solubility (S) of acetylsalicylic acid in water

S.NoC,

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 4.80 5.10 5.72 6.33

2 0.10 4.87 5.15 5.93 6.39

3 0.20*

5.96 6.13 7.33 8.62

4 0.30 15.22 28.22 22.00 34.00

5 0.40 18.72 34.55 28.00 34.00

6 0.50 24.38 44.00 37.00 54.00

7 0.60 29.99 45.00 52.00 76.00

8 0.70 35.89 56.00 57.00 91.00

9 0.80 50.00 67.00 75.00 100.00

10 0.90 52.76 67.00 83.00 126.00

11 1.00 67.40 90.00 104.00 134.00

12 1.20 76.38 100.00 140.00 165.00

13 1.40 100.00 140.00 149.00 208.00

14 1.60 98.30 148.00 173.00 234.00

15 1.80 124.50 162.00 215.00 250.00

16 2.00 147.10 184.00 235.00 290.00

17 2.20**

164.37 198.23 255.82 317.66

18 2.40 165.01 199.02 256.43 317.02

19 2.60 165.89 200.00 257.33 318.00

20 2.80 166.32 200.88 258.21 318.87

21 3.00 167.03 201.22 259.03 319.66*MHC;

**Cmax

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

T = 303 K

T = 313 K

T = 323 K

T = 333 K

solubility (S) of acetylsalicylic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

solubility (S) of p-aminobenzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 4.16 5.50 6.13 6.91

2 0.10 4.26 5.55 6.25 7.15

3 0.20 4.41 5.60 6.39 7.20

4 0.30 4.85 5.92 6.47 7.36

5 0.40*

6.03 7.24 8.01 11.22

6 0.50 6.50 7.50 8.20 11.87

7 0.60 6.90 7.50 9.00 14.00

8 0.70 7.00 8.00 9.30 14.30

9 0.80 7.30 8.60 12.00 16.00

10 0.90 7.80 9.30 12.70 18.00

11 1.00 7.80 10.60 14.50 19.00

12 1.20 8.90 12.30 19.70 27.10

13 1.40 11.50 17.20 21.10 32.00

14 1.60 12.70 21.40 26.00 37.70

15 1.80 17.60 27.00 33.30 52.70

16 2.00 17.10 29.50 38.60 56.00

17 2.20 21.40 38.80 47.80 73.00

18 2.40**

26.01 42.22 53.52 80.38

19 2.60 26.21 42.42 53.61 80.67

20 2.80 26.38 42.52 53.78 80.88

21 3.00 26.46 42.69 53.96 81.06*MHC;

**Cmax

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

T = 303 K

T = 313 K

T = 323 K

T = 333 K

solubility (S) of p-aminobenzoic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

solubility (S) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 4.20 4.40 5.00 6.17

2 0.10 4.70 5.10 5.72 6.88

3 0.20 5.68 5.89 6.63 7.87

4 0.30*

12.80 15.00 18.00 25.00

5 0.40 17.70 36.00 53.00 40.00

6 0.50 33.00 63.00 80.00 64.00

7 0.60 44.00 80.00 112.00 97.00

8 0.70 53.00 85.00 123.00 115.00

9 0.80 62.10 99.00 147.00 162.00

10 0.90 76.00 118.00 153.00 176.00

11 1.00 81.80 126.00 172.00 203.00

12 1.20 112.00 149.00 195.00 247.00

13 1.40 128.00 177.00 240.00 282.00

14 1.60 140.00 195.00 245.00 335.00

15 1.80 141.90 205.00 256.00 369.00

16 2.00 162.60 205.00 293.00 391.00

17 2.25 169.50 219.00 291.00 406.00

18 2.50**

177.82 227.72 298.01 433.01

19 2.75 178.30 228.00 298.93 433.84

20 3.00 178.46 228.32 299.75 434.12

**Cmax

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

T = 303 K

T = 313 K

T = 323 K

T = 333 K

solubility (S) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

solubility (S) of stearic acid in water

S.NoC,

103 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 1.20 1.29 1.36 1.50

2 0.10 1.23 1.33 1.38 1.53

3 0.20 1.25 1.35 1.44 1.58

4 0.30 1.30 1.38 1.49 1.63

5 0.40*

2.30 2.40 3.04 4.10

6 0.50 2.47 2.63 3.88 5.22

7 0.60 2.57 3.22 4.33 6.21

8 0.70 2.93 3.64 4.89 7.27

9 0.80 3.28 4.19 6.26 8.67

10 0.90 3.42 5.00 6.61 10.50

11 1.00 3.70 5.49 7.75 13.30

12 1.20 4.05 6.04 10.22 15.50

13 1.40 4.93 8.11 11.89 18.70

14 1.60 5.44 8.85 12.51 22.00

15 1.80 5.83 9.11 14.54 23.40

16 2.00 6.18 10.33 16.27 26.67

17 2.20**

7.19 11.78 18.14 28.71

18 2.40 7.28 11.93 18.24 28.89

19 2.60 7.41 12.00 18.31 29.00

20 2.80 7.44 12.04 18.48 29.08

21 3.00 7.45 12.07 18.51 29.12*MHC;

**Cmax

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

T = 303 K

T = 313 K

T = 323 K

T = 333 K

solubility (S) of stearic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

Table A 1.12 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility

(S) of salicylic acid in water

S.NoC,

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 2.14 2.22 2.31 2.44

2 0.10 2.16 2.25 2.35 2.48

3 0.20 2.18 2.27 2.39 2.53

4 0.30 2.20 2.30 2.41 2.60

5 0.40*

2.35 2.46 2.54 2.84

6 0.50 2.53 2.60 2.74 3.22

7 0.60 2.63 2.80 2.92 5.30

8 0.70 2.85 3.74 3.88 7.20

9 0.80 3.01 4.16 4.46 8.60

10 0.90 3.28 4.49 6.90 11.00

11 1.00 3.96 6.40 9.60 16.00

12 1.20 5.87 8.18 13.50 18.50

13 1.40 6.77 9.20 15.30 25.70

14 1.60 7.35 10.64 17.20 27.10

15 1.80 8.62 13.84 22.70 32.60

16 2.00 9.81 14.24 23.51 33.00

17 2.25**

10.12 15.52 24.72 33.80

18 2.50 10.16 15.53 24.76 33.86

19 2.75 10.20 15.55 24.80 33.90

20 3.00 10.21 15.56 24.82 33.95*MHC;

**Cmax

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

T = 303 K

T = 313 K

T = 323 K

T = 333 K

Figure A 1.6 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on thesolubility

(S) of salicylic acid in water at different temperatures (T)

(S) of acetylsalicylic acid in water

S.NoC,

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 4.80 5.10 5.72 6.33

2 0.10 4.86 5.14 5.78 6.38

3 0.20 4.91 5.22 5.83 6.43

4 0.30 5.14 5.41 6.01 6.51

5 0.40*

6.91 8.48 10.00 10.28

6 0.50 7.90 10.00 12.00 13.20

7 0.60 8.60 11.20 14.00 14.40

8 0.70 9.40 12.60 16.10 17.12

9 0.80 10.20 14.00 18.40 20.29

10 0.90 11.20 15.70 20.80 22.60

11 1.00 12.20 17.64 23.70 27.68

12 1.20 14.80 22.10 28.80 40.00

13 1.40 20.00 27.40 39.60 47.50

14 1.60 22.80 33.00 40.60 56.00

15 1.80 26.40 42.00 48.50 73.30

16 2.00 32.50 45.40 55.40 76.00

17 2.20 34.29 48.82 57.88 78.59

18 2.40**

38.31 51.88 65.90 87.62

19 2.60 38.44 51.92 65.99 87.72

20 2.80 38.51 52.11 66.10 87.81

21 3.00 38.56 52.12 66.14 87.85*MHC;

**Cmax

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

T = 303 K

T = 313 K

T = 323 K

T = 333 K

Figure A 1.7 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on the solubility

(S) of acetylsalicylic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

(S) of p-aminobenzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 000 4.16 5.50 6.13 6.91

2 0.10 4.55 5.59 6.36 7.17

3 0.20 4.83 5.67 6.41 7.27

4 0.30 4.94 6.10 6.60 7.54

5 0.40*

6.81 7.22 8.46 9.63

6 0.50 6.95 7.70 9.99 10.83

7 0.60 8.00 10.20 10.70 13.70

8 0.70 8.30 11.70 12.70 15.30

9 0.80 9.10 12.30 13.50 16.40

10 0.90 9.70 13.60 17.00 18.50

11 1.00 10.20 15.10 18.60 20.60

12 1.20 11.30 18.80 23.00 27.00

13 1.40 13.00 23.40 30.80 44.40

14 1.60 17.60 28.30 48.40 46.50

15 1.80 19.20 33.40 53.00 70.80

16 2.00 24.00 48.00 69.80 81.00

17 2.20 26.60 54.90 66.20 84.60

18 2.40 30.60 57.70 74.90 93.00

19 2.60**

38.19 58.59 79.77 97.68

20 2.80 38.27 58.70 79.93 97.88

21 3.00 38.39 59.01 80.10 97.92*MHC;

**Cmax

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

T = 303 K

T = 313 K

T = 323 K

T = 333 K

(S) of p-aminobenzoic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

(S) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 4.20 4.40 5.00 6.17

2 0.10 4.24 4.42 5.08 6.18

3 0.20 4.28 4.47 5.30 6.25

4 0.30 4.37 4.53 5.64 6.39

5 0.40*

5.54 6.08 6.69 9.70

6 0.50 7.30 8.60 9.30 12.00

7 0.60 8.00 10.70 11.26 14.50

8 0.70 9.00 12.30 13.90 18.30

9 0.80 10.01 13.20 16.00 19.80

10 0.90 11.03 14.70 18.50 24.20

11 1.00 12.07 15.87 20.70 26.90

12 1.20 13.20 18.30 23.90 33.00

13 1.40 14.26 22.50 26.70 34.80

14 1.60 15.96 23.30 28.00 39.00

15 1.80 17.00 24.30 31.00 40.70

16 2.00**

18.10 25.37 33.44 43.00

17 2.25 18.32 25.64 33.77 43.09

18 2.50 18.56 25.88 34.10 43.51

19 2.75 18.72 26.23 34.21 43.77

20 3.00 18.80 26.33 34.30 43.97*MHC;

**Cmax

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

T = 303 K

T = 313 K

T = 323 K

T = 333 K

(S) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in water at different

temperatures (T)

(S) of stearic acid in water

S.NoC,

103 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 1.20 1.29 1.36 1.50

2 0.10 1.21 1.31 1.37 1.52

3 0.20 1.22 1.33 1.40 1.56

4 0.30 1.27 1.36 1.45 1.60

5 0.40 1.38 1.42 1.58 1.71

6 0.50 1.49 1.58 1.69 1.87

7 0.60*

2.66 3.10 3.66 4.10

8 0.70 2.68 3.30 4.11 5.57

9 0.80 2.70 3.55 5.01 6.23

10 0.90 2.74 4.32 6.22 7.28

11 1.00 2.96 5.00 7.44 9.17

12 1.20 3.52 6.04 8.50 11.56

13 1.40 4.23 7.60 10.50 14.50

14 1.60 4.58 8.14 11.60 15.80

15 1.80 4.83 9.18 13.20 18.00

16 2.00 5.12 10.11 14.72 20.11

17 2.20**

6.20 11.35 15.89 22.29

18 2.40 6.40 11.39 16.00 22.33

19 2.60 6.60 11.45 16.20 22.38

20 2.80 6.70 11.50 16.28 22.41

21 3.00 6.74 11.57 16.30 22.48*MHC;

**Cmax

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

T = 303 K

T = 313 K

T = 323 K

T = 333 K

(S) of stearic acid in water at different temperatures (T)

Table A 1.17 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of

salicylic acid in water

S.NoC,

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 2.14 2.22 2.31 2.44

2 0.10 2.15 2.22 2.32 2.45

3 0.20 2.15 2.23 2.33 2.46

4 0.30 2.16 2.24 2.34 2.47

5 0.40*

2.27 2.39 2.54 2.69

6 0.50 2.44 2.60 2.72 3.00

7 0.60 2.62 2.80 3.01 3.37

8 0.70 2.87 3.45 3.24 3.69

9 0.80 3.27 3.60 4.32 4.24

10 0.90 3.36 4.20 4.87 4.54

11 1.00 3.82 4.76 5.60 8.11

12 1.20 4.47 6.20 6.67 10.54

13 1.40 5.00 7.49 9.50 12.05

14 1.60 5.96 8.04 10.24 15.08

15 1.80 6.11 8.46 10.73 15.60

16 2.00**

6.57 9.27 12.10 17.88

17 2.25 6.59 9.29 12.10 17.90

18 2.50 6.60 9.29 12.11 17.90

19 2.75 6.61 9.30 12.12 17.91

20 3.00 6.61 9.31 12.13 17.92*MHC;

**Cmax

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

T = 303 K

T = 313 K

T = 323 K

T = 333 K

Figure A 1.11 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of

salicylic acid in water at different temperatures (T)

Table A.1.18 Effect of urea concentration (C) on the solubility (S) of

acetylsalicylic acid in water

S.NoC,

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 4.80 5.10 5.72 6.33

2 0.10 4.84 5.12 5.76 6.35

3 0.20 4.93 5.19 5.80 6.55

4 0.30 5.04 5.21 5.92 6.74

5 0.40 5.07 5.29 6.12 6.95

6 0.50 5.11 5.31 6.18 7.22

7 0.60*

8.70 10.20 11.40 14.50

8 0.70 9.00 10.40 13.10 17.00

9 0.80 10.01 11.10 14.90 18.90

10 0.90 11.03 12.50 16.90 22.00

11 1.00 12.07 13.40 18.80 24.90

12 1.20 14.00 16.00 23.20 34.80

13 1.40 17.70 21.00 27.20 39.50

14 1.60 18.50 22.40 29.70 43.70

15 1.80 20.80 26.60 38.60 49.70

16 2.00**

28.72 31.83 42.98 61.67

17 2.20 28.77 31.93 43.09 61.87

18 2.40 28.80 32.33 43.11 62.47

19 2.60 29.20 32.41 44.08 63.05

20 2.80 29.88 33.33 44.81 63.97

21 3.00 30.03 33.41 45.18 64.05*MHC;

**Cmax

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

T = 303 K

T = 313 K

T = 323 K

T = 333 K

acetylsalicylic acid in water at different temperatures (T)

p-aminobenzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 4.16 5.50 6.13 6.91

2 0.10 4.20 5.50 6.15 7.07

3 0.20 4.32 5.55 6.21 7.12

4 0.30 4.48 5.62 6.32 7.23

5 0.40 4.66 5.78 6.68 7.49

6 0.50*

6.51 7.50 8.50 10.70

7 0.60 6.10 7.50 9.00 10.60

8 0.70 6.20 8.00 9.30 12.20

9 0.80 7.30 9.80 12.00 16.00

10 0.90 7.40 10.00 12.70 18.00

11 1.00 7.80 11.30 14.50 19.00

12 1.20 8.90 14.40 19.70 27.60

13 1.40 10.00 17.00 20.40 29.20

14 1.60 12.70 20.40 26.00 35.10

15 1.80 14.80 23.50 33.30 50.80

16 2.00 18.80 29.50 37.20 52.80

17 2.20 20.90 38.00 47.80 65.00

18 2.40**

24.75 38.21 47.87 70.00

19 2.60 25.01 38.55 48.33 70.44

20 2.80 25.22 39.00 49.05 71.00

21 3.00 25.46 39.16 49.35 71.80*MHC;

**Cmax

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

T = 303 K

T = 313 K

T = 323 K

T = 333 K

p-aminobenzoic acid in water at different temperatures

2-nitrobenzoic acid in water

S.NoC,

102 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 4.20 4.40 5.00 6.17

2 0.10 4.21 4.40 5.02 6.18

3 0.20 4.24 4.42 5.10 6.20

4 0.30 4.32 4.46 5.13 6.26

5 0.40 4.55 4.53 5.15 6.55

6 0.50 4.93 4.72 5.39 7.02

7 0.60*

6.20 8.04 9.87 11.33

8 0.70 7.50 11.50 13.90 18.30

9 0.80 8.20 13.20 16.00 19.80

10 0.90 9.70 14.70 18.50 24.20

11 1.00 10.80 16.50 20.70 26.90

12 1.20 11.60 18.30 23.90 33.00

13 1.40 12.80 20.60 26.70 34.80

14 1.60 15.10 23.30 28.00 39.00

15 1.80 15.50 23.90 29.40 40.70

16 2.00**

16.00 23.00 30.00 41.00

17 2.25 16.21 23.92 30.98 41.53

18 2.50 17.20 24.65 31.60 42.02

19 2.75 17.54 25.00 32.30 42.55

20 3.00 17.68 25.30 32.60 43.07*MHC;

**Cmax

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

T = 303 K

T = 313 K

T = 323 K

T = 333 K

2-nitrobenzoic acid in water at different temperatures

stearic acid in water

S.NoC,

103 S, mol/L

T = 303K T = 313K T = 323K T = 333K

1 0.00 1.20 1.29 1.36 1.50

2 0.10 1.20 1.31 1.36 1.52

3 0.20 1.21 1.32 1.38 1.56

4 0.30 1.23 1.35 1.43 1.60

5 0.40 1.35 1.41 1.56 1.71

6 0.50 1.45 1.57 1.67 1.87

7 0.60*

2.40 2.90 3.64 4.10

8 0.70 2.35 3.30 4.11 5.57

9 0.80 2.70 3.55 5.01 6.23

10 0.90 2.74 4.32 6.22 7.28

11 1.00 3.17 5.00 7.44 9.17

12 1.20 3.46 6.04 8.50 11.56

13 1.40 4.00 7.60 10.50 14.50

14 1.60 4.02 8.14 11.60 15.80

15 1.80 4.20 8.14 13.00 16.31

16 2.00**

4.86 8.93 13.01 17.32

17 2.20 5.00 9.04 13.29 17.57

18 2.40 5.10 9.25 13.78 17.87

19 2.60 5.20 9.46 14.00 18.02

20 2.80 5.20 9.67 14.18 18.21

21 3.00 5.28 10.00 14.62 18.66*MHC;

**Cmax

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

C, mol/L

T = 303 K

T = 313 K

T = 323 K

T = 333 K

stearic acid in water at different temperatures (T)

APPENDIX 2

Table A 2.1 Effect of sodium salicylate concentration (C) on mass

transfer coefficient (kLa) of acetylsalicylic acid

Sl.No. C, mol/L 104 kLa, s

-1 Enhancement factor for mass

transfer coefficient (φmtc)

1 0.00 2.57 -

2 0.20*

3.50 1.36

3 0.60 13.06 5.08

4 0.80 17.94 6.98

5 1.40 26.27 10.22

6 2.40**

100.82 39.23

7 3.00 115.21 44.83*MHC;

**Cmax

Table A 2.2 Effect of sodium benzoate concentration (C) on mass

transfer coefficient (kLa) of acetylsalicylic acid

-1 Enhancement factor for mass

transfer coefficient (φmtc)

1 0.00 2.57 -

2 0.20*

3.29 1.28

3 0.60 4.68 1.82

4 0.80 5.70 2.22

5 1.40 12.54 4.88

6 2.20**

71.73 27.91

7 3.00 76.82 29.89*MHC;

**Cmax

Table A 2.3 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass transfer

coefficient (kLa) of acetylsalicylic acid

Sl.No.C,

mol/L10

4 kLa, s

-1Enhancement factor for

mass transfer coefficient

(φmtc)

1 0.00 2.57 -

2 0.40*

3.34 1.30

3 0.80 4.86 1.89

4 1.40 10.02 3.90

5 2.00 14.98 5.83

6 2.40**

21.82 8.49

7 3.00 23.93 9.31*MHC;

**Cmax

Table A 2.4 Effect of urea concentration (C) on mass transfer

coefficient (kLa) of acetylsalicylic acid

Sl.No.C,

mol/L10

4 kLa, s

(φmtc)

1 0.00 2.57 -

2 0.60*

3.55 1.38

3 1.00 4.99 1.94

4 1.40 9.12 3.55

5 1.80 11.51 4.48

6 2.00**

14.73 5.73

7 3.00 23.03 8.96*MHC;

**Cmax

transfer coefficient (kLa) of p-aminobenzoic acid

Sl.No.C,

mol/L10

4 kLa, s

(φmtc)

1 0.00 2.88 -

2 0.25*

4.09 1.42

3 0.40 5.33 1.85

4 0.80 20.14 9.77

5 1.60 45.16 15.68

6 2.65**

75.69 26.28

7 3.00 80.70 28.02*MHC;

**Cmax

transfer coefficient (kLa) of p-aminobenzoic acid

(φmtc)

1 0.00 2.88 -

2 0.20 3.46 1.20

3 0.40*

9.56 3.32

4 0.80 16.96 5.89

5 1.20 26.81 9.31

6 1.60 32.92 11.43

7 2.40**

53.40 18.54

8 3.00 55.61 19.31*MHC;

**Cmax

coefficient (kLa) of p-aminobenzoic acid

Sl.No.C,

mol/L10

4 kLa, s

(φmtc)

1 0.00 2.88 -

2 0.40*

8.38 2.91

3 0.80 20.22 7.02

4 1.40 33.61 11.67

5 2.00 46.02 15.98

6 2.60**

67.97 23.60

7 3.00 70.01 24.31*MHC;

**Cmax

coefficient (kLa) of p-aminobenzoic acid

Sl.No.C,

mol/L10

4 kLa, s

(φmtc)

1 0.00 2.88

2 0.50*

10.25 3.56

3 1.00 22.55 7.83

4 1.60 28.48 9.89

5 2.00 34.04 11.82

6 2.40**

48.30 16.77

7 3.00 52.65 18.28*MHC;

**Cmax

transfer coefficient (kLa) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid

(φmtc)

1 0.00 1.20 -

2 0.20*

9.54 7.67

3 0.80 19.12 15.93

4 1.40 23.34 19.45

5 2.00 34.93 29.11

6 2.50**

38.18 31.82

7 3.00 39.71 33.09*MHC;

**Cmax

transfer coefficient (kLa) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid

(φmtc)

1 0.00 1.20 -

2 0.30*

9.69 8.08

3 0.80 16.63 13.86

4 1.40 20.14 16.7 8

5 2.00 24.05 20.04

6 2.50**

37.52 31.27

7 3.00 38.41 32.01*MHC;

**Cmax

coefficient (kLa) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid

(φmtc)

1 0.00 1.20 -

2 0.40*

1.30 1.07

3 0.80 2.55 2.12

4 1.00 3.73 3.10

5 1.40 4.84 4.02

6 2.00**

8.28 6.88

7 3.00 8.69 7.22*MHC;

**Cmax

coefficient (kLa) of 2-nitrobenzoic acid

(φmtc)

1 0.00 1.20 -

2 0.60*

2.25 1.87

3 1.00 3.47 2.88

4 1.40 3.75 3.12

5 1.80 5.61 4.66

6 2.00**

7.84 6.52

7 3.00 8.47 7.04*MHC;

**Cmax

transfer coefficient (kLa) of stearic acid

(φmtc)

1 0.00 4.01 -

2 0.30*

8.42 2.10

3 1.00 15.64 3.90

4 1.60 24.86 6.20

5 2.20 30.44 7.59

6 2.40**

42.11 10.50

7 3.00 42.19 10.77*MHC;

**Cmax

transfer coefficient (kLa) of stearic acid

(φmtc)

1 0.00 4.01 -

2 0.40*

8.42 2.10

3 1.00 13.03 3.25

4 1.60 22.18 5.53

5 1.80 24.74 6.17

6 2.20**

37.97 9.47

7 2.60 38.54 9.61

8 3.00 39.07 9.74*MHC;

**Cmax

coefficient (kLa) of stearic acid

(φmtc)

1 0.00 4.01 -

2 0.60*

8.30 2.07

3 1.00 12.43 3.10

4 1.40 16.84 4.02

5 1.80 19.25 4.80

6 2.20**

27.75 6.92

7 3.00 29.27 7.30*MHC;

**Cmax

coefficient (kLa) of stearic acid

(φmtc)

1 0.00 4.01 -

2 0.60*

7.54 1.88

3 0.80 8.02 2.00

4 1.20 13.15 3.28

5 1.60 16.92 4.22

6 2.00**

19.13 4.77

7 3.00 27.27 6.80*MHC;

**Cmax

transfer coefficient (kLa) of 6-gingerol

(φmtc)

1 0.00 6.63 -

2 0.20*

7.03 1.06

3 0.40 14.45 2.18

4 0.80 22.01 3.32

5 1.20 29.57 4.46

6 1.40 36.60 5.52

7 1.50 44.22 6.67*MHC;

**Cmax

(φmtc)

1 0.00 6.63 -

2 0.30*

6.90 1.04

3 0.40 14.06 2.12

4 0.60 14.45 2.18

5 0.80 21.28 3.21

6 1.20 28.58 4.31

7 1.50 35.80 5.40*MHC

Table A 2.19 Effect of nicotinamide concentration (C) on mass

(φmtc)

1 0.00 6.63 -

2 0.20 6.90 1.04

3 0.40*

14.45 2.18

4 0.60 21.28 3.21

5 1.20 29.04 4.38

6 1.40 35.93 5.42

7 1.50 43.03 6.49*MHC

coefficient (kLa) of 6-gingerol

(φmtc)

1 0.00 6.63 -

2 0.30 6.83 1.03

3 0.60*

7.56 1.14

4 0.80 14.45 2.18

5 1.00 14.78 2.23

6 1.40 21.88 3.30

7 1.50 22.01 3.32*MHC

APPENDIX 3

Table A 3.1 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy

(∆G°) of solubilization of salicylic acid in different

hydrotrope solutions

Temperature

Standard Gibb’s free energy (ΔGo), kJ/mol

Sodium

salicylate

Sodium

benzoateNicotinamide Urea

303 -7.7007 -7.6675 -7.6926 -7.6773

313 -8.0524 -8.0269 -8.0457 -8.0285

323 -8.4268 -8.4076 -8.4215 -8.4029

333 -8.8414 -8.8247 -8.8375 -8.8286

Table A.3.2 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy

(∆G°) of solubilization of acetylsalicylic acid in different

Temperature

Sodium

salicylate

Sodium

303 -8.3264 -9.7429 -9.7182 -9.7090

313 -8.7165 -10.2236 -10.2031 -10.1873

323 -9.3407 -10.8577 -10.8371 -10.8248

333 -9.8691 -11.4750 -11.4558 -11.4468

(∆G°) of solubilization of p-aminobenzoic acid in different

Temperature

Sodium

salicylate

Sodium

303 -9.3701 -9.3518 -9.3624 -9.3469

313 -10.4050 -10.3858 -10.3974 -10.3825

323 -11.0304 -11.0234 -11.0234 -11.0066

333 -11.7042 -11.6890 -11.6954 -11.6849

(∆G°) of solubilization of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in different

Temperature

Sodium

salicylate

Sodium

303 -9.4099 -9.4095 -9.3620 -9.3575

313 -9.8403 -9.8431 -9.8069 -9.8052

323 -10.4995 -10.5012 -10.4643 -10.4618

333 -11.4056 -11.4062 -11.3626 -11.3620

(∆G°) of solubilization of stearic acid in different

Temperature

Sodium

salicylate

Sodium

303 -6.2579 -6.2569 -6.2566 -6.2565

313 -6.6523 -6.6518 -6.6515 -6.6517

323 -7.0069 -7.0067 -7.0064 -7.0063

333 -7.4952 -7.4949 -7.4946 -7.4945

Table A 3.6 Standard Gibb’s free energy (∆G°) of solubilization of

6-gingerol in different hydrotrope solutions at 303K

Hydrotropes ΔGo, kJ/mol

Sodium salicylate -8.8814

Sodium benzoate -8.8813

Nicotinamide -8.8813

Urea -8.8813

300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335

∆G°,

Sodium salicylate

Sodium benzoate

Nicotinamide

Figure A 3.1 Effect of temperature (T) on standard Gibb’s free energy

(∆G°) of solubilization of acetyl salicylic acid in different

300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335

∆G°, k

Sodium salicylate

Nicotinamide

Sodium benzoate

(∆G°) of solubilization of p-aminobenzoic acid in different

300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335

∆G°, k

Sodium salicylate

Sodium benzoate

Nicotinamide

(∆G°) of solubilization of 2-nitrobenzoic acid in different

300 305 310 315 320 325 330 335

∆G°,

Sodium salicylate

Sodium benzoate

Nicotinamide

(∆G°) of solubilization of stearic acid in different

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