Post on 26-Mar-2021
A i : ? c : r t J. SchUtz
arid
;iatu :-:u:;iat;e T. I(cri,s%tal.
: 3 i t s , . crle Acsistance of
k y ako Y ascda
'a"'
FIJI AX
S p e l i l n g and Pronunc ia t ion
Alttloagh ciie's first guide t o pronurlciat iar : ts t h a t
of a :speaker of' Fijian, from t ime t o time it i s nece:jsary
t o prcmcunce wosds frolri t h e w ~ l t t e n form. The Fijian
s p e i l i n p system has such a hi($ degree of consister lcy b e -
tweerl syrrbol a n 3 sound :tiat an accep tab l e pronunciati~n
w i l l Pe p o s s i b l e j n n v s t cases.
I t rnrnst be re~c.r:'oerec"l, however, that tile r e i a t i : s n ~ h i p
between a 8aurzcZ arid %[.a? it?tt;~r t h a t r : ; r a ~ b c l l z ~ s i t I s
a r b i t r a r j * ' r 'a i lurc t c ~ :,?cognize ",iit: ha:; l e d t a a p r o l i - I
f e r a t i o n of cr.ttie2sr;.,s about t h e F'lj? an ;;pel:LSr;i~ systenl, J
n l o s t i y because f'om~s ar'e cot; pronoxnced so Cllcy wozld b e
i f t h e y werlc Enqlisi-j words. In t h e e x p l a n a % i o r ~ "aelow,
E n g l i s h examples am u s e d t o g l v e an approxilnat ian of t h e
F i j i a n pronunciation. 3 u t t h e y s e r v e as ~ n l y kn apprDoxi-
matior, , an6 no m o x ,
CONSON AMrI'S ApproxivxixZle Eng Lish Equ iva lcnz
P P p (3ithout the puff of air tF.at accompanies an Engl i sk~ 2 in words Like a. C l o s e r t o t h e p i n s p i n .
----.-- I\? OTE S 1. 2 i s used on ly i n borrowed words ,
t (nadc w i t h t h e tip sf t o e tongue on t h e back af ' t h e t e e t h , rc'tller t h a n on the gum r ldge , as i n E n g l i s h . Also with less air--nore l i k e s%one than tone . )
k (nore i i k e - s k i t han k g . In fas t , c r sFeecn, p a r t i c u l a r l y - b 6 f c r e an unstressed vowel, t he re is n o t a. d e f i n i t e stoppage of a i r , b u t on ly a narrowing of the passage. It a l s o may become voiced in this pos:t ion. No E n g l i s h example czn be glwen, but t h e sound i s similar t o t h e g ifi C?nrr:tan zaz-;en, )
n3 ( l i k e nd -- ifi z?sQ. 1
Pio English symbol . T h i s consonant s ~ u n d s very similar t o E n g l i s h v, b u t i s made by na r rowing t h e opening between the I f p s , r a ther t h a n be tween t h e lower l i p a.nd upper zzeth, as in E n g l i s h ,
th (as in -- t h a n . )
s ! a s i n 1 E n g l i s h sine.) I---..&
m (as in E n g l i s h mat, ) -
No E;nglish synlbo. l . This s o u r d !.s made by t r i l l i n g 3r tapp.lr:z; Tkin t S 2 ~r ",it?
"ul-.~nr;:~ict ag&lns t t h ~ gwl? "3 d : ~ e , Spanl.sk h;ia a sir711.az: r sc,unc",, -. -
:/ ,. , F1.l t,l,.~l.4.u -! A '3 w i t h less tensnness o f muscles tl:an t,?jrc Zr,ff.i-lisll set-!nd, T4.lj.s sourid ~ c c u r ~ s c;nl.g b e f o r t a. 3
.-
VOWEI,S
w?v'qn A .+. J-.. $yvp :iC;,.h;i:.::L , h 7 c x m * t - , . , . . . - - , :.!:;:!r.g tt.h? ,?n~ie vowel.
- symbols t,ha.":it;ngj..l.:;.! :i~.:s , ::st, tileyr:. .pi2:': i; !.:nf.Lsr.'i, t;" e3d.s . f
The sounds ~ ( ? r : l * ~ - ~ c " ~ t ~ d r ; e ~ ~ ~ ; ~ m . ?-,t: t h o s e c:f 2;pani:;h o r
La t in . Alt;hou::i;li? f~ ~r a f ";iic.i ?'ij 1:a.n vobiels s t.~;knd s i r : i l a r
to the I1:ny;lisi"i vs:<cI:. I n the wgrds 6;3.73en as e;;aiv;slen$;s,
t h e formcr dc n o t enc! f n a yl? .de ,, For the f"ixlat ftsur. of
t h e f o l l o w i n g examples, only t h e s t a r t l n f y point o f the
Engl ish sound, and no t i t s o f f - g l i d e , s h o u l d be used as
a model.
Engl i sh e a t , v
E n g l i s h make. -
o E n g l i s h b o a t . -
Long vowels -
The a i n English --- fatfier~ i s a. b e t t e r examysle than those preceding; the re is no o f f -g l ide i n e i t h e r t h e E n ~ l i s h cr t h e F i n 1 an sound.
In desc r ib ing E n g l i s h sounds , t h e t e r m Plongt was
t r a d i t i o n a l l y agp l l ed t o c e r t a i n vowels and re fe r red
mainly t o t h e q u a l i t y of t h e sound. F o r F i j i a n t h e term
i s used i n qa i t e a d i f f e r e n t sense-- that of d u r a t l o ~ ~ ,
The d i f f e r e n c e between -- i and - F i s that the l a t t e r lasts
l o n g e r t h a n t h e f9mer1. Each sf the f i v e vowels can occur
long, and t h e r e are p a i r s of' words t h a t differ only i n
t h a t one has a shorts vcwel, arid t h e o t h e r has a 3.0ng
one. Pafl .ure t o mark t h i s d i f f e r e n c e is one of t h e rnajor
weaknesses of t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s p e l l i n g s y s t e m . I n the
p r e s e n t t e a c h i n g rnatesia2, as well as I n r ecen t grammars
and d i c t i o n a r i e s , l ong vowels are marked as above--.with
a macron.
w, A l t h o k g h -,"L.~:,T~Ls l i k e t h a t Ir; :~ri l . ; l ish n;al:e d o n o t ---...-..
u c c u , ~ i n F i j i a n , some similar ones d o . I n v e i ' f o r ' , --- t h e r e i s rccw articxla~ian of the i t h a n the o f f - 3 l i d e in - make. ;:tit .in f a s t e r s p e e c h , sequenctrs l i k e {;his becon~c --
and more
S t r e s s ..---.--
In any s e r l e ~ ;>r" sy l . l . ab les , sonie are pronounced w i t h
r n c ~ r ~ I .o~ .~dness , 62" StY'pTC! .,,, , t h a n c t h e r s . I n s1:):y:e ca.se:;,
For 1on;:er i ( ! ~ r > d s , on?.;, ccin33,2:ior:s 1 3nd 2 holci. G t h e r
s t r e s s e s are ~ n p r e d i c t a n l e .
Sor;i~?one le;d.rridiil- a si.sc2~nd lan~r;v(;*i5e tias 3 tendency
to interpret the sc?ur,f'!s hi: i!t.sr.s i.n te~rn?,s of his own
I.angua,.;e , ?I -;:I.;;; I., k e 1 : rod~ces what 1s con;,nc~r~:ly c a l l e d a
foref:.;ri a c c e r t , ? h ~ f o i l : . ) r ~ ~ i r i ~ ~ cidri.l-Is are cairneel t o give
t h e s t u d e n t pra .c t" icc .,+dftt: the sounds 2f F i j i a n t ha t are
l i j c e l y t o be most difficult f o r a speaker of English to
t o r ecpgn ize and p roduce ,
1. FijS an l o n g vowels v s . English d i p h t h o n g s .
I-ferc!, a long vowel. l a s t s longer Xn d u r a t i o n than a
short vowel, and t h e r e i s n c t s i g n i f i c a n t change i n quality.
I n t h e f o l l o w i n g e x e r c i s e , F i J i a n l o n g vowels are contrasted
w f t h s i r n i l a r E n g l i s h c t iph thonqs- - tha t i s g l i d e d vowels.
A . L i s t e n , b u t don't r e p e a t
F i j i a n E n g l i s h
tI ' t e a 1 t e a
t 8 ' c o n ~ t i n e ~ t orr;
tii 'stai:dl t w o
kI ( f i s h ) key
ki; ' h e r e f X ay
k c 'bitef c o (2
by ' h e a v y t be
blo 'seize' b ow
b c ' d r i n k i n g coconut ' boo
clE t e m p t y l D
.",G ' animal e x c ~ e r n e n t ' day
dc f r o r ; t e n ' douy5h
dE i n d e e d f 4 d i a l e c t 1 c3 o
n:I ' u r i n a t e ' me
I ~ Z ' goat ' rr, ay
85 'sornet SO
mu 'buttocks1 moo
nii 'benu!nbedl new ( one di ale c'k )
wG 'trace1 w agi
R . Repeat t h e Fijian.
2 . F i j i a n vowel sequences vs, E n g l i s h d i p h t h o n g s .
I n c e r t a i n positions, F i j i a n vowel sequences a r e
similar t o E n g l i s h d i p h t h o n g s . B u t f o r F i j i a n , t h e r e a re
two p e a k s , compared with one f o r the E n g l i s h examples.
A . L i s t e n , b u t dcnQt repeat .
F i j i a n E n g l i s h
t a l ' s e a c o a s t y t i e
t a u ' f a l l (rain)' town
t a o 'entangXedt t own
t e i ' p l a n t 1 t, a k e
t o u ( p l a n t ) tow
b a i ' f e n c e g SY
Bau 'Ya~1' bough
b e t ' a c c u s e 1 b a y
bou ' house posti b ow
c a i ' c o p u l a t e ' t h y
cau 'presentt t h o u
ce? f ~ X i ~ ? t h e y
coil ' b a l d f t i .~ou~- . ,h
dau ?experVt1 endow
d e i ' f i r m t d a y
dou 'you t h r e e ' dough
k a i ' she l . l i kite
kau ' t r e e q
k e f ' o f 7
kou ' s n z u t ' B. Repeat t h e F i j i a n .
C O'd
Kay
coat
?, Loni? v s . s h o r t vowels .
A. LSsten , b u t don% repeat .
l < l l z t?i l d k i l a "kn0"d1
n l i Z a ' 1 2 e h y t m i l a %scratch t
tarar; 't::ilt ' t a r g ' t o u c h '
t srci ' sli :$'are ? t o r 5 'pie; s t y '
cuj-:c; ' r.:~f:~fle 3 ~ 1 5 ' st?\+: '
1310 ' c c e s n u t 2 u i c c ' 1016 (~ ;ype of t r e e )
kaka ' s ~ u i t ~ s r ' k a k 5 l par rc t ' k o i a kcuz i i l p i e c e s 1 k o l Z ( t r a n s i t i v e )
B. Pc.r,ez%
4 , P l i l a l --e vs . -1. .- "-
A l t h ~ u p b in f a s t e r speech the re is some f "&l l i ng
t o g e t h e r oP" t hese two S O G ~ ~ S , t h e y are k e p t d i s t i n c t in
s l o w e r speech .
A , Ll.s",en,, b u t d o n ' t r e p e a t .
i; i * ~ - ~ p ~ j s l s i *slide
kabe I s i ~ t l r i C C ) Y ~ T ~ Y Z C ~ : COCO.- k a b i l adherle ' ~*~iit; ;.ear
(;as2 '?3l,d ?ersaxlf q a s l ' c rawl '
y a t e 7i9x:er* y a t i 'move slowly1
tckc ' k l a * L - . " t e k i icXairn'
soKe 'knot' s o k i "pkck f r u J t b,g t w i e t i c g t
k e l e l a n c h o r v keSf ' d i g v
s o l e Icovered with mats1 sol1 ' g i v e '
zore ' s e e d f s o r l t i e reeds
B, Repeat.
5 , Initial g.
rn. ~ n c ? i tse in the Fijian spelling systarn of' & f ~ l " [ n ]
stems frorn a convent ion est;ab' l . ished clsewhert' in t h e
Pacl'fc b y t h e early ml.ss io t~ar ies . Tt i s s imi l a r t u t h e
f i n a l s:)uncl l u ? r:r,:ce; J::h - - ing, b u t its occurrence in word-
i;.r-ii tisi p o s l t i o n irL Fj.,i f 312 prescii ts s p e c i a l p rob Xems t o
v- . I speeiccrs c,f ,:;:ri J r,; . A, L t s t ~ r i to t I l f , ,C?r-st s e r i e s , t hen repeat .
- *-
ogc CEO ogo et-, r- -, Ro [Repeat flare t i n e s :
- ... e tye e ze e ~e F';e Ee [Re~eat f f v e times]
- ugu uEu gr: BU [ ~ e p e a t f i v e times?
F . Repeat - ga ' gape ' ga lu vdwrii>t
RE " 0 '
gone l c h i l d t
gai 'pet p i g 1
p a t u t t ;apzy
- gi ' t ~ squeal1 - gu l t3rnes tT
~ U S U trnautht
C!. 1Jegative d s l l J . .
Surne leaprier-s s u b s t i t u W [g] o r L o g ] f o r g,. Lis ten
to t h e f o l i o w i ng mispronunciations.
gusu fngusul
gorle ga lu gus u gat ti
E . Dis esirninatlon d r l li .
Respond with r i s n t (Ir %rang f c r t h e t ' a i lcwing
a t tempts t o r r ~ d c c e an i n i t i a l 1 ~ 3 .
na 3 1 O i - F 11 UL 11 !?,I GI2 T r X R I G H T
@;a FIRQNG isue 1.1 lit3:iQHC n l RIGHT
I P q gone w ji.C:ftlG rl gusu kj FZCl!JG n one RIGHT -
rl unu R 1 G 1.: '1' 0 L: R I G H T gate1 W ROI? rJ - E S ~ WRONG n at RIGHT T-I ag WRCtNC
6 . T r i l l e d o r f l a p - r.
For t h e prcdue:;lon of a. t o n g ~ e - t i p trlll , the tongue
1s not manipu la ted .:~oLun"d.arily, b u t i n s t e a d moved by t h e
air stream, Afthouiy,h the sound does n o t Occur in +,he
English sound s y s t e m , some c h i l d r e n produce it when i m i -
t a t i n g a motor o r a rnachfne gun.
A. Denanstration. Lis ten , but do no t sepeat.
R . Repeat
yogo ptls i rai
rok ruku rau
roko r a t u raws rou r u i rT
D. Repeat;.
tnn e.:sund is ofre-1 ma" i f l a p p i n g
only once with the $1.~ Cf C ~ L . tonpue. It the gum r idge
f" a r3::(!ia4 l ~ ; 1% A ~ ~ e r i c m Sidlaf to t he a r t i c u l a t i ~ n 0-
b e t t e r
c ~ r i ? t e t h e r v
s i n g l e '
ksra ' po l e canoe'
key%? 'ask'
H . Repeat.
I. Lis ten , but don1% repea t -
r Z rci r"u
r a i r u s i
rau saka ruku
raw a roko ratu
r3 FOU r ~ i
J, Repeat.
7. C o n t r a s t befween F i j i a n - v [ B ] ar,d Engl i sh v [v3. - [no t L o be t aped ]
F i j i a n 15, al though very similar* in sound t o Engl i sh
v 9s not prcmucedi 191th t h e lips 2nd t h e t e e t h , btit x i t h -.. J
b o t h l J p s isrsteacl, The lips are r a t h i j r sp read , nct; sounded.
A . Der;~onstration [v:',sual] of" the df f fe rence between
F i j i a n an6 Engl i sh -- v.
F i J i a n Enp;llsh -
-18 t f ~ ~ r " /va/
ve l %whereY / V ~ Y 1
VOU 'new' /VOW/
vau ' h i b i s c u s vow
v i a Pwantt vi a
V: ";tlrirtEll.' /VGW /
8 . Repeat.
vz, tr 0 vu
ve X v a t u VQS a
vo u v o l a vua
vau v o l l . vud i
v i a vonu vuka
8, Prsna.:.r3allzeci etct i r i 5 aild CJ.
These p r e n s s a l l z e d s t o p s are 'trery sfrnilar to E n g l i s h +-, mi, and ( as 2.n f i n g e r ) , b u t i n Fi j ian t h e y occur
i n word- in i t f a l p o s i t i o n as xeEl as medial. I n i t $ . a l I y ,
t h e n a s a l i z a t i o n before t h e [ b ] and the [ d l mny be r a the r
weak; t h a t be fo re [ g ] 1,s mainta ined.
A , Ll is ten, b u t don't r e p e a t ,
bB I r i s h f ence t d5. ' fec2s * q i 'sht3Xlt
b a i ' f ence ' d a r a @ s l i p t qai ' * v h e ~ ~ '
bzbg ' b u t t e r f l y ' dau ' c ~ ! i l m i t adtilterjrf qqaSc 'swJ.lne
b r It-icaviky la .d@nl vodo "rldet oq5 ' t h i s ?
cpbo 9 ~ l a . p 1 keda ' u s i vuqa ' many '
3 . Prsnasa i tzed t r i l l ar flap.
The soucd t h a t i s w r i t t e n d r -- i s 2honeticaX1L:; a
sequenze cf n - n l v s a t r i l l e d o r f l s p p e d - r. The -- d is a
r e s u l t o f t h e rnovernents t h e tongue goes through. i n t he
t r a n s i t i o n frsn! n - t o T. - A . L i s t e n , b u t donP% r8epeat,
dra R b ~ o o d 7 vadra ' pzndanus ' d rau ? l e a f t kzdra ?thelrt
dr; 'puuX1' t adra. dre m
drx ' s e n cucumberr
d r s 'run awayt
B. Repeat.
EngleZsb b or r~w5ngz - As t h e Fijianst c o n t a c t w i t h English-speaking people
i n c r e a s e d , P t was i n e v i t a b l e t h a t they would accept not
only t h e foreigners ' c o n t r i b u t i o n s to t h e i r c u l t u r e , b u t
a l ~ . , o their nmnes for these g i f t s s. These ape some examples:
a l akao lo a i j lnl. a tnln misila
a l c o h o l hygiene h o u r measles man- of - w a r
Ey 15341 ( t h e date of t h e F i J i a n d i c t i o n a r y ) , f t i s
l i k e l y t h a t t h e number of Eng l i sh b o r r ~ w l n g s I n use wax
alssadg h i g h . Ilowevcr, t h e dictiona.?=i;q 15.3 t:? fewer than
250. In 1968, approximately 450 pages of newspaper t e x t
were c u l l e d f o r borrowings, and over 500 were coun ted ,
no t including PFOPGP nnrries, The d i s p h r i t y between t h e
nurnbess shotrs t h a t it is s ? i f f i cu l . t f o r beginning s tuder l t s
of t he language ,to read t h e newspaper with t h e a id o f
t h e d i c t i o n a r y , since many of the F i j i a n spellings seem
q u i t e unlike to E ~ g l i s h sou rce wards ; and many o f i t s
meanings are rather d i f f e r e n t in Fijian. In a d d i t i o n to
the borrowings omitted i n 1941 and those that have come
i n t o use a f t e r t h a t de t e , t h e r e are some like kbteme --- !god darnn (it) ' and kanovoe ---- t successZon of' men hav ing
i n t e r c o u r s e w l t h on@ wornant (Znglish ' convoy ' ) that are
not Likely t o f i n d t h e f r way i n t o a d i c t i o n a r y compiled
by a m i s s i o n a r y . The exa.mples show tha t the Engl i sh
sources for the borrowings are not always o b - ~ i o u s , and
tha t t h e r e 1s aoriietimes a meanin? ckanp,e i n t h e t r ans fe r .
B ~ l t t h e F i j i a n forms are at l ea s t p a r t i a l l y predictable
f r o m t h e E n ~ l i s h sou rces ,
!~t>cause of the nature of the two sound systems--
Z n ~ l i s h 2nd Fijlsn--the ioarLs have been adapteC t o f i t t h e
i?I$j.an s y s t e m and still, for the most parvt, sound as
c l o s e to t h e origl .nal model as p a s s i b l e . The etzanfyz t h a t
o c c u r are due n o t o n l y t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e s in the l i s t s
of vo?:rels and ccnsonan t s , b u t a l s o t o the way tn:;' $-at-
t e r n in each s y s t e m . Rr Lngl i sh s y L l a k 1 2 ~ 1 3 C. r ) i i ~ l + l e ~ . i ~ a : i ~
ccmplex unit, czpabxc af b e g i n n i i ~ g wit:. oz 3.anj as t h r e e
cofisorLarits (/arnsts/bynztls). lic'nit":er" 3". T"CJLan s y l l a -
ble conxL2.f;~ e i t h e r er"" a vowel alor-e, o _ ~ . a consonarit
fo:loos? by 2 vcwel. ?he e-csuit of i ? , f~ d i f f e r e n c e i n
str~ctures I s that E r i y i i s h ccjns9nant c ' ius te r s are , a i C t l ~ ~ ~
reduce6 for t h e F I j i a n form, c:. t h e y are ceparvateri by
insel i te i vo.del3. S ince f i n a l eonsonzi.ntr, d~ riot o c c u r in
F i J i a n , . ? l t hc r iaeduct ion occu r s , 0:- a f i n a l vovci is
adde J . T!IE , . ; l l r ~ l;!r,;; c.:~trts show possible: correspor.dcnces
for i - : n i p ; : . -, b-i :iLd F'l ,I i ar?, s cmnds .
Eli!2 LI +";?I FIJIAN
3.y -- I
i 4
a .--, --.------------,-,,-- 2
.LT_l,: ---------.--.- --.. ---- at:
The added v ~ w e l s ai3i. ~li.f'f:c~ll-t t c j ? r e d i e t . I -- arid - e
are by fay the mast c ~ r n r ~ ~ ~ i " ? , t/rlt,l? - c~ sovictirnes O C C ~ P T ~ ~ ? ~
a f t e r 'I, a a f t e r &, a n d - u a f t e r rn. - 2u.t in so:fie words,
assimilation t a k e s p l s c ~ , arkd t t n added vawel is t h e
same as s u r r o u q d l n ; ~ vowels ,
- 2 , Orl i , csn t;e jj.:ir~.l., In2,?:, h e m 3 % .L,i: a p01.j.P.~ f ~ p ~ ? fop cjns ~9y531?, . Pc>~-+ zany .cf' the 0-. fixtonot;ns , kc;-- &,l.sc. appears.
* -, -.- . ,-.-
0- f " ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ i , : S z l ~ ~ . ~ ~ : j ~ : t : ~ ~ . z i t 5':le ' ; . ~ e ~ : - l * r ~ t ~ ~ : - . o? s en t ences &;.(:_ cj.seir~?-i.iepe i r . ~ 9:l.ster specsf?, 7!he;t"e A..s r i ~ d i f f ? ~ e n c e in nealliing.
1 3 , ?eka ---- 13 a l s o w e d I'er y r s l f t e n e s s . It %as i;k~e* e f f e c t fjf. r.r;ik.lnc; a ~eqazest G.? " s l ; g ~ e s t L c ~ 4es:; s u r a p t ,
2 , Bsyu refer:; t o two DEODIS, the 3pc;iakcy grid the pc?rc;s*iri , 5 . 1% 1.s c.zk:i.l ' I n c l u s l v ? ,' sin;^ It Z,n:ltndes the l a t t e s ,
I. Kad? - is 1 ~ ~ 2 3 ",f> :~.nk.e cc::arsds l ess a b r u p t . 3 r t
The Er,,?lSsk; ei;ul.va:ke~.t might oc m!,;';d, . .
Cue --- S p n t e n c r ,a"ctern ".."..-'.w-- L ----- E v e t beka na mXkete?
n%ke t o tar?a&a KL 5. F am 2 va l e vale 13baXai korc m3ke t e
Z v e i c e k a n a rn?Ikete'? E v e t beka na taraga? E.; ye: bc:+- nd na maram? E v e i Seka na vale? E v e t beka na vale l a l l a i ? P; yr@:S beka na ktzro". R :$EL bekd na in$ikete!
Yafo vir~c'ka, T a l e riac'a. ~aka-n5;ch, Vakz-t ut 2 f o m Vosot,;.,als. Tu lou . " S 5 do?i;>.l2? 10. Se ira . du sega ni % i l a . E S 2 g i ? 131. Iris‘ ri:~.,
P l c a a e , P ?;zif. n . S 1 3 W l t ~ . T' .. Q A- >: <$.&* L, ' F ~ ~ . r ~ d i : : ~ me, pi^^'^!.‘'^! !?@.
r:o, I 2 o n ' t 1c::aw. I' den? u n d e r s t a n d . ( i t ' s not
7 oar) Cs,
NOTES
1. O ( C I S k o i n s:l.o:.rer s ~ e e c h ) occurs tiefore p r o p e r nouns, -
koYa-'he, x e t , and - c e i '1who7 when mother marker is n o t used. Fox* exnnple, in Au -____________-:, L~;uco m a l tiawaii , o is not used before t-Izwa1.i s i n c e m_aL i s u s e d .
-
2. Tl- : ic ; rx ( - ~ r * c l i o a ) ;I; zlways used if someone payses P
--"-
s onie tkif n q , sLar:d:: , rel+ ~*eaches over anacher person's head, pa:oT.tlczr3ariy 3 f turat p a r s o n is ~f n i g h r a n k , St is a l so sa2d u;f;t:n ~ f n l k r l m ~ through h cr..e~ciod :ires w S t h 1l t tS.e vralk.fnii: space. i t i s ne t used i n the o t h e r ways t h a t
I Z n ~ l f ~ h t e x c c s e !ncT c r Q>al"don nrc-ii; u sed ; tha t Is, t o at ; tyact scrrleCrle% a t t i ? n t j o n , to t ake Teav~a, o r fc? axr i3 :pol i te ec 'c ion ,
A " v i t i n i -- 3 cava Seka na keca 1 'dk.at7s the m c m i n p ; o bale':> :tie nz '?
V f 12axa.
ir1XX. ? o ~ a b u l z r ; s , .
- L, - --- e ~ v a beka n a vcsa v~lcrx- WI-r:xtts ~k:,:.e 'i;'i.jian wl;rd f5.p ?
zava ce f daru do9anu dou d l ? ~ L e i a
whet > ~ f ^ l l ~ b \?Pi,
L ; t Fcrsor: d a ~ a l i n c Z u s l v e r t l ~ h t , ,;or ~ ~ c t , .:;traight 2cd perscn trial 2r1C ?C?I~YO:I dual. : r j uiss.nal, y a s t l . c l e , 1 2 : i r z , at
k 7 ~ r , A E ~ , sometimes a'sc 2s s ~ ; : j ~ i a - & t 09, - i.n P!;esT
Pic; ".
@ a t with, and so, t ~ w ards K f t P l W
v: J iape koyg, o f i +- at, '-. t r l c r e ( d l s",ant) lr'3.k 6 KO l g s o n i i e s :i on i En?$. )
m- 7 L
1 * 5
~ ~ s c a l a c l e a r , p3.2j Q , I n t , c l l l g l b l e P 90a :naci;a please ; used t c mske a command
o r euggescion less abx>upt ~ Z k e t e rr;>,rket (Kngl . ) marama 'Ea3,q mr&t s? f i r s t -ria ::e sJ.t;ep, goodbye -nun1 2nd persorr p7il.araL o r singular
p o l 3 te 2 3" marker f o r corncan nouns r. ! o f n 9: 2nd person p i ~ i r 3 2 . See o n l --. o rnar~ept f o r proper Gnun-;;:, A l so , ko - c"ic s o n t r a c t i o n of' k o --"-" i ----- xu -- cjn? r i d ~ & ~ s o n p l u v a Z oz" s i r ~ y u l a ~
g c l i t e . Also , kcnf ---" -qu 1st person singqtz t a r s2i $c-rkiak : a r r I c ; e S & K ~ sir, r a d w segs. ,ri3 sega ra! 1.. 2t t a l e s-, r* -
* A , " A 1 r - l
t2Lou 1;>arCB~lf i;"?rS
tt tl . aqa e n % eP \?aka- l a i aj, a l i t t l e vak a- l e vu r:reat.iy, a ;ot vr&a-nt%.l,ua s l c 7 l d * y
w- a v a ~ a - t c t o l o fast, Vakz- v4l a r I '.' .> ". , 2 b
I V2ira-v:" k I F i J i 2~ va le k t~)uze
t i -vale le i la f t o o i l e ' c E TJF? I w i2 /, F 2
I v l r. 211 a goad, t h a n k ? ~ o u vos a spc?.X, t a i k ; w o r d , t a l k , s p e e c h ,
1 angl:kL*.&:E> ~ i a 2 i ~ t . L 3~ r;srdsin re y aca. 1.' cr~.t? y c d ~ ~ ?.Jz:.,@ , ;;om r . zming -? d . c rr? f idka p i t * L . c ; ~
R - x i : O F i t & . Tt 's Pe te r ,
ljl John: c K Z L ~ Yiti, c j 13 he FfJ- jany key a?
R u s f : I c , E dua ria Yes* It's a <;on& s c h o o l . k c r o r 2 " i ~ : 1 4 yl-naka..
1. r l ' h ~ p.!irasez; ~ x ? :,f-t7 c!;L~:C,~GT bl ~ e n t e t n c c ~ c a n ~c rr.3rkei-l t hus : ( O eeiS (cy5.j
I ( a C B V ~ ) t n a ncr:>~ :,ak;ir;:z;~ke: Ce kal T:i",ll ( e ; ! k o y s )
2 . Kai --- - r e f e r s t o an I r .kabf ts;~";of a y l a c c . Once used o9 ly for i:iaLe:;. It can :la?: b d r;r;ecI f a r feizalcs a l s o ,
3 . The l i L ~ z * a l mean-i.ng .;f @i!e -- k 3 ' c h 5 . l ~ ' .
- 0 CF- i ria tQr*aqr, o y a ? lJ.;i)lets tha t c h i e f ?
0 c e f nz mnrama oyg? W ~ L s that l a d y ?
G cei r j hr2? .i'hc n.rt;' 2 k h ~ ; ~ ( i J ' L d i . . a l ) ?
- 0 Cl. '; n koyc:. -- ria 4JiL'*'8S.;;&. r12. ;2.2r:-3;iyl,
z- n.23 *Tjh<:;~i:!~;:j. ri-J ?;*iiz
.-- y L a , ..,> 3 . - - . . :"* ..* .... - ci
7 . Patter;::: :'la ~ o - c 171. VUI? xca~?~'?
kayo ni ~ i : i i :dk. korcj nl v ~ 1 : enva?
- makete. 7.Esnni kora t a,P;a mar;na
;g;1 al:; ': * <. i2+Lew a t agane gorre p ,.,-,,:-a .i :r C'i3.!{3
.-. b dua ns gane . E d u a n9 caur.svr;u, - c dsLa ns va le . E d u a ne qase. a d3.3 r!%zj. q h ~ e n l * ~ i . > l i , 3- c du;: aa tco .~a , E drla n&, ki.rl:, 3: *,r-31 E d;~la p.2 yJu, v -. L: dua r:;2 v:: rii 231 \is 7-.
.." c d u a v:;. ni k;::~.;~,
p- Lu; ria l a se nS ~ 3 2 . i o k c ~ & . a - ---- -.- I
VXXb ,
C ut? -----
i c e ~ * ~ ni vuXf qase qase ni vuLi
E, i;uZ air. inBt aX GI Iscya. E d u a A e $Graga o k u y s * E d u ~ f iz. dau t e P t e l o k o y h , * a .
:\la. k o r c cava'? ..----.-
Na k o ~ c nf vrl l i cava? ;ia qase cam? Idit qa.se ni vuPi cava?
cue --.---
I= dljh nti k a i VZti 2 2x19s.
Q IJfta j-: iiua na k a i V l t f G P i t a * u kcyz I: ~ u c r=a ka.i VSitil e koya. o i a u $un na k a i V l t l o iau . 0 Ikc * * .
ria c a ~ n t h cqC ns casrsyo?A oqz n; yalexs 3qC L";a 4JcZwhij;3 ov,)E na Rorx vu:i cq2 - * na g n l ~ e ?I: ~ u l x cc~F
Repeat 'she aoc;re=i ; c n r ; t : - af+-e? t h e X.G&?, whlcl?, now h a s questicra l i ; t c :~a t iu ; l .
" r e EaL1cw l . n~ aue:;tPar;ls Zhe;riselaeiit sepvc ~~s a model f c r t n e znswey. Only L o yes "need De added , and t i l e in tona- -- - e lon changed fro^ c - j u e s t l n s t n stz* ,eyezt , The word order rern~i2nx %he s 2rr;e ,
fS dua ,yo:ze vtj":.i 0 koya? To, e du-? na gone v u i P 0 koya . .--
in& - t a i c su + 1 % ..-, 0.q * ** <>
k e i a n t 5 a & * k b t r , , a
gone VLILL qase n"~:;.~: C%,'1X?87J'~U martma dau teitel t -mat a v j naicz b ulS.
t 5ra;;a l e v u - ti;.P.?ieR v l n2Ka wsle v i n a k a vale l evu
la"L?ai k o r v laii::l. k s r ~ lev,^ va le b a t s b a t a vale b alasrl* va le L a k m i
The 3i.c ch i e f Thc ?cud c h i e f The good house The big house '?.he small house, t h e t o X l e t rhe m a l l v i l l a g e Tbe big v i l l a g e The coo l house The long ko!lc&: The o,f-,tr-,*ch (Zit, sac i-r:c? 's.;3v~ae)
E: dua na. tc~rriata c%. ..- Z 652. :la koro ca.
1. tabu i s t t l ~ C a t h o l i c term P G ~ chsarch S u i i d i n g , The *Esiey:ms use vale - ------ ni I c t a , -- -
Y;:f7J, Q u e s t i o n mil answer.
P a t t e r n : A cava oq5? 'What's this'?'
Cue (with p l c t u r e a ) .-- -
vu n i ::iu vale vale 12.2 l a l aral~? t a c u y al.ewa t a,Tanc gone S o r u xigt ais au gone dau dnu t e i t r - 3
gone gone dau gone v u l l i k o i sa ka
0q01-2. n& vE. r i i L ~ U . Oqar l na v a l e , S q o r i rxa v a l e l h i l a . 9 . . " .
l o n k ~ , t h S k c ~ ~ l d , coo:nesc cdrniais tratl.de u f f ' i e j . a i i- J ad, evi 4 , s u l n youlrh e 3;p e r A t f"& m;e 37 wc a"se r one; g r e c e d l n x 11~11ms i t becomijs
an i r i de f ln i t c : ar";icie as e d ~ l a --- -- rid f"a?iata Q a;an' -.-,------ .---
m i l a I L . r ~ . z k e r n a n
5 t; uden t 2na p e r s o n sinyulap 3 r d Ferson plural a:: i k a p r e f i x PorrnFng o r d i n a l - ----
K(imeraiz frnm c a ~ d i n a l s : .: ~a rua 'set:ondt - ----.---.
LrtZ, abZ t a n t of sal3orr c-., % ,A. : l , i z , f e v e r i s h r I .. .* ,,? d r i i i i . ~ , ~ t f ~ k * tpt?f:
a s c P i c ? ~ ~ l ", 21-d cn s i n g u 3 . a ~ $ ji 1 i.2 3. ky, great , l a rge srrept, e x p e r t , ski ? led; c a x l ~ e n t e r ca:*penter America, Also Anierika -.--~- '-
as I,?, k a l mua D3e3.1erv --a,-----. .--
3 r d pcrs an s inp;u lar zoconut he re , th fs ( b y A,' bne s p e a k e r ) t h e r e , t i z a t ( b ~ y the adAre: ;see) Q ~ C pep:7~~ : te?lei :~~p a f ' <
'- v* L1
:- : 2 % : f ;; y \ ~ j, due 1: : i: :-I. .k 6: " -, -2c: *.. C . 1. . 3n r' er.c:, gar;lc;:! 6; :I. c; ch [zych u l l,i;Lriy e <> ..> f . ,,I . ,2
- %, .,.* t , d . L : . 2 . ? 2 ; ~ ? : ~ t is l*ar~cl j.?: 5k:e
? 2. j 1 :; y rJ i-1;) f,'; ,j j 7{"J('t , g-)gL-#,:<' ? <.. >$ wrk ..- - , < &
t I*<> ." f?
c s e o n ~ t fsyr:,e , ' p -m A . . l ; ; ~ a * ? v \
- -- :.* .I. I.: a I; c 2 L! ?I "i .!- t? 3 c.n i
;d(;,,tjce ";,a.t j.n :FA:'. ;;:R?:~E~) t]i,jjy:r 2313 f'ourtlfi 3.3.71es ir! t h o dia.>.or:::.;:un, t h o t : : ; 1 3 : : ; ( : I X : : L ~ ; ' ~ ~ ; ? ~ g . ; i ke G, ]io)ra. 'I.ie1 1 1s -- or;if t t e d , ;"t? 1 .I ~5 :- c,:7rmb:j,l con vp - i, , ,tlonal. it-, A st$&: if' the t o p i c were :rc,.;tni;c:e .in eaoij :scl?,";.tnce, the s t y l e ~1)l. i! . t j b e s ' ' , i lWd. Tile dr*: l;~, vh-kch d:, no"l,t+tcn;pt t o 'we ccovversa",fonaf., irieluide b ~ t . ! ? the c c z s . e ~ t 2,nd tkc t o p i c .
2 , TJi:.o, 7:,~.L'::!,c'n r;~earjs l i t ; l r a f l y 3 0 stay,. ' , i s used a f t e r the verz t::, in.d:l,cllr.tl. 3 pyc:.~rcs: ' : j ve 011 h8bZ Lual. ac'ti".or~.
3. Zn [nand s e f l t ~ ~ r i c r e , $4 and e - ciyc Int;er~kt3n;;c?a5~.E~e+ A t '&fane:?, :;a -- I s mom ezlPria?-i-c t;hi:i -- + f-i"=r;urny", tt o x p l a i n t h t cl"lff"r,r?nce ncrrc e x p l f . s l t l y have xsuaT1.y f a i l e d , I a l i t a $ e the model.
E cakacaka t i h o ci k ? y s . Z mocz t l k n o &usi . D m ~ k u s i gaX t l k o CI i k o . * "
dabe t L L o n a yase . c f e i tlko na gone.
2 c i c l t i k n o k o y z . A? vcsa t i k o o ,Tons, .-%
!% lag2 s c x ~ t l k o o i4ere. -. c qal,:, t l.ko o F;:s -I., -- tJ q c r f riltc'l o l.,ri.;iL,
- r4e ' 3 working. Rusi 9 s sleeping, Ycutre wast ing t h e . Tl?e oLd n:nn I s 3it"cn.g down. I? he c h i Jd is runclng, 1 : ~ ~ u ~ n i n ? . J c h n ' s t a l k i n g . n,qa -m-r ,, ? s singing, R u s i . z si.~i::,rnir:~ . i~~ i L> .. f i s h i n g .
l &k o Zac;; Bas& s e r ? mocc qa3.o qtsll mcku c i ~ a V0:S a q i t o ti: c u e dace c i c f g'kZdFI V a k a - c ~ ~ p u
ru ~i I+: r ~ a gone. t r s l u E tolu na gone. [The ~ * ; E ~ , P I J c S P ~ : ' l n _ o n t f n ~ ~ j s p i l l w i t h nurnbcrs up t o t e n . ]
1 Moltu s j ~ ~ :;!pans x i t a r s . J ? ~ ' k i i L the d.ay . ---------. -
2 . Ntun~rals fit - I ~ i t o the :;rzrnc. slot as the vcrSs in t h e p rev ious d r i l l s . b; rua na gone melans l i t e r a l l y "are two t h e c h i l d r e n ' ; a.n idiomatic txumsLat ion is ' t w o c h i l d r e n ' o r 'there are t w o c h 1 l d r e n r .
j., :!cti,: 7pAptt t[i'::jc 'r,d.j,:.;:4.;i::~:j f$t !;:to r1.i~ same p a t t e r n as ?., . . l i : i .,-, ?;hey:;' .;:; : ; i , rb l" :~ ; ;~ ; r : r l l d . i f f p r ~ f i ~ f 3 bci;ween:
( 7 , - 3 " -~ . ' , r,.-., , ' , , . . 'c -
, . . . ...,.. . , * J ~ - , C ? ~ L , ? I ? * ~ T ' ! ; ' ' and ; :, 5 . .k .;,v , - b , h . '- .6c,: - v L t 2 ;;+.% . . 1,:; i;ci.:s:. i.3 bji;. '
Guestlan ----- Answer
SB l e v u na ucz? 10, s 5 :evu na uca. 25 v inaka n a va l e? Lo, s a vinaka na v a l e * S z bbalavu ria ~ s u n i s a l a ? . . .
S E Zai3af na uca? Sg ca taba tz na vale? SZ soko na waqa? S5 g a t 3 fia modoo SZ yawa na yanuy snug? SG. f.evu na koro? S Z v i n a k a na kzkana? SZ vinakx n k va le ni kana? SZ v l n a k a 113 vz?,lf; n i ~raqcna? Sg vjnska, na -~al.cr f i i yaquna 121 Viti? SZ l e v u na i~a?
fX. Glven the c u e , v h t n h xay b e e i l n e r top-LC o r c o ~ ~ s i c n t , c o n s t r u c t a senJ;ci~ze cn t h e sbsve s ,ose l .
Cue --.
v i n a k a levv. baiavra batabatz K01'0 vale w ;rqa uca vale ni ~ : ? n a
E l a k o k% n a ~ ~ T k ? + c 1- koya. C t 2 . k ~ n a i S u v : ~ . " E lake rnai ! 4 ; ; / ? 1 2 i ~ t ~ 0 P i t a . E cakacaka !;il:o c ~ a Z ?it: o koya. E l a k o kf na v z l o ni k m a o RusZ.
I. Place nacres ta.l.ie ne a d d i t i o n a l marker when used w i t h t h e d i r e c t i u n a l s . Thus :
kf. na rnEzdetk ki Suva
E 5 l k c mzj. Vanua Levu o r4ere. E l a k o I E ~ n a notolcz o Sala. E l ;ks ki n a waqa n a t k a g a o q L E eakacaka t i k o ma3 n a k o r o ni v u l i n a t m a t a oqa.
XI, S i m p l e s u b s t i t u t i o n .
c Ut3 .--. - Sentence -----
La.ut; oka E l a k s ki Lau tcka c k u y a , n a hose E llalco ki na base o i ioys . sra waqa n a mc"ca~8 na bosr na v a l e n i yaqoza n a va le ni kana na v ~ k e nS I:ura nx ;tcr*o l a k*..)rfi n l vrrl i - T
G an # ~ c j~e -:;2
n a s i k o a na. gznuy:nu. 'I'a rn~lv i i i t
X I I , 83ues t ion and answer.
&ues4:ion: E l n k o kl v e l o k a y a ?
n a m5ke:e E l a k o k i n& G k e t e o koya. - Sux7;3. c l a k ~ ki Zuva o koya ' Lautoka ZIE bast? ,- ' l a - '%faf;,? ns ua?e ni kana n& vs3c ni kuro as v d l c ril gaqcna ".. - ns. 7ral.i n? yaqcna nl. va ,;;lczr_.i )-A 3. k 3 PC1 1%; !+:r,u%c ni vr , l% Vzr~~la I.c: vt1 na s i t o n T~mavtaa na ysn9dyanu
..- p , y a I.akr: lnaf I d a ~ na !{one V I A ? . ~ . ?- 2,xha $;orre nl L a d .
1. %%I it; line< dith p l a c e s sway f1-31n the s ~ t z o k e r . T ~ I U B ~ -- - someor.e i n Suvs wo i~ l r 2 usr ?--?,.- ;:her. s a y i n c SQmeLnC? i s from IJacli, 9 u t if he safrl so:,xeone was fro? luva o r b i j l , he wriuld
R I L ~ ahT a mcku moku s l g a
@mot0 .- w ~.;at; ck 8, <pen%
q a l o p""
E r i k o ma1 Suva o koya . E t i k o F: l i leriks o koya .
r1 s r r - $ -,*
;;,f:e t .j"ri*-
clerk ;~a.k:2 .--- -- - I f;;ztCc v r t ; ~ h e ;
traric, -.- cakzvz. -.--- X'UII sit; L<J~I>"! (t,trce: z rue , gcntl l n e , s j n c e r c , wor thy 3 r d p z r s r n piurai -d~ :k , s t r c L 7 , po f ' u r glexsurv.? earrpcy s h a r p p a t h , t m c k , road fl.2-h *- 1. act? b. .~, , ,
: r L i 1
i - 3 , v ? , ~ re arr3j-ye, corn? to a str:p :; -j y: p; S <::"t, ; ) ref :~-~sl t Ion cf ~ j l a ce o r
X!C. vernent 0 2 c": t.13 t : , u s u a l l y t c r i E 2 a s t i r k k i i l t i m e or pass ti:::c? s p e r r a v t c r r c a r (Enq l . ) p e n , pezny ( Z n g l . ) svtin
I. LC?% siwa
< B BICO < s a t e $-% %~'~1a t a l a , I
t;arausexf: - t L' &.Lib a 2 f2 tfko
L t l c a vaka-cegtx
cf 'vsle ni kana A. v21e nl Kuro ;, v a l e y i i y aacrr a
Place names
E #5. Kororcvu Lab 2s a. Lakeb a LaTil. i a u I.atlt oka lama1 v i t 1 N nGi Eausorf N a m a RaklraZri S hvue avu Si gat o i ~ a Suva S ornos omti
p l a y f l s n with nets day , s t o p r a l n i n g , d a y l i g h t ,
s crrny s%cre (En:x3, ) Ttne T i s h i n g s a i l 2 I l f ~ t (E r I j ? l* ) minister t r o u s e r s (i<ng:~. ) w a l k , s t ~ o l l B s i p of zontinuat; ir3n, pyogress ,
o r haoltxal a c t i o n s i t , r e ~ : ? - i ~ , be I r ? a asiacz t h r e e f a s t , q t l l ck ~i.3126 on ; 5: --- - ?"Pt:,x25, be ,ax 3 - p l a c e 1
(2 3.k e $ tip ' - ----- rei-a res t , retC.?? e a'r;.Lr?g J 3 ~ U S C , r o s t au~*~q.fit; , c 2fe it i t .~kittn, cc;:skIr-tq ? , ~ t j i t j ~
y2:lljna c ; ~ ?*# ; { 1 ii; ,:
%f;.nri, p;ac:c shoe , r 2ilri,:3. Csrrcasf a:?. A ;.so v5l a 4 dress (Enp;;. @la:c-h3-- --..-- <
3ef;'r;er, bilok 9cl~C
year I s l a n d kava d i s t a n t , d:st.anee
(Tinie expressiorls ; p a s t arid rut are ; nega t i ve ; v i a ) --
A r E v c i o Niko? A-J Where's Wikc? 1 whnt t3 see him. v i a L laic!. knya.
A: il; a l s k c e nafca? Wncn d i d he go?
A : J' a sega ni Zako Ife did; .ngt p . 2 yer,tc?-day? e nanoa':
1. & 'want ' 1s fiili.rjwe(i oc ly b2 v e r b s . T h u s , AU VIQ 1&.0 'I wsnt to g o ' , I 'Ifin t h i r s t y (I tiant t o d r i n k ) ' . $;hen a ncun is tasr?ci as tfi:,~ f,SJect - of %wantT, v lnaka ta is
T - - 7 7 u s e d : Au v inaka t a r;a k s ISifrQ '1 want t h i s (th,ng,
2, Tiate the dS ; f i r e r ~ z c in tke :irc@ers t o rl:;yLzf;fve cluestions i n 3ri~fisi.s and Fi , f i:.:n: ENsGLISH: 315ntt he L<3? >do, hc f i . i d n f t .
T FlJ lAl i : K ::: aseya rj I ? & o : '*?esi, e s. sega ni lal.co* F2e E n g l i s h ~ Y . S W ~ P 1s t ; ~ the f ~ e n s ~ l cf t h e q u e s t i o n ;
t12e E"i,jlaf? ~ R S W ~ T ' i s $3 t h e scans%u..i~ction o? t k c yuest?.on.
E na l e s u taL8 nal ni - m a t a k a . .---
e na, vu3.a o M$ E :I?. 1 . e ~ : ~ t a l c :.131. e na vk!la ri Xi?. 7 -- e na vu la Q ;anuc-:rZ I+, ne l c s~r . t z l e 1::a.i F? ri2- ~ ~ l a @
,I ti!? tue r L . e na v u i a o Nag% a . 3
e %a r ~ s t a k a ni aatsl*:~). e na Bio~;l. e na. bog;:I. n3. m~. . t ;ka e ns gi:ikyvL
3~ y ak,-::T.,r.l. r.1. ;i~at:<,ka. e da ida f e ala yaka;?i e !jp,,:;i-;.;ii;j Ff 32 111a~*:.aka e n a r.;at3k3. rdai:-3:1^1
MEnit f ,- ns s,ig-a C ) i ~ : E f i $ t i , J ara ue r9. Fepe r u e r l 'J&ara~?:c?l [cc;mt;ific:e m;:)r!tii:r a.r;d C2.y s 3
, - 11x2. CependJ.nr: -. c.;ri tk.: c u e , C ~ I . : ~ I ; L E a ~ p r ~ p r i a t e t e n s e markers, 5 or ., h:i- .---
E a l nkn e nanoa. .-. *-.---- r,' .- >,-. -: l ,ako %:I nataka, -..-- ---- rA3 ~ ~ a t . a k & !: !-:a l a k o rlri :mtaii;a. e r:anoa L 2 3 aka e rianca.
, . c da-t ds l i.. :r i:alco e 3aidaL. /% na l a k o
t ? 6aidaZ . e na v ~ u L a o Juze E lake e sa y u l a o J u n e . /
v..
5 na I a k o e r:a vi, i la o cJune. e na m a t a h nral netaka E ~^ra Zako e :la nabaka nl. ~ a t n k a .
C e 11s b ~ ~ i 611 rrja~aka E na l & k o e na k>~i : i nl mataka. c na t o l u na ka?f>xo E a lako e n a t 1 9 ; ~ na k a l o k o . /
E 113 Zako e r ~ a t n l u na kalolco. e n a r q ~ t e 2 ' ~ ~ ';f r~ancc 'i=, a laka e n a nratake c nanoa. e n a yak&-iri c nanop E a l ako e na y a k a v i e nmoa. e na yakav t l ni xacaka E n a l a k o e nr?; yakav i ni mataka. e nz keg2 Z1; a e na bog i .[S ~ 1 % J - ~ I C C
E l?a bopk.
IV. Repetition.
Au v f a lake" ni mst : ) !<z~ . Au 75 s TlOPy.2.
k g 'ri12n8. E;: t;i& gkn?u il koya, 0 v?z rriat,e? 0 v i a L3M1 ~'z"iia? - - C) v-ja Cj v l a "raka-eegt;? 0 v i a la-ki q o l i .
O via --.""-.-- i a k o e nz bue;l?
LCSU tz t le :~inl. O v i a l e ;u t a l e n:at F. !*a t o g i ? 5riri.1: ti VP EL gi : l i~.~ 6: t ~ a 13 c ~ ~ f ? gunu %ia 0 via. g ~ n u b f a c n ~ t bwl? 'G zri?.3.:iig . . . d5r-i; s l. f;!de i aka k.i [?a va3.2 x:% yscjcr:;ra. l a k a k-t :; ars y a l c y :?,A o cmee e J c E , k;luta l z k o kJ gdna
'Che asterl.slr, i r~ t i le rz te :~ a st>ntence C)L> a p e t t e r n i-nt.o which npw vocabir lary, o ~ t s l d e the I.csson, might be used.
Au na sega nJ. l a ' k i siwa, ni nataka. E a sega n i l ako c na vu l a o ME, E ns s e g a tli lcsu t a l e mai e na s i g a !4Gnitl. E na sega ni l e s u t a l e ma1 e na vula o TIseba. E a segn ni Hesu rnai e ria bog i . E na sega ni lafki Suva e na y a k a v i . E s a n a sega ni ta ra vale ni mataka. E sega ni macala e na sigalevu n i k u e . h na sega ni ... l a f k l - Suva e na m~cawa E ~ L oq6. E a sega n a gade e na loma ni vula rua s a o c i ,
IX, Makc? nggatiwes of the following sentences ,
Au na la'kl siwa n i z ~ a t a k a . E a laka e na vuZa u K E . fi: n a l e su t a l e nai e n e s i g a R B n i t i , E aza l e s ~ l t a l e ma2 e ria v u l a o TTseba, E a less rnai c n a D t g k . E n.2 L a t k i Suva e n a gr~h.avf. - c s g n s tars vale nX rxacdka. E na xma;~~I.a e s l p l . e v u nikrra. E na l a f k l . Suva .c n a mZczwz mai oq8, E a gZdP e na Isma r,l v u l a rua. sB o f % .
Xa. Expans f u n drn i E l ,
Cue --
sega nf vaka- l e v u 8 e na rnataka
Sentence
Au segs nP v5a kana* A u sega n l via kana vaka-Xevu. Au a sega ni v i a kana vaka--levu. Au a, seGa r,l via. kana vaka-levu
e na natakn. A u a sega ni via kana vaka-,lcvu
e ns mataka lailai. ku a sega ni v i a kana v a ~ a - l e v u
3 na rnataka l a l l a l e narioa.
e na waqa na ki Nukui e na y a k a ~ i
E s s k o e na waqa, E n a soko e na. waqa. E na soko e na waqa ki Iu'ukul. E na sako e ns waqb ki Nukul
e nn y~aksvf .
nl :.ataka
sega n i
E na S O ~ O E na ~ ~ a q a ki Nukai e na y a k a v i ni mataka.
3 n a sega ni soko e na waqa kX Nukul e n a y a k a v i r.i rcataka.
Xc.
v i a a sega ni ki na va le fJ n8 13092 e n a s i ga T E s l t l
XI:. Etepet i t ian ,
Au v i a gvrnil. Au v i n a k a t a n a wa? n i moll.
0 VIA ma$e? O vinakata na ra t e?
0 v i a siwa? 0 v inaka t a na s i :~a? '
X I $ . S u b s t i t u t i o n ,
USE? e i t h e r v.1 a+ 001 ~ ~ i r i ~ k i l t 8 . -- .---------
Cue ---
n a 2Wasra. sisi3.i slwa na wa n i s i w a y aq orta r.o c e
Y want to d r i n k , 1 wan% lc:::aon ,j uf cc .
I want t c c a t . 1 want f'30d.
30 y o u want Lo Bie? So you want dea th?
DC you whnt t u fish? 33 you like fislai.ng?
Au v i a gmnta wai nl rno2i.. - -- -"--ma------
Au vinakata ria k8kmae AU V ~ Z ~ i ~ i l i . Au v l s s i w a , A u v i n a l ~ a t ; ? na p i g nf ~ 2 1 ~ 2 . . AG u j n a k e t a Ea yaqona* A t l vZa ~ C C F ~ ,
f, ' G dau siwa' is core r ~ f t e n asked,
I Su~pLemenSary d ia logue .
A : E dua na k'a nni Co y o u w a n t any th ing? v i n a k a t a ?
5 : To, a u v i a ra ica na Yes, I1c; l i k e to see t he D * 3 . D,G.
:;!:rielxc 1s h e ?
in ~ ~ g f i ~ d a w a .
30 yi; '~ know \ * : ~ c I I PIC is .i:oing t;o be k;::ck?
hIoJ I d o n f t know,
---- -- -"
1. Y ~ G fs the s h o r t farm o f oq8.
- a. b i s d a i d a i dZn2 s i 3 , 0 , Feperuerf Tausa ZQrL J anue ri J u n e kg kal l iko kg, e jR5 kirs a
les u Zoma ng;,caw n !cia J 'c aeta m t a k a , r:a mataka ms taka , n i rnstalca mate MB rnocernoce, ?.. mo li MZni t i rnk~ri-a
Sara s avas av5 nigaleva s i s i l i t ara t a ra la i5
pas t %ense marker beer (En@. ) t oda:;
-
February ( E n g l . ) t irne d r l ~ k January (IJz-ilsl. ) June l i 3 n C ~ . 7 . thing clock ( E n g l , ) her:, this pi.ace t i lere, t h r e k y , t h e r e w i t h ,
t h e r e fmycrn ye '; lJw'n center t , n ldd l e , i n s i d e aeek ??arck (:';nr;l . ) r~2.s CJ 1423t.i -".--.- f ' ; b ~ ~ , eye I:', o l.-ibl n ,.; t;or?errt;\\r clisease, a te ? k y ( Y 1 1 3 i ) s l c e p l n g p i a c e , a bet2 c i c r u s Pllc;nC~y {E;nql. j
, 2 - --. rfc21szl.r7: 'trans. ntrria; .---- e x u r l ' b e h i n d , la te- ' , -7-
k i murf 'to t h e pea?'. -.--- -- ~ a i rnuri. 'a t or. from t h e rear ,
future tense marker time, when yesterday t o d a y v iL lage on t h e Reua Delta fi!lf.si., , a f t e r ;?OW, thor:, so, Just +7 ad.^ .. 3 l ~ : l g S t , v i s i o n , see , --
t indcr*standi ; t rans , ra iea watch c l e m mlciday , noon b a t h e 5 d3. Id a k9md of meke darnced w i t h b o t h ---
par tners kcsldikg arms and fricina the front, stepping alcng wich a fas t bea t .
TPseba TGsite v5 Vaics,raubuka Vakara~.ls.rai v i a v9.nakat a. vu l a Vun% daw a
trans. t a ra la la taka dance --.---- w i t h someone in this fashiont.
Decernber (Eng l . ) Tuesday (Eng3. ) four Frti dad S a t tarday want to want, l i k e month, moon administrative s t a t i o n f o r t h e
P r o v l ~ c e of I'jsit,zsir*-t f ' i shfng l i n e water evcnirng - a reflection; k s n a --.."------ j.fyaloxa.lo -- - --me
?he image o r p o r t r a . i t o f . . . ' ; ria, n u c u i ~ a l o _ y a i o 'the p i c t u r e " " - --- I. ownt
FIJIAN
1. Dialogue t o b e memorized.
A : 9 ra ica nz noqu i 3.
Have you seen my k n i f e ? se ie?
B: Au sega nl r a i c a . f haven" teen i t .
A : 38 i sele n e l c;ei e I.Frllrse k n i f e 1s i.!f l l i s x ring? t;ama tiks a V I l i m e ?
B : Cya na gonz* Ha That P s h i s . Ycur k n i f e is nomuni i sere e Aik'f"ercnr5. d~ait2bl.i e
1. F i J i a n has a marc? deta.flr:d syst,eE ~f j :c?aseaslves ( g e n i t i v e s b t h an Goes Engl, lsh, A s t l r l example, rny "can be tsans3.af;ed in foh r xays, depending trpcra what i s pos:;essed. The f ~ r l l o w l r l ~ : d1ag1-anp. S!IOWS t h e ouPGhi (~~ of t?it-- system:
Possess ion -------
ke- ( f o r e d i b l e s ar:d cermira. - S u f f i x e d farms Tor : f nn;te q ~ a 2 i t l e s )
k i n terms --.--.--- -.".
The nezbership o f some words wf ll cane as a s u r p r i s e t o speakers o f E n g l i s h . Tavakr, .------- ' t obacco t is c la s sed as an e d i b l e , r~sol i em-- 'citrus as a cir lnkablc.
In genera l , t he rncn?be?shf? o? a gartlculrr w o ~ d to o m class is i"airly r i g i d , l3ut t he re i s some c u t t i n g ac ros s c lasses . Dalo t a m ' is, as one would e x p e c t , in the e d i b l e --- cLass.-%~ if one is speaki r tg of -- d a l o s t r i c t l y as a m a ~ k e t a b l e p r o d u c t , he uses t he no-. possess l ve.
Fop t h e language l ea rner , t h e whole sys temopera tes like a gender system and s h o u l d be t rea ted as such . Thus,
E E sega ni l a k o k i n a noda bose. - E a l a k s kt na nona 1 teitei, E sa y a l i na nonunI i. s e l e ? E v e l bcka na nodra i t e l t e i ? Nomu lako--au na rarawa k i n a , OyZ n a ricciaru. ?I itau. E vef b e k a M:I nomu tgnaa? 35 l e v u d fna ?a nona k o l T . S^a t o t o l o d i n a na noc?a waqa. E sega ni ga t2 qa noqu X sele,
as Pn German GP French, nouns have t o be fearr~ed w i t h t h e inasker of gerlder. F o r t u n a t e l y , t h e class t o which a r,our? be longs Is much easier t o p r e d i c t in F i J l n n t h a n i n German o r F rench .
Oa? na nsna vele ni kana ,
n oq m nomu - nornuni nodr>a ri odaxu noda noqG nona nodra
- Oqs ?a noqu va le n i kanz. Oqo na nomu v a l e n i kana.
I V , Q u e s t i i o nand answer.
D r i l l l e a d e r pollits t o C ~ C , ~ W C , th ree , o r r n ~ ) ~ e of' ti712 class and asks, Sel e e l h ? -- --.--
C ue - Answer - ( p o P n t s t o h 3 . n : ~ ~ :f'l Na nomunf. ( p o i n t s t o s t u d e n c r+ec i t l ng ) IJa noqu, (pain2;s t o anotkier s t u d e n t ) Na nona. Letc.3 * * .
Oqi3 rAa naqu vale.# G q 5 na noqu tanqe". Oqb n a nomu matokz, Oq8 na ncam~: koro , Dqori l?a nomu p e n i . fly2 na nemu yanuyanu. Oqb na nodaru vale . O q B n a nodasu k o r o . OyB na nodra k o r o , Oy% na ~ o d r a y anuyanu.
Cue ---
noqu k v r o vsle ni kana !ZCr?1U aya vale l a l l e i o q c r i nma 3r.uro vale ni k u ~ o
V I I . R e p e t f t f o n d ~ p f l l ,
S g kana v inaka d i n a na kena ea lc ,
Oq3 n a kequ t a v l o k e . E l e v u n a iicrla. QVI. F, SaJairu n a kernlznz i k a . GyE ne kena tavako 38 vakzrau n a k r n u
kEicarta. S% o t l LEI kequ tavauo.
Cue -.
T h i s i s my hotlee. This i s ray canoe. T h i s I s y o u r car. This I s y o u r village. Thst * s y o u r pen. That's y o u r i s l a n d . This f s our bouss . This is our ~ l i l a g r . That ? s t h e i r v j l l agc . 'Xihat. t;;P s t h e i r I s l a n d *
Sentence --..+-.
C'kJ-5- 5 3. rkOl0-d- *~uk~** -
Oc;o na noqu va le , O q 5 n a noqu kt7vo. Gq5 na rios:> vi;ie 39 kana. OqF rim, f,l:,E-.n - ~ a i e nf kat-a. - Ilybji! rxh r'rryL v s l e 2% ksxia* Gya na nonia v 5 i e Lz.l l2i . G q ~ r l r , ~ rnr:riu ?,z."iL:?L. G q s ~ * % na nona r z l e l a l l a i . Cic,sri ria mcna :curas Oqari n a no~irt va l e ni klxrrs.
His ta ro Is r ea l l y good food.
:?,en"ses;ce -*- --
SF. l e v u ns kcmu - tavako.
5% bcvu na kemu tavako. SEt. i e v u na ke:sunT tavako.
,-, - ss s:-~i;l:l :; lna!,;a !.l i . ,c pa '1: .* -\ ;: ?.r 2 :? or. a, re 2 1 ': :i i; ;I :: t e $ n 1 (: e . 2[:2:'28 ~ '? : jo i ] j
p. - v... - iL; 0 n 2 i r j c c-; :: ' ;:; "'3 (:, ,j..rais j.5 rqy ~ a ~ ~ c : , ;; 5. 1 ai 3 .-a ; :-. 4 ;,a I:~!;%;U~.; IF 3 .l 3, yai l r bczfwr' ... , _ . alrrLost c ~ p t y . ,..- . , j ;i *L tir :J :; 2;i T c2 rl ;% -,,: ,.;G~PL;, ., ' . He rias ZL l o t 3f Y ~ c u ~ D ~ ? . fJy ;;a .."I 1 k L ~ ~ t w .> fr. ; . T!it.s: ?n$. '7~. .3 g " IS yo;j,rl n:elc;~;,. f, - n 7 ja. naca ns 1:ilc;qu : d x ~ . - :J y ;*! at s r f s u :r,p t ;j . 5 3 ka f ::.i.; :,..t:j r : ~ rr.e:-;u w.:lli . Yc;ur ?iintc:r i s h o t .
1 'JeplabTe s l o t .
r:!cq u me Len1 ". QN a E:e i-1 c;. ti r, v:, I . - ' A dl. ??i. ,::.:Ur:L: c!.: d r 2 u Cr.l(3 , .,, T' j :..- h , i i :.;I c;oiZ
G q c j na meq1.i yaqona . - ( 2 ~ 0 na, mequ x e l t : ~ i , -~ Oyr;. ria rnec:L z!:?el.t?ri! , -. Oya na. mena n e l e n f , g;? la k'la Pien3 d.oi$:i . -, - ....ya !la :~ ie~;- r w2.1 ni cTt;TiU. - ~J;J;-,. r i a mecrrWscr wal t l i ::tnnii, Or4 cv.5 na ;r:edraa wal, n i TuI.iL1, S'q c,:*-4. ria i::.ecir;a~~ tia5 n,: .;ii?ii ..
b i a vu.xka Ti2q 0 l k n vale 2 1 . 1 ~ +- r 7 , - 5 " .. L d u dk,~; :$ aq 03 Fz PQIlTO?*i - turia3a 1.d 2,p a ? L!VI. v i vl. l i . K 31: :-in a :I 3nri;4 ;f;. l,J
!fa kedrau k i iLs~a d i n a . L Na me:u mayo d r e u , Xa nedrau me1e:ii k m i k a n i c a , i\:a :lonu ;+ anuyanu Ir7-J.?.aie Na ~erntidrau. vuaka v ~ v i .
Cuc -- Sentence ..------
E: dur~ nn vale 3evu oya.
f 3 . ~ 2 . na va le lai.Lai ~77s. - E ,:aa r,a vale v f n s k a o y a .
Sentence
dovu we le t i I;! aq o b Li
Oq2 e dua na dvvu k a m i k m i e a . * . "
< , , , r j s , - ril; va le v jnaka . L'qii, r3a &%kana vinaka.
I. Yay(;, cassava, c t c . ester] w i t h 1 c a i ' f i s h , meat ' .
b . daho kequ vina.ka oq 5
c . i k a kens viml aka oyz
f, wal mena batabatz oqar l
na vuaka na kenu vuaka n a kemu vuaka vavl oqor i na kcmu vuaka vav i
na. da lc na kegu d a l o na kequ d a l o vlriaP.a oq5 na kcqu daho v i n s k a
na lika na k e n a I k a n a k e n s I k a v i n n k a og5 na kcna I k a vinaka
113 peni na nor-;#; p p ~ i n r ~ rlomu 1:1eni k s u na nomu pen3 X 3 t s ct j1avu aqcr i :is :ioRu oerli kau ba lavu
ria y aniiyankr na nona yanuyanu r:~. ncna yanuyanu nuKa v u l a oyS. na nona yanuyanu nuku vula
n a wai na mena wal na nena wa-i. batr-rbatz rjqori nn mena wai batabaca
ni maqd n a nedrau. maqo. >a medsau Z s c rmqo oqox9 na mcdr4au i s i maqo
A : il;;.lcr vlxeka, e rwa Piease , can you h e l p r r e ? n.1 o v ~ k c i au?
3: Ic, x;a csva r,a ncimta Yes. dhatqrs y o u r prrz9lern? 1.e:; a?
A: E raytie ~ e k n n3 G Can you shaw me t h e p o s t vzka-r,sltakn v e l au o f f 2 ce? na posf t 3 v c s l ?
8: Na y ~ s J t 6 v e s i ns vale T'rc p o s t o f f i c e 9 s that t.rf;ite vu3 a v u l e 3y z ,--l o au b*.ni l d l n g , k i * ~ t I t t , l n k f t - rAa~2s:-ia nj. 2 ::a S C ~ P C c ? osed at th ree . e r,a t c l~ ; .
A: Oi, au sZ, lria qa.1 l~ sk r ; i'2t-2, I ?il go t h e r e t;orncraru:li kina. ~ i i s~a t aka , the-n, Thank y o u v e ~ y n!uct;. \'il?&s -j;?ka-.j.e*.ju.
d u z t an1 -r r a u -It ot i kanlkaxlca k n l E k a r o le q a
1Lma r~aca nadra2 naqo maqos a
matua KC? l 2 n i - 3lU
-riudou -!.nudr.a~t rr an urna r,ei nuku - posi tcivcsf raraw a paw a P0Ul"OU s e i e , 1 scgo sc, i
tau, i +,aura t avako t a v i o k a t avuteke uvi va.ka-2oLo v a k a - r a i t a k a vaka- rau
a coconu t f c r d r i n k i n g I s c persor& p l u r a l . i r i c l u s ive tzro 1 s t p e r s o n dua' i n c l u s i v e sucar c a m 3 r d person p l l a r a l ripe o n l y , a l one ; na k k a Xcvw duadua
"he bigges--"- 3 iF fe ren t 1st person d u a l e x c l u s i v e 1st; c e ~ s o n t r ia l . e x c l u s l vc swec t do '* cot t o o s h o r t f c r , d i s t ~ e s s e d ; as
n . , c i a n ~ c r , t r o u b l e f i v e f31:Ttg ( o f ~ t f t j ~ l ? ) , d r y i"; re ad z3X1p0 j El? : r l , ) c3refu1, i:Jz*sca?, d i l l c e n t ,
s1::llctl ::atare , raipc n e l u n ( L n g i , ) 2n3 Ders en s2.nar1la.r 2nfl p e r s o n " r i a l . Also duu --- 2na ;3ersQn dua l till: nk of', b e l o n c i n g t o sand post, o f f i c e ( E n e l , ) unhapplneos , pa in , s u f f e r i n g a5 1e, p o s s i b l e , done Carl,: leaf lcni re close (an opening) c o e o n t ~ t l ea f baske t f o r c a r r y i n g
i T 0 3 d ~ wooden bow: f o r 3repar81ng
p r 4 c 2 a. frlerif3 h o i d w i t h t he hand t a h a r c o , c l garet tes (Eng1.1 cassava, aan ioc , t a p i o c a ( E n g l . ) f r?; y am p r c p a r e d f n cocorlut m i i k s 1 1 0 ~
ready, prepared
\y:t .,r v; Y 2 12. VOU vrlaic a vuke-a v u l a , vuLavula
cookcd i n e a r t h oven s e a s h e l l s 11e w P ~ G vuke ' h e l p ' ; t r a n s . vukea -- --- white; % is used as a d j e c t i v e
in compounds P aP a:? 2 2.03 t
F'IJPAc;!?
A i ka ono ni lGsor i i
( Ina l l enab le possess ion ; transitive v e r b s )
I, Dialcgue t o be nemcrlzed.
A,: C!ceioyi%? Whot=, tnats?
A: K 3 c a v a e m a i cakava?
W1-i at; d i d h e
ti: E mzi l a k o v a na He eaae a f t e r his 15i)at. nona waqa,
A: E na sf;icosaka nfktla? WI1.3, he s a i l I t , tsday? I B: Sega, Sa le t a nP sa. No because h2s arm is st911
navoa t i k o v a k a l e v u 3 s d l y i n j u r e d . na. l i ~ a n a .
A : E E nmavoa. ~raka-cava? Iiow was it hilrr? I 3 : E 5 t a y a e n a n o n a He cu t it wish his k n i f e .
i s e l e .
A: Ei cakacaka t f k o a IJ1-iere docs he work? vc%?
B: E dau t e l t e i , He is a. farmer. -
A : Ma cava so e tez*? What does h e p l a n t ? I 3 : Scge, e qarava t i x o Bo, he looks a f t e r the f m i l y
n a n o d r a t o u b Z ni c a t t l e farm. b u.lumakau.
1. I n the d i a l c c . ~ e , v?~gogg, l fgana, and tmana -- are examples o f words f u r k i n term,~ and body parts t ha t take a d i f f e r e n t form of possess ion than t h e examples ir, the previous lessorl. These fomls are s u f f i x e d to the base, causing the stress to be shifted, For example , tama ' father" tamas -- 'my f a t h e r t .
Note t h e similarity in form to the other possessive: noqu, -92; nomu, --mi; nona, -na; e t c .
I?. F e p e t l t i o n .
O k ~ g a n a tmaqa. F: v e i na tina.mu? 0 c e i na yacana? SE t lulab'j la v inaka na t inanu? 4- fi 1-[ L A ra1-8 ki p a rnzkete n e t a c j n & * 9% cuCru waka-levu ria wattqu. S5 eakacal.~:~ tiko ns t ivzsqu e nana vale ni k u r c . 3qE na t i n a i k e i r a u . 0y5 na t i n a d r a . E tasv f mate v a k a - l a f l a t na buqu. Au a sega ni ralei t a c i q u .
Cue ---
l u v e q u y alewa t ernar:a. w a t i q u wat i m 9 w a t l n q t f n a l A x7sne l c v e i S a k l 2 s i $,xrnaJ Sons wati I S a k i a s l
Cue --
mat a q . ~ d a i k a q u 'iLC dq l.1 g 11s c.rJ 12 l i g a q i ~
FtZ h u l e b r i l a v i n a k a na t i n a q u . SZ b u i a P u l z v i n a k s 113 lrivcqu. 35, b u l a L u l a v i n a k a nz tainaqu
i n i l a f , . . .
Oq6, na nia. tagu. L . .
P -*-
1. The p o s s e s s i v e w i t h -i -- is used f o r t h e words t h a t b i l l 1
t ake the s u f r i x e d pusscs s ives ,
kw",qu y BVP.Cj U ds&u nl uluyu bat iqu m a b i zone da l iga i Pone
Cue -
mat a d a l i g a UCU $US u l i g a kete y zva. Gat i. :fiatai 30nc
Sa mask na u l u q u , ----
I V . Question a.nd arrswes. f n s l r u c t s r poirnts to bvdy p a r t 2nd asks what I t is, Studen t repll.e-, ,
A cava aq;? O q o r i , na (u:~qmunij. A cavz oqwri? Oq:, na I i g a q u . e t c . 9y us ing o t h e r class menbers, t he i n s t r u c t o r can e l i c i t most o f the forms.
V . S imple s u b s t i t u t i o n .
Cue -
at a dai lga, UCU g U S il l i g a k e t e y ava b a t i mat a% Jone
Sentence --_- Oy% na gone yaiewa. SE t a u v i
mate o koya. S 5 rnosl na v l u n a . ---
. . . S Z m u s i n a natana. . . . S 5 mosi n a dal iganz. . . '
SZ kana t i k o na t a c i n a , S5. kan ia na 5aPo o koya. 38 gur,ir t i lco na tm-J 7 na. 3% gunuva na b P a o koya. E 5 t a r a vale t f k o ma1 BZ o koya, - E: a t a r z na va le o koya. SZ r a i xl.naka t a l e na rnatanae Au s5 ra iza na nona va le .
1. E 2 kana. E a k a n i a . E , k a ~ r i a na da lo . E 5 kalr?Sa na da lo n i k u a . E k a n i a n a dale n l k u a ma1 NaCi.
2 , E lake. - E a l akova . - E a. Iskova. na 2ka . - E a laksjva na i k a e ria s iga MZr,f?,t i . E 5 lakova na ika e na s i g a M6niti k.L r ~ a mzkete,
3 . E 5t ;a ra . E Z. tarZ na v a l e . E 5 tar5 na vale e na y a b z k i sa o t i . E 5, targ na vale e na yabuki sa 0x1. m a i na k o r o ,
4 E Z.f;.iva, - 5 ;2 slwata. E Zi slwata n a i k a , E 5 slwata n a i k a e na b o g i . - E a siwiita na ilca e n a bogi e na ucfwai .
1. T h i s d r i l l c o n t r a s t s some i n t r a n s i t i v e and t r a n s i t i v e v e r b s . '"The form of the tsx'i;nsitive s u f f i x is usua'kly a con- sonant plus -g, and f o r most v e r b s , t h e consonant never changes. T h i s means t h a t f o r each verb l i k e $unu drink , - t h e f u l l e r Fam, gunuva must b e learned .
*--,J
Some verbs ending i n -a, l i k e kTXa %nowt, lengthen the -- f i n a l v ~ w e l f o r the t r a n s i t i v e farm--kilZ,. Some, l i k e kana -- ' e a C ' , have an i r r e g u l a r form.
When t h e t ; r m s i t l . v e form appears w i t h o u t an o b j e c t , the o b j e c t i s unders tood. F o r example, kmia means 'eat; i t t ; --- kii5 'know it?.
Cue --.-
2. akova rra i k a e na siga I4Gniti ki na m~ke'be
t arii n a vale e na ;yczGa%l, s Z o t i
siwata na i k a e n a bo[::l E! l?8 M ~ ~ V J ~ ~
I . Repetition.
Au B r a i c l . t a a q u , I Au sega ni k i l a i icoya. % B l a k o v l t a c i m u . Au % vuke i koya . E B c i c i ~ i tankana o ,Tone, E B ta rsg i au o kaya, Au B r a i c i koya naai vale. E dodonu rno l a k o v i k u y a .
E Z kanzi. E 2i k a n i a . E B k a n i a na. d a l o . E 5 k n n l a na da1.o nikua. E 5 karzia na dalo rrikua mai I.ladi.
E Z lakc, E B lakava. E B Zakova n a dka. 15 E Zakrjva na i k a e I r a e i g a i;i6!31k3+, - E a l akcva n a i k a e na s lga MEniti
k f na mgkete.
E a t a r a . LX 5 t~ t r5 , E ii t a r 5 na va le . E 5 tsrla na v a l e e nil yabqkf
K Z i of;? * - k; d, i ~ ~ i i ria vale e n s yahakl -
s a a t i nai ria koro. " 1 - =i a c l w a . 9 Z siwate, 5 Z i siwata na i k a . - E ti sl.wata na i k a e na b3.091,
-" E a siwhta rra Ik;? e na bogl. e
n a uz i t s a i .
1. hiher, t r a n s i t i i ~ e verbs are L?SI?CJ w i t h p r o p e r nouns or pronovtns, -i -. 13 use6 ra",hcr t k a n -a. F o r example , au
-"
raici 303e a zu r a k c i koyz; nn r a i d t a m e . --A' XL--_..- ---.- ---
Xa.. ,?ic;gle substitution.
Xb.
ALI E sega nL nanurni Linaqu. ' * .
I? s z odu ta na uluns . e nanoa. ---- 2 :A ~n:)kuta n a I i ~ a n a e nanoa, 7 .
L x c > k ~ t i J o ~ e e nanoa.
E n :,aica na waqa e n a y a k a v i . -------.
XI. Variable s l o t ,
rac k;t:f va S am3 mokut;a, kc';;
E a r n l c i t a ~ a n a e na g a k n u i , E 21. F Q ~ ci na t8r.ap.a T na y a k n v i , E a ~ a l ~ i 11;*~ena e yalcavi. I?
i., s r a l c l vugona e n a yakavl . v o a r a i ea na n3na k o l I e n z g a k a v i . E a raioi alr e na y a k a v i .
5 B sokc t aka r ~ a waqa e 1:a yakavb. ,i & s o k o t a k a ria waq;; c na rnata!: A
i f i! ls'i. U ria soxo5aka na waqa c na
m a t aka lai f ai . 7 - c na raica na aaqa e na mataka
?2i7aJ_ . 5. 3:: rs? :a ria t:aqa e TIH yakavi , . *-
_; :A s s l c c i ;la w:~.::, e r,a y a k a v i . 7 - ,A a r2;i.icf t:jl::;ntr e ria y a k n v i ,
-*
r: r z i ~ i tarnal~a c: na 'mci4wa - S d c ~ I . - - -. a. t s r o i t l tarnma e na ri~zcawa .. 3 ot:f. -
i; a tarop;n na c a r a ~ a e na r:r?icawa e % ot:..
~ 5 " arc-^ ~ E r n g a n i kot-a e na ~i%c:av?a $3 oat. -
B a "i;ar9,qi t8raga !?i k o r ~ e na nakakn nikua.
E ii caro~cti r a u e ria matakra niicua. E k a c i v i rau e n a nataka n 2 ~ u a .
L< ii k z c l v i Samu e i?a m3taK.a. n ikua . - - L a a o k u t l Z m u e na nataka n ikua . n - L: a moi, : i t~ na k o l l E na mataka
rlfktla.
!? na dua na gauna, nl rac sa vcftau dred re k i n a ria t e r i I d - e i n l kal.avo, r n u 5 gaue ~ 3 1 % kina e lcma ni v c i k a u . 3aii k u n e a sara e dua ria i ~ T U v u d i d r e u . S B knya sara na t e r l , ' Aid $5 Psbata -. na 1 kau v u d i , i a mo t i k o gE e rz," Sr'; &aria n:i t e r i :;% rr!=,mau, s5 qal v i r a l t a k a mai ue i nona i t a u ntt kuli ci v u d i wale gZ m e k a n i a . O t i oyZ $2 kaya na k s l a v o , ''T,?-ru p a l l a k o k t eakau." Kunea sara na k a l a v o - c d:~z na v z s u a ni dalaya tG, ~ a c i v a zara na nona 1 t a u , ''ids:: f,cara n . a r i ~ ria k 5 oq6. " Lalco sal-a K Z J L na t e r l k a - - -- b u t ~ . t k s n3 I c ~ n ni vasue , sa qai qarnuta n3 ~ & v a n ~ na v2sca. PrI qa i tzcpi ria t ; c r t , ' ]$a , r?oqu i t a u , uti s5 n:ate!' Kaya
v u s nr? kal-s,vc ' 'r),?orl ria 3 S ~ U i l i v u d l , b a l e ? a na - nomu sr;.li2. ve; au na k s c s . I ' i ko e kg nlo I u v u , 2'1 sh lakc nl sa bera na LA,-{ le$;:l.
- rS 2 , Xa. cava e ~ ' l i i , i a re!.?atit : -
li: 1'212 a x>a.i.ca e ati;:), na J. ki:!.u vud!..
. Na e2vn e 2 yaco nl sZ k:?.bata r!a vud3 na t e r i ? E 5 kania :la v u d l nn terj. qa . i sc13.l.a vnii na ka::avo na
! c ~ l . % n a , i i . . ~ kena ,
5. lhl sZ oti na kar,;r v u d f , e rat: 5 1 ~ 2 9 k i v e l ria ve l t a t r ? E r a u S l a k o k f csk,;.u,
- 8. f\ls cava e a qa i cakava ne knla.xro'2
E k-aci.7;~ 19::: nona i ti.zu n,e rxai t a t l r a . .
. $:a cava e < cakfiva na t e r i n i s 5 k a c i v l koya na ka lavo? E a lz~.ko ;~i-~;-i? k ~ . bd1,ui~a na lorra nl v s s u a .
- - 10. !?a c a v e e A y3c.s rsi s ; h u h k a na _ t o m rii vgsrma na 'ceri? -
25 n q n l qaxuta ea y?vnn& na vzsua.
t auvf mate? t; a-g 2
t e a t t? ri t i n a &.. L 4 oms-na
tzclwai U3U u l u vaka-cava vaka-s ;$.:at aka vak a--8 a va vlstja v e i k a u vc i t au
t .2q:$:! kcl-y ' 4 t rans , t a:.rL ca .-w....- - -A---
ta2.3 'send'; t 1 - 3 ~ 1 ~ ~ f.ii38 ' s e n d -- ---- 5 p e r ~ ~ ~ ~
f s t h e s pso tecc , preserve taro ' a s k " k ~ a n s , taro^ 'ask -- --
a question1 Ill. ta 'chop w i t h k n i f e t ; t r a n s , t9ya F
p l a n t t h e skyamp hen mol- he r 'coma ' accarnparry , !';t:Lp > L~aanz . --
nc1s S i;e s d what ;ibor;ct . . . , h : , ~ adv ise send a:]iay, %ri.ve ofP 4;ilr.. I.ap?rt,e c l s m
, = - ~ 0
-- - In v ~ ~ T ; ; . Q drPr'.re ' q ~ e r g good ------"-..*.-.--""-.~- -- fy-jefid, *
$firc:ar rcunc!abcut; k l r ~ d c f banana one" yrcluj;iorr--.ir,-?L:yYb,; fa~hep,
rri;~t.her, scr;, i i>.u~l. l ter, n i e c e , r t Q C $ ~ ~ : { J
vuill'i:~ 'prneach , r:ake a spet? ' ; - --..- t ~ a n s . vrar,auca, I tile p e r s o n as ctb . ; vunautaka sut:e ct, of' t h e ------- 9
speech as ob . o r ~ l y S ~ O I I S C
t ske p i a c e , happen , a- r ivz ?art3 c r l ~ of d-irectic>rr: aTday
f : ~ r : ; the speaker f r :o t , 7,:=.g
(mJ s i k o r d i n a t u clauses w i t h ni -- and k e ) --
A : O na l a k i siwa ke Are you go?.ng f^lshing i f t h e v t n a k a na d r a k i ? weather 's good?
B. ke s Z ontP na ricqil. Yes, i f 1 finis'^ my work . . X g 3 "
c n ~ a c a k n .
A : E rxd3. n 2 . k ].aka tale- Mzy I go t o o ? ~58:'
B: $3 rawa ke gnla2a rt;l f Z 1 s possible If' there's wacja. room in t he Scat.
A: C ceZ d2u na l a k o I hl-ia ' :s golng a1 os",)~? vat a?
9: XeiLou ca 1ek.r) vats ble t l l gc? 3 a ~ : . t I - ~ 2 ,>h;, a36 \ d i l l i a , z ~ . k ~ l . r>au o i1i;;a :~.e:l I f :1r3 one e l s e ~:rses, :;ou can , , w Ke seq;:, go t o e . t a l e ::i dg,al 4 i e ' ~ < % b C 5 , - ' , e pa.wa n i 1:-;>-,. ... . , I .J % a h $28.
A : 2; n2 v i c a ria ks.lcs::o What tirile w i l l you (3) be dou rla Xa%s Xlna? 112 aving?
B: 'r: n a t o l u e na : ~ a t a . k r ; At t h ree in t h e ~nornln?; , if I n i l a i , L.2 rawa. poss l bat?.
A: flu n x i c a k s :it .':a I hack the wea.%her w i l l be v-irraka m a c?r.aki, gc;sr..d ,
ku ca i sko k e v Z ~ s k 3 na d r a k l , Keirau na iaKo ke raws. Au v i a r ~ a i c i kenlurtz l i~ i P B W ~ Z . Au v i a EiJau ke reatra. Daru rza la icJ e l l l s i kt? T T L ~ B S T? ria waqa. Au na i a k o kii. Suva 16:e rauta :%a noqu f lavo. Au na l a k o k e G L ~ k o . E na v;t#ei kc;tx.?dnf' o ko!ya ke g a l a l a < $5 cZ na h u l a k e ki3 f i f . birxtl, aLr, E vinaka k c daru n a m31 s b t a t a l e e ks,
I I Ia . Sin;yle s u b s t l t z t l on.
dabe kana t avako r a i c i kernun? vukei kernvnX
Cue ..--
kxnu e so fia bacz ga la la na waqa da tou lakc e n a mitaka
lai l a i ko Iskc1 f 5 l c 85. sega nS t a u na uca s% o t i ria noqu oakacakz ea tou l e su t o t o l a mai gaLala na wat lqu da tou lako xli mat aka sega ni l z k o o Jone
Sentence ---..---
Au v i a gunu ke rawa,
Au v i a d a b e ke raw&. A u v i a kana tisvako ke rawa,
Au na l a k o ke kune e s5 na baca. ku na l a k o ke ga la la na wapa.
Sentence
- c s na d r a k i Au ria sega ni Zako k c ca n a d rak i . sega na baca P,L; na sega n i la,ko ke segn na. Bzca. l a k o t a l e e dua ,A . sega nP lako o trm,,aqu
Cue v
kurx e s3 na. b a c a dou na lesu t o t o l o ma: levu na ika
SenLcnce -----.--.
Au nu:?.taka ni na vfnaka na d r a k i . -"
* . *
a ~ s s u ~ ~ o eTTos iu B M B ~ ay qbo cuob.elC eu shnura2 sir n ~ c ( 1
'BMBJ 321 qbo z ~ r o b ~ f i eu vi~nunQ eu n,esg
* ~ b o ~ u o b z R su ~ n n u n 3 eu ndeC =x?nnun8 eu nJxq
vim6 ax gba ~ u o b ~ b eu
Dyr T ~ X
'k3F~E.z aay aTas 5 nmou eu s n p a
~hvya i i : srr a
I . Gxpans%or xf th tir;glish cces . C rze -- Sentence .--
to Suva Au na Pako ki S ~ v a . a f t e s work Au na l a k o ki Suva ni uti na
cakacaka. I f po%s%bZe A u na l a k o ki Suva ke ~ a w a ni
c t i na cakacaka. in t he evcning Au fia lake ki Suva e na yakavi
k e sawa nf a t i na eakacaka.
you (2nd persol? s l . n z ~ ~ l a r ) :iespunse3 t h e s a ~ i c as ZVe. w&nt t o if p o s s i b l e be fo re f o u r (oicfock~
one 136' Y O U P Knl.ves if possil=7.e t h a t T use i G
w i t h you t h i s y aqoxia if p o s s i b l e t h a t Tho;na,s gives P t
this t a r o if p ~ s s i b l f ? as y o u ' r e not eat1rij.r 2 f ;
V, R e p e t i t i o n ,
E rawa ni'u lalro t a l c g81 E rawa z t i drasl vak.8.-tatoia m i ? E rawa nf o soZPa v e l au e s6 na baca? E rawa ni Q tukuna v e i aL 3% vita na ka loka? E rawa ni vodo t a l e e daa e n a riamu motok83 E sawa nl t o u i a k o e na t c i u na kaloko? E rwa nl a vaka-rai- taka v e i au na gaunisala? E ratva n i l u keyea e dua na nrclrnu w;Z n i siwa? E rawa ni'u vaka-yaga-%aks na nrjsnu i se l e? E rawa ni o k a u t l a u vu8 na tllraga.
Sentence .---
E raxa ni 'u Lako t a l e aZ? ---.-----dal
E rawa ni o lnlco t a l c qB? E rawa ni d r ~ u valca-totolo mai? E rawa ni o s u l i u 336 vu3? E raws ni dcu l a k o m i ? E rawa ni o t a&el su? E Pawa n i roc. i & c n i m a t a k a ? E ~ a w 3 i l l Q nf. ~ 0 1 3 3 VFI % : 2 ~ C?
dua. na tavakfi? E rawe nf u k81iti au ~ i 5 ?la
t $raga? E rzwa ni u gunuvz na nernunE
y aqot~a?
a l r k o t a l e gZ drau vaka- totolo mai o s o l i a oq8 vu8 dou lako n l a i o - g ~ ; k e i t C ~ U i 8 k o n l mat aka o a1 s a l i a -+red au e 3ua
I?a t atva:/;o o 1cav.f; ?- all YPGZ na t.n~*a;:?,
Cue -- ..-- Sentence -.-----.- "
fi: rawa nj. o 1;3&:1 !liaJ, k2, kana e na yaksvj.?
E ronwa c Lako n a i k i kana e na yakavi?
E rawa n?, u la.ko mai kL kana e na yakavt '?
0 . .
E r a w a ni c l a k o ma1 k i kana e - ,..-...-- -- -- - ? & ~ a k a v h ? ----
E s a w ni c l a k ~ mat ki kana nZ mat aka?
E raxa ni o dou l ako n a l icj. kana ni mataka?
vsie
v a l e ni bose
d r a u
Suva.
vodo mctokg
E rawa n l o dou l a k o mai k i vale ni. mataka?
E rawa ni o dou l a k a mai k i vale n i bose ni mataka?
E rawa n i o drau l ako n a i k i vale ni bose ni ma.t&a.
3 rswa n i o d r a u l a k o ~ , a k k i Suva ni nataka?
E rawa n i o d r a u voda mc)tok% rnsi ki Suva ni. mataka?
V I I . R e o e t l t i o n .
nu kil5 ni s 5 o t i na cakucaka. Z;J segs ni rnaca1.a n a va.ni?a e t i k o k i n a o koya . E nacala ni s5 Sestl tale u 'SImoci. Au x;a;.ituna n i dodonu na nomu lewa. E; s t u k u n a ve i au n i si ria sega n i 1x0 o koya. E 3 vela rnai n i n a l s s u r:lai e na rnzcarzra as;?, Ax sega ni k l i . 5 n% tat311 na v a k a - t a ~ & ~ o e k c . Au sa ica n.1 sa 7:Eleka m a l na wacla. fiu v&a-baijta. nf na t a u nrr tnca e na y a k a v l . E ~ u k u n a koya n i sZ Less rriai n a turaga.
VIII . S i n p l e s u b s t i t u t i o n ,
i; ue .-- Sentence --- Au k i l z n i - s 5 oti n a cakacaka .
s 5 l e v u n a uca sa b u t a ria kena d a l o s a o t i na bcse s % moce o koya na d r & i vinaka a na Laka t a l e gS s a les u rnai na wat-i.!a.; r a t o u bera ta na waqa s 5 t o k i k i Lautuka s a sega ni o t i n a no112
cakacaka
I X . Variable s l o t . drX li . Cue --
Au Icf 15 ni. s 5 l e v ~ na u c a . Ru kl l Z n i s Z b uta na kena d a l o , Au k i l z ni s Z oti na hose. R u k i l a ni s 5 moce o koya. Au k l l g n i na draki vlnaka. Au k i l 5 ni o ria l a k o tale gg. Au k i l a n i s 5 Pesu mai n a watirnu. A u ki1.Z n i r a t o u be ra ta na waqa. AU I c i l Z LI s2i toki ki Lautoka . liu k f l E ni s a sega n i atl. n a
nona cakzcaka .
Sentence ---- A u nanuma nl na Pevu na uea e na - - - .
ir.ZT&rni -- mataka.
y ax a v i Au nazrmma: nk na IEVU niz uca e n5. y a k a v i nli matsxa.
gun u AIJ nziuma n:L na le7ru r;a punu e n a yakav i ni mataka.
kil2 k ~ i k l l g ni na l e v u na gunu e n a y a k a v i ni matalra.,
b o g i n i k u a Au klla ni na "VG. na ganu e ria bog i n i k u a .
kakana k e i n a yaqona ku kiXg ni na l e v u n a kakana k e i na yaqona e n a bog1 nikua.
c u i t aka Au n u i t a k a ni na Zevu na kakma k e i na yaqana e na bog% n ikua .
s i g a M 5 n l t i Au n x i t a k a n i na l c v u ;aa kakana k e i na yaqona e na sl(:a Mznlti.
1 la2 Au n u i t a k a n i na l a l l a i na kzkana k e i n a yaqona ; na s i g a E46r?lt i .
eakacaka A11 n ~ i t w a ni na l s i l a i na cakacaka e na cPga MZni5i.
X. C o n s t r u c t s en t cncs s on a n y o f ?.ne rnodels ~ t u d ? ~ e L ? so fa r , ~ ~ s f n g :
1. P r e s e r ~ t tense . 2 , Any grcznnnat2ca2 words ( p r o n ~ : u r , s , ~ ~ s r k e r s , e t e , )
already !sarned. 3. Any i.f t h e fol.low",n econtetit words: irl.l.Z",,c?odcnu,
t m z t a , i e v u , c G ~ c v a , waqa, r z l c a , dua.
Some exazples :~l lghL be:
hu kil2, ni s a d~donu nz t s m a t c oyZ, E cakava e dua na waqa l e v u nh tarnat?. oqd.
XI. ' i"~~ianoa.
Na yaqona e dusl na kau. E dau tei vaka-levu c na vanua b a b a . Ke vanua drak3. sua sua , e na r a u k a beka nl Il-na n?. y a b a k l na kena BuPa qai matua. Ia, ke t e J e ria vanua dsalxi slgnsiga, e rawa nl. rau ta q Z e ~ V L L P na yabekf.. E: t e i t a l e gii na yaqona me v a f f t s k i . E d i n a gB ni na r e u t ~ e dua na gauna ba lavu , s 5 dua na snZa ni rawa f l a v o v i n a k a , E k l X a i l e v u na yaqona n l yaga e na soqo vaka- - t i iragh ka d a u gunuvk tale ga e n a eoqe lalal ni ve iu iga , E seea n i yaga wale gZ e VimS. ria yaqona, e yaga t a Z2 ~5 ma% Samoa kel Toga.
Ques t F o n and answer.
2. I\:a drbalc$ ca7aa e t;*>toolo k i n a rra matud ri-L yaqona? Ha drakl . s i g a s i p a e Eatua to to lc? k i n a ::-;a yaqrsnzi.
3. Tnkuca e d m n a yaqa ni pac,ons. N,z y a'qorna e dau voli"ckk.f ne rawa k.f.na nil I i3vo . Na yaqon?. e dau uzlca-yagataki e ns soqo vaka-t6raga. I\Ta paqona e dau z ~ ~ c * ~ i e n a scqo l a l a l n i ve i s iga .
4. Cavu"; e edua na yanrxycznu e Irj.1a-r t a l c p,Z k i n a na yaqa rii yaqsna .
E k i l a i t a l z ga ria yaga nl yaqoxla n a i To$&*
b aba
baca b i u - t a b u t a cavu-ta
datclu. ( = L O U ) -in?arnl kau- t a ke las a 13~0, 1. lew5
nataqalf ni n u l t aka rap?ou wilt a s aia SZrnoa s l gasi,qa
soqo s e t a-vz S U h S t r a
t a l e g5 t a u te-1.
Toga ";ok: zakuna valca-ti au'; a 7 ~ r ~ l h d C r e - tav33.k~ vaka-tErspa vaka-y a ~ a t aka vat a ve l v e l s l g a vS.ca v i t LI vado va;l% v5leica -~aL i - t aka
vu5 yaga
s i d e , any sceep s i o p e , sticis as t;he s i d e of a h i 1 3
b a i t b i u - glcc lve , I l e s e y V ; t:-;ins. b j . j t a --.- c s a k c d , r2acl.j for'. c s t i n z cavu ' t a name, :c prar iour~ee ' ; ---
t r a n s . cavut a --..-- 1, ,. 4- s u p e r s o n t ~ h a l Inc lus -Lve 1 s t p e r s o n p l ~ r a b cxcLus ive kau -- ' carry ' T, tram , ----- k ZIX% a. if, c h s c e n j o a n e n t , fun risney conrnrznd , rule , s;racir; r , a r ~ L : ; a r l ty .. j u!lgnlc n t
ep,?cl es , t y p ? wher?,, f o r , k t l c z ~ i s e , t h a t P,ORC 3 ~ 6 aerso:: t:7%a2 :I~)DU~; , er;.,;J;-,n rwoad, :~aS;h , sl?v c ? , t 'I 31x0 a tumt up ny t h e , rr lC , c:f l a r id z r ~ d
vfsp,Llf,2"t l or-i z : i : ; 2 ~ b l y , :,ostl;] sl;lxr? r,i"~ec~plc sot r j 'to r p ~ ~ " + -- - , . rbzn; , c t - t ava - W G C
a i s o f k l l ( r a i .n ) tc 'to r ? ? a n t e ; i n t m n : ; , ",is -- ..--- 3
pass. t c i : trar!:;, t e a R l
- ..- - A sn ;-,.zi s h i f t r e s idence , w v e , tra12sf'el~ say , tell be lievb7e smcske ( v , ) cf' ch$.e f l y rank 7 " 'V u3 e t d i t l l , t ~ ~ f , the?? to, tow>r;d:;, a$, w i t h ev-ar:; day l l ~ t r nzriy, how rnacl~ .ss:ver! PI;:& a r k , S nsrrl , ~r.oun t -,?pi c 2
n2 ax-, alnas t v C J ~ ~ "-." ' t j 7 ~ . y ~ ; t r a r , ~ . volitaka ---.-
Oseil, spend mcney'
(Silboxadir,aZ;e ~ h r a s s s with e",, a e ) -- 9 , D l alogue ts be jr,erni>nzl zed .
A : E vaka-euei c na Eow about I t , %re you paing i a % i siwa n ikua? f i s h i n g today?
. . 3: Icr, atr ne Xako ni l e s u Yes, 1'11 go tbht~,~ irrj l 2 i a r n
m a i o V i T i ~ u r b e . canes back ,
A : Na gauna cawa e na What time w i l l he coxe Lack? l e su m a i kS-rz8. o k c y a?
""
E t E na tiko e kg ci e e v l l be :?.ere aSter che m e a t i n % , uti ne h o s e .
B: Ia, e na v t a Lakc+ - Bu t h e ' d like to gc t o o . t a l c ga o kcpa .
A : E dodonu me V$da- h c t d b e t t e r h u r r y . t o t ~ l o m s i ,
E : Ealeta pa cava? Xkl y 7 -
A: Au na via lako n i sa ~ ' d 12ke t o 20 be fo re dark, bera 23- bag%.
8: Vaka-ea-~a n a riadatou gha t a b o u t our baf",? b ac z?
A : F, dsdonu nc nonu 3 - 1% s h ~ u l d be y o u r tu~:n t o t a v i e na nacsxa s u p p l y it t h i s week. CIqE *
* E: SiZ vinaka,, me% usa 6 K 1'13. go now and g e u o u r
1a'k.i vaXa-ratitaka f i s h i n g line toqe%her. mada na rreiraer wz nl siwa.
A: 10, ni yaco real me A l l r i g h t . As soon as he comes dat otz l a k o sasa. we'll go.
XI. Repetition.
eakava na nana cakacaka. lesu mai na taraga nlkua, savata n2 I sulu. raicta e dua na vuniwai. dil-:fj.~i v l n ~ a k a . vur is ne nomu vcsa. k a n i a ne k e n a . V C ~ ~ O e aa waqa, voea e 1Zu na E u l i . v o s o t i m ~ d a na c a l a oq5.
111. SuSstituzS on,
Sentence --..-
E winaka cie l i u t a k s mada na base, ---- -.-
l a g a t a mads na sere E v lnaka me 3ag:ata mada ria sere . kabnta mads na n i ; ~ G * .
vaka-rautaka na P katc*:au c f c i v a na nona i s e l e l.akova na noqu roioto nusia n a gaunlsnla t?L c b ~ ? ~ ~
vaka-tovolea c l i u kerea v e i a u tukuna v e l I k o cakava vaka-totol n
sol ia v e i Jkc o koya, r a l c i a u szra ni y a c ~ ma1 o koya , daru i e s u t a i e 1x23 n i k u a . Jaru veivosaki rnada. daru vaka-, lotolo. da tou Lnko nS sa bera na b o g i , da tou vaKa-se&u mada. da ii l esu ma3 e nanoa, - keir t2u a la'kl s a r a y a l o y a l o . ke5rnan9 bose rLi mataka.
Cue --
Au v i n s k a t a me daru vaka- to to lo , - - --
daru veltczlanaa x~:aGa
da tou l a k o ni. 5 3 , bera na b u y t
da tou i~aka-scegu mads e KC
k e i ~ n a ; qai l e s u ma2 nl r .?c i t &k a
k e l r a u l a f & % Sara y &:icy a l o
keS :a&~i v e i v c s n k i r:!ar",sr e f i tz
d a raace nlai Suva n d k u a
dz bose inadcs $a lagz?. sere mada
A U ~ Z i l ~ 3 ~ s r t ; : . . i:l- L h e r l x taip xa.1 q i d t i z ~ ~
FLU v i n d k a t a rile ciarLi v2I.t-alanaa r,ade,
AL v i n a ~ a t n me Zatcu l a k ~ n i sa Sera raa b ~ i l ; i .
Ata vinakz la me e a t s u vaka-.ccgu math E kG,
Au vlr!alcrzta me k e i r a u qhl. l ~ s u ma3 ni nataka.
Ala vinsk;zt,a me k c f r a ~ ~ La %ki E arbs y a l s y a.10.
Au v-Lncxketa G I ~ iceir:i?ii;X ~ e l v o s a k i rri?.;;:. e Z t u ,
Au v lnaka t a y e da noce n a i Suva nrE i: t;a ,
Au trlw?alt~-ta me <,a hose mnba. Au vlnrzl<ata r:e 23 Lag& . ';ex ~nrzda,
E do66nu m q 2 umoce. E dodenu n,e 'G vo l3 kka. E aodonu mo kana .
CL- T; tiodor:u mo 3.akn kt va le nl v u l i , - E dodonu no dalaga vaka-levu r?e ralcz n e S .,%?.:nu na vuni.wsi. I? i:dodcr,u mu dr)u l e s u ma1 n: bera n a b o n l . E dodonu no dou laga sere nada, 2 dodonu mo d r s u w ~ r a k i k a y a . Z dodonu rn9 nl wsrnki koyz , -7
2' dadonu xc ~i vaka- to to lo m ~ . i ,
I V I I . S u b s t i t u t i o n .
P a t t e r n : Laka ma2 vale rco dabe , --- Cue -"
a u s n P i a v e i i k o d s a u m s i s o t a k e i tavaau
n",nlai kana dou mai vaka--cef:u
o vukci a u nada do; rnzi ve ivuke d rau m a i y~eXvos %;:I RU ~%i.li
Lako r , ; i i . vaLe ~rle ' 11 s02.i a uef. i k o . L-kkc, c al. v-zle TIIG drau m i s o t a
k e i t a3?z~,7itl. L a k c m2.i vale mo 111 rnal k a n a . 58i:o -rial vale rno dou r ia l yraka-
cr.yu. ' ad "'bo P I , ~ e i 11'91~ TIO rilal gunu y aciona, Lako -:of v a l e 1x62 ' u vaka-rvautzka
~ I ? L keri:y+l. L ~ k o n a i va ic rno vukef au mada. :dako xi?.. vale mo dou rnai ve ivuke . Lako rnsi vale rno d r n u xsf veivosalcl. Lako ixal vale me ' u r a i c i i k o .
Au v inaka t a aie kua r?,f lake 9 k a y a , Au v l n a k a t a me k a k ~ a ni l a k n o koya. Au nmEna me daru kua nl gunu yaqona n i k u a . Au nazzunta me ratorl kgkua ni vaka-ynrlrat i . Au na tovo lea nm dou kuo r r i tako nii rna,taka. Au r i ~ t o v ~ l e a me" kkkkua nf bepa. E 2 tukuna mo k u a ni l a k o ma4 vale. E 5 t u k u n a mo drau k s l u a ni tiko e kg. E k a y a na tlnamti. mo dsau kua n i qits e kg. S k a y ~ t na qase nP vuLt me'u kgkus ni qito vaka-levu,
IX. 3 u k . s t i t u t I a n .
mo kga macla n% l a i ; ~ nio dou Kua mad8 nP
wereca na I t e i t c l mo drau kaksa nl mur ia
raa nona lewa mo ni kzkua nf bera ma1
nii mataka r l i k u a ni makusXga
vaka- Levan daru k z k u a Sara nl vukc i
koy a d s t o u kzkua made nf vaka.-
cegu d a kua ni gunu yaqona
vaika- i evu da kakua ni l e s u t a l e
n i k u a da k i i k ~ a n i vasavosa
v a k w ie u2
Sentence --.-
Au. vinakata . nsl, dcu kua n i beca n a nGqu voaa,
Au v inaka ta mo kua m a d a n i lako, A u v i n a k a t ; ~ MC dou kua rnada ni
werece na 3. k e i t e f , Au v i n a k a t a ma drau kgk l~a ni
m u r i a na nona lewa. Au vinakata xno ni kEkua nl
bera ma2 ni mataka. A u vPnaknta mo ni kua n%
mokus3,~a vaka-levu. AG vinakata me daru kzkua
sara ni vukel koya, Au vlnakata me da tou kskua mada
n l vaka- ce gu , Au vinakata me da h a ni gunu
y aqana vaka- l e v u . Au v lnaka ta me da kEkua ni
l e s u t a l e n i k u a . Au vinakaka me d a kzkua ni
vasavosa vaka- l e v u ,
E levu na Aka k c i t o u rnwata me vakZ na kawago, s z b u t u , keS n a kasala,
Au t e a na i tei me vakn na d a l o , t a v i o k a , Sele, kei na uvS. E dau v&au k i N2u S i l a d i rra vua t a , me vakg na jiiina,
ba iganf , wele t i , k e i na da'lo. E l e ~ u sa la n i rawa i Zavu, me vakz nti sulca, nlu, j g i n a ,
k e i na koula. Mo vaka-totolo me vaka ni sg bog2 na vanua.
0 [j ,: "' " ,1 1 3 i.2 * -.. - .*
!; dodot22 mf? vaka- t . c$ofo takf na ka c:~no me vaka ni s a l a i l a i
Aa rz c a r ~ n k a v a ni -- .-."- l c s u m a t o koya .
t i~ . na cai cakava ni'u l e s u m a i .
nl t u k u n a sara ve? nu na tiiraga
nl r a t o u sZi t i k a e k E r l f sa bera n i tekivc
na SGQC ni s5i v 5 l e k a nz yakav l ni 'u sB gal :~ . l s ni ra s.Z lesu mai ni c, s i i b ~ l a e na t .auv i
n z t e n i sa bera na vaka -yakav i n i 5 3 b e r a na sigz ni
Sucu
Ko Viti e kn ts e r:a ceva 5 r85 GI wasa F ~ c l f l k a , y a t u yanugariu oq5 e wili k j n a e s i v l a E t a l u na d r a a na veigar:uyanu ka PZ ri.i?-j ciri lic.~%o gan-l e ria li-:!~a x:i l.la&. s a ~ ~ ~ v u l u v a k s - c a c a ~ a c l u ns mBi le vz ic?-ral .vlr l v i n i was3 Ksral-tarawa r,a P a s l f l k q . Ha LCVL! n t w?l r Kotc ~?.31.2- v o l l v a J , l t a , e v8.k;z-\~uyl2 me Ciaid ::e)"z ni s:;:r j - 'i V R ~ ; L - ~ P V U
'1.. kina na k p n ? d , -akl . L L . ~ kena I : f c ~ k ; ~ -:-a?.? : ' < ; al iahata e tcl;i:i-i gB e ~ z ; r nZ;,ljwa v . ? 60 k e 2 rra 5") ns in%:c-irY P : i rraZ c:iqifla v i n a k a y ~ n t e 119 c:i::i s i i L a t i ~ ~ 1 a nj. W I L Z S W :st. hi?* VOatlna r l l
*T "- d r a k i b e t e b a t E ma1 n s v u l a k o ME k 2 na V n l ~ ko . \ L c ~ ~ b 9 r E na ya::uyanu I c i e v u e rua ko V f t i i e v u k p ? V&pga
Levu, e wase vaka- . rus ria k e n a d r a k l ; suasua k? d r a k a d r o k a na yssana tadravl ca;:i qai m a t ka t s ica ta y;hnl k a s l y a s i g a .- na r z r L i yanuyanu e rua o q o r i .
B na ya.nuyal?u :cc Y i t i L.evu e r a t j . i i r! k i n a e s l v i a n a velrnZim2 r;J. lewe ni vpnua i ta t i k u t a l e ~3 k l n a na korcl tzraga $2 Viti.
XV. Questions a ~ ~ d answers.
3 , Na wasawasa cava e t i k o k i n a k c V i t L ?
Ro Vitl e t i k o e na iqasa P a s d f l k a .
2 . E v:ca na i willwill nj, ve-!yatu ysxluyzn-_i e wili k i n a ?
E sivia e t a l u ria d r n u na v e i y a t u y a c u y a n u e will k i n a . --
3 . Na v u l a cava na vtila n i d r n k i b h t a b a t a ?
Ea v u l a ko PIE k i na v u l a ko N5vebe. n3 vuXa ni d r a k i b a t a b a t E .
4 . Na yanuyanu cava e tlko k i n a na kena k o r ~ tGraga?
Na kena kcro t E r b a g a e t i k o e na yanuyanu ko V i t i Levu.
bF -.,- ' despise , a c t ?prev.~?z*er:t 'ly t c :, trans, bZ.r;a --
s h r u b usecl as a ~ j e g e t a b l e k:, re e ::g srr, m l s e :.: 7:utr: d r i f t , at :;to, sv. o ~ t ; ',a Kes
3 ., 0 - ,i,r,*2 f f2. ~;lpt,fle \ f; TP rir; .-- ..., ,, . d. .---- i ke va -. dclgree (l:.:~::l . ;j c:' ter;:p:??ature, .- + ahtz G T i.:jr.g:";~de ,2y l ;%kLtude ?1 2 Pf2 i:; ;:rcen, sovn:ytj.r?,ns b j.ue a d i s t r i b u t i v e ;:a.r'tlele precedl.ng
$, p, .;: *c , (-*. #A r: .- ... me an:i:-ig ri?acfi, respe c-- * -.
'!;I vs.r.y , or d%f'ferc:.:ntly .
,?n1y, J u s t , r , evor the le ; s , sl l t i e s a m 3 yet, b u t ? however
a ~j.: id ~9f b ~ n a n a ; C h ~ n e ~ e bass-12 fro^, tth2 word kq i ' : ~ s i t i ~ ~ 3f a ..-
p l : ~ c e ~ 2nd p r e c e d e d b y --- d u i 9 it a n ccoplc o f c:f fi 'nreqt c ~j~~~ z * i c 8 '
12 ,;,t 1.. ' il,l.;re, sorcetines j:;lbeen i:%_ri!:i sf' f i s h 9 ~ ' e a k f a s t k i n 3 sf f i s h 7 : ,.i,e i .n a p l a c e {<~l,f, (j;nE~ .a
p l u r l i l fornl of' l i 3 v 1 ~ ' b i g , l a rge , --- ~ T ' C h t
i n i l a b i t s n t s o f a country
Niu S l l a d l M;"oveba os O C ~ S a pasi f i k a ra rawa- tn
s ava-t; 3
Slga r,l. Suctn s i v i - a
z;recedc, surp;2zr,l"3, e x c e l , be t ' i r sk t rans. J . i u t a k a ' l ead , ---- r u l e
vcrbzl. r ;a r ' c ic ie e x p r e s s i n g p u r p o s e , so intradlxc-irip; s ub- J u n e t i v e ox3 i r r !per~. t i t r e c l auses , 1 % ~ . . .to, AT? 9rderr 50, t o be, t o have , t h a t , s h o u l d (I). . . € t e e
rqi5e ( E n g i , ) I n t c r s t ? c e , the s p s c e between
t w f C ~ ~ > : E C ~ S
iHew Ze a3.and Nove;:iDe r jEnr.2 , ) busy, f x l l oc:;upled ? a c i f i c ( E r i ~ 1 . 3 3n.d persrsn p l u r a i . . Sef: e:ia --- r*a,v:a 'to ?:f: at',].?, to g e L ,to ---
obtain' ; 'cr~~t-is. rawa,'ca --..- k i n d ef f i ~ 1 ~ i l l t e t h e brtea.n
!"? Y * s r . ,. , qreatS.y, ased a f t e r v e r b s ; 1.81~0 S; 3,:" ::t, Og CC .-me .,-.---.--- C:
5 F.VC~ 1;~ 32 !: , c', 15 I:.; ; C; piin? , avat a -"-*-. -~-.- -.-- )3 2 p t ~3, i J 2 ~ , ('!!I pj, s t r * j , . -(AS -.
------ sugar (Bn~l, 1 clzt i - ivs tadr;? ' f a c e o r s t a n d up to, ----
e s p e c i a l l y au.Jn2, s u n , e t c , ' ; t r a n s , t a(drnva --- *,--
f c l ? - ~ i ~ 11 s h o r t ~ ~ r o u t e , c u t cr.os:;wisc, pass t:~:lrorrgh
s t ~ r y one , o n l y , a l o n e , as adv, ,
t?xc?cdi.np;'ly, t lniquel .y, q u i t e pfirt! c) j l asesic;rieict, snare, d u t y .C:;;~ni , b e l~3.n :.uxiJi 31-y : c o n t i n ~ t z c c e o r
j ,xac~rrsr : lon, ni>t so :: t r o n g a:; t 9 -
'i ?jJ
tikc:;:: 2nd I ? ~ ~ ~ l i i j 3 . ~ , b e l i k e ; like, a c c o ~ d ! ~ r ~ g
to zs i r i e t ? n l valcl-caca ' s o m e t h l ~ r r -.---.- ----
fjetwecn 10 arc1 20'
it-- rua T.raka-t~t elct 2ka v;ika.-C,cv~:e& vZ-kavdta vaka- v o l l vali t 2. V F I ~ 2- V ~ J P i3. vdka-y an -at -. - .*.sIrw:a v e t s a l v e i t alacoa t~eivoszk.1 ved vuke ve Lyanuy ,mu
- 7 k L W i 4- Levu vos avos a
were-ca
area., as in t o l u na rn5ile vaka- ---------- i3ivj inlvi ' t h ree square tniles i n --- apeaT
twf ce s p e e d one up , h x r r y I t up t r * y c u t , exnerime;zt send o f f s t and a b o u t , s urrioukld C&e:SC
ZJ;? ake the rciddle , na l f e x z h a n ~ e c h a t , tci1 ~ " c ~ i e s toi;ethe-,. talk, d i s c u s s h e l p , a s s i s t sncs i s i s n d groups ; -- n a ve l&3nu~anu .-A .----. e
' & a Pas l r ' ika the isiarlds ir, -------<*
the Prir : I f': 3 ' Iarg;est i s l a n d of %he F i j i qroup vosa t a l k , speak : i n t ~ a n s . ---
vusavosa ' t z l k t ; i vosavosa ------ ----.--- ' s ay ing , proverb
cr3p fruits cf' t r e e s , hartres% c juc tcr e ight ; - WZ --- ' x a l t f o r , e x p e c t r ; t r a n s .
wzraktz; -- w Z Is h a r d l y used alone; w?%Zi -- is t h e more cormonly used f o m
sea, ocean. X i s o , wasawasa. -- was3 -- is used when a q u m f y i n g word like - l evu o r liwa follows; - s2;21c~&ise, wasawass is used
w r e - 'weed, cut gmss ; t r ans .
totzl n:.imber pr .ovlr ce rcw, n o t fcil lowed by n l ; y_atu
:~~atzuyanu. ' a raw cr Z a i n T>-T - I s l a n d s ' ; v e i y a t p y a c y a :rws o r groups of I s l a n d s
A i ka ciwa n i lEsonl
( P a s s i v e ; Kei --, Ka) - I. Dialogue t o be memo~ized.
A : E v i c a na yaga n i n i u Kow many uses o f coconut do o k i l a ? you know?
B : E l evu : Na lew n a e A l o t : The meat i s used f o r B vaka-yagat9ki m e food, and d r i e d t o be s o l d . kakana, ka s i g a n i The f r u i t is a l s o drunk. me v o l i t a k i . E gunuvi t a l e gZi na vuana.
A : Vakacava na t o l o n a What about t h e t runk and t h e k e i n a drauna? l e ave s ?
B : Ma t o l o n a e caka m e The t runk i s used as r g f t e r i s 2 ka caka na and t h e l e a v e s a r e used as a d r a m a m e sZs5. broom.
A : Sa yaga d i n a vzka- I t ' s r e a l l y u s e f u l . l evu .
B: 10, e sega n i o Yes, n o t only t h a t , t h e r o o t koya gE oyg, e . i s a l s o u s e f u l , t h e husk, yaga t a l e gg na and any o t h e r p a r t you can wakana, na q5 n i t h i n k o f . b u l u , k e i na t i k i - na $5. o n a n m a rawa.
1. The form of t h e ~ z s s l v e i s similar t o that o f t h e t r a n s i t i v e a c t i v e form; t h e f i n a l -a i s changed t o -1. - The d i f f e r e n c e i n neaning i s shown 6y t h e fol lowing:
E vaka-y aga t aka 'He uses i t . ' E vaka-yagataki 'It Is used. ' Forms wi th a final -a, l i k e k i l n , use -ai: k i l a i . - - -
2 . Ka ' and ' i s used t o j o i n s en t ences o r verb ph ra ses . - The verbal. marker i s no t used aga in a f t e r ka . ~ e i i s -- used t o j o i n noun ph rases , as i n na yalewa k e i na gone.
I Ia . R e p e t i t i o n drill.
r a i c i o kaya e na v e i v u l a . gunuvi n a vuana. k a r i n a d rauna . v o l i mai Nadi n a t avako . s o l 1 m a i v a l e l e v u . t o k i mai n a k o r o . vzkamai n a v a l e . v a k a - s i g a n i n a lewena. s i g a n i n a n i u . q a r a v i n a pone.
E v o l i t a k i n a lewena. E t o k i t a k i k i n a k o r o ni v u l i . E k a r i t a k l na k u l i n a . E s o k o t a k i rnai Suva na waqa* E vaka--y acntakl n a lewena.
Cue -
v o z i s i gan i vaka-y agat a k i s amaki t e i
Sentence --- E q a r a v i n a n i u .
S e n t e n c e
E --- veka-yaga tak i vaka- levu n a niu.
tei v o l i t a k i gunuvi k a r i v i n a k a t i
I I I e .
Cue - v o l i t a k a
E tei vaka- levu n a n i u .
S e n t e n c e
E v o l i t a k i na d a l o . -
t e a qa rava s arnaka vakag agat aka
E t e i na da lo . . . .
Cue - Sentence
E dodonu me gunuvi n a vuana.
v o l i - t a k i n a vuana E dodonu me v o l i t a k i n a vuana. vaka-yagataki n a d rauna . . . vaka-s igan i n a lewena k a r i t a k i n a d rauna t e i n a vuana v z - k m a i n a d rauna
Cue 7
Sen t ence
E v inaka m e s i g a n i n a lewena m e mamaca.
vaka-yagataki n a t o l o n a E v inaka m e vakayaga tak i n a me i sZ t o l o n a me i s z .
k a r i n a d rauna me szsg . . . k a r i n a lewena me kzkana t e i n a vuana me t u b u sarnaki n a vuna m e s a v a s a v ~
I V a . Trans fo rmat ion .
Change each of t h e f o l l owing t o p a s s i v e .
Cue ( a c t i v e ) - Keimami dau r a i e i koya e n a v e i v u l a .
gunuva n a vuana. k a r i a n a vuana. v o l i a mai Nadi n a t avako . s o l i a m e kg n i ve ivuke. t o k i a e na gauna n i d r a k i va-kmE na benu vaka-s igana n a lewena s i g m a me mamaca. q a r a v a n a t a u v i mate. k a r i t a k a n a k u l i n a . v o l i t a k a n a n i u b u t a .
s o k ~ t a k a e loma m i wasawasa.. vaka-y agataka vaka- levu.
Response ( p a s s i v e )
E 3au r a i c i o koya e n a v e i v u l a . E dau gunuvi n a vuana. E dau k a s i n a vuana. E dau v o l i mai Nadi n a t a v a k o . E dau s c l i me kE n i ve ivuke . E dau t o k i e n a gauna n i d r a k i cB. E dau v3-kamai n a benu. E dau vaka-s igan i n a lewena. E dau s i g a n i me rnamara, E dau q a r a v i n a t a u v i mace. E dau k a r i t a k i n a k u l i n a . E dau v o l i t a k l n a n i u b u t a . E dau s o k o t a k i e Lorna n i wasawasa. E dau vaka-yagataki vaka-levu .
Cue - E Zi l akova n a i k a e na s i g a M e n i t i . E Zi s i w a t a n a i k a e na b o g l e n a uc iwa i . Au Z s e g a n i r a i c a n a t i n a q u . Au 5 s e g a n i k i l Z ria tinaznu. E 5 sokotaka na waqa e na y a k a v i . E Z k a c i v a n a t c r a g a e n a yakav i . E Z i t a s o g a n a b u l i e nanoa. E Zi k a c i v i Samu e n a mataka. E Zi t a r a g i koya e n a mgcawa sa o t i .
Response
E 2 l akov i ria i k a e na siga M 6 n i t i . E 3 s i w a t i n a i k a e n a bogi e na uc iwa i . E B sega n i r a i c i n a t i n a q u . E B s e g a n i k i l a i na t inamu. E 5 s o k o t a k i na waqa e n a y a k a v i . E k a c i v i n a tZraga e na y a k a v i . E 5 t a r o g i n a b u l i e nanoa. E E k a c i v i o Samu e na y a k a v i , E 5 t a r o g i o koya e n ~ m o a .
V a . Expansion.
Cue - S e n t e n c e
E v o l i n a t avako .
Izai - t a k i 3 Suva e n a v e i s i g a
dau
s e p a n i
Cue -
- a v e i I r a na k a i v a l a g i
rnai v e i i r a na k a i V i t i
s e g a n i dau
vc . Cue -
B na kg oqTj v e i q a s e nf v u l i
mai v e i r a u
v inaka me
o Jone k e i Samu
E v v l i ma2 na t avako . E volitaki rnai na t avako . E v o l i t a k i rnai Suva na t a v a k o . E v o l i t a k f rnai Suva na t a v a k o
e na v e l s i g a . E dodonu m e v o l i t a k i m a i Suva
n a t a v a k o e na v e i s i g a . E dodonu me dau v o l i t a k i mai
Suva na t a v a k o e n a v e i s i g a . E s e g a n i dodonu me dau v o l l -
t a k i rnai Suva na t a v a k o e na v e i s i g a .
Sentence
Na qele e s o l i .
Na q e l e e Z soli. Na q e l e e Z s o l i v e i i r a . Na q e l e e Z s o l i v e i i r a n a
k a i vZii.2agi. Na q e l e e Z s a l i v e i I r a na
kal v s l a g i mai v e i i r a na k a i V i t i .
Na q e l e e B s e g a n i dau s o l i v e i i r a na k a i v g l a g i mai v e i i r a n a k a i V i t i .
Sen tence -- E t a r o g i .
E E t a r o g i . E 3 t a r o g i na kZi oq8. E .5 t a r o g i na k3 oq5 v e i q a s e
n i v u l i . E E t a r o g i na kB oqb v e i q a s e
n i v u l i rnai v e i r a u . E vinaka me 5 t a r o g i na kg oq8
v e i qase n i v u l i rnai v e i r a u . E v i n a k a me Zi t a r o g i n a kg
oq5 v e i q a s e n i v u l i rnai v e i
3. - t a k i i s a c a u s a t i v e s u f f i x . V o l i means ' t o be b o u g h t ; ' v o l i - t a k i means ' t o cause t o b e b o u g h t , ' t h u s , ' s o l d f .
7
9 * 5 I "
I r a u o J ~ ~ P ? c k e i Sa~nx.
e nanca E vinaka me i?i t a r o g i aa kz oq5 v e i q a s e n i vuXi mai v e i r a u o Jone k e i Samu e nanoa.
V3a. R e p e t i t i o n . I No d r a u gunu k a kana gB e k E . Mo l a k o k a l e s u mai v a k a - t o t o l o , E r a t a u s 5 s i s i l i o t i k a vaka-yakavi. Curu k i t u b a k a kgkua t a l e ni lesu m a i . E Ti s e l a k o e nanoa o koya k a sa s c g a g3 n i l e s u m a i . SB r a u t a e kS k a me t o u qa2 v a k a - o t i a n i mataka. Au v i n a k a t a rno l a k o k a t i k s e kE ni b e r a na r u a na
kaloko. Vaka- ra ic i kosa k a tukuna vua n i k ssB w Z w 8 t i k s . E-vaka-aasaqar t i k o o t i n a d r a k a ra q i t o t i k o n a gone.
E " a e v u d i n a na gunu k e i na kBkana e na bog i . No k a c i v i rau mai o Samu k e i V i l i a m e . K e i r a u n a l a k a vata k e i t & ~ a q u & V o l l a rnai e dua na pae%e t a v a o k e i na dua na mZsese. Mo l a k o v a t a kei r a u oqo ki n a rnzkete. E r u a n a t a u n i l e Jevu ma% V i t i ko Suva kei Lautoka. Curu mai mo d r a u m a 1 l u l u l u k e i Tlrnoci. Mo t i k o v a t a kef kcya me yacova sara n i moce. VolZ gB n a yacanu k e i n a v m u a o t i k o k i n a .
VII. Join the f o l l o w i n g w i t h k a - o r k e i . - S e n t e n c e
1. E y a d r a n a g o n e . E y a d r a n a gone k a moce n a t i n a n a . E moce n a t i n a n a .
2 . 0 V i t i 0 Toga
O V i t i k e i Toga.
3. E n a l e s u m a i n i k u a E rau4 n a l e s u m a i n i k u a o o Mere. Eere k e i S a l a .
E n a l e s u mai n i k u a o Sala.
4. Note the agreement i n number: e r a u i s used w i t h a d u a l s u b j e c t .
4. E P curu k i v a l e o koy a.
E % dabe o koya..
E B c ~ r u ki v a l e ka dabe o koya.
5. Lako k i n a sitoa. Laka k i n a s i t o a ka v o l i a m a i e dua n a p a e t e tavako.
Vclia ma2 e dua na . p a e t e tavako .
5. Na k a i Vglagi Na k a i VZlagi , k a i Id i a , k e i n a k a i J"aina.
Ma k a i I d i a Na k a i J g i n a
7. E r a i% s o t a k e i na Era a s o t a k a v a l a k e i n a meca meca e n a mataka e na n a t a k a l a i l a i . l a i l a i .
Era Z i v a l a k e i na meca c na mataka lailal.
8. Ha n i u e gunuvi na Ma niu e gunuvi na vuana k a vaka- vuana yaga tak i e na vakaaasaqa.
Na n i u e vaka-yaga- t a k i n a vuana e na, vaka-s asaqa.
3 Taroga vua na s iga Taroga vua na s i g a e n a yaco e n a yaco mai ma1 k i n a k e i n a cava e mai k i n a . cakava.
Taroga vua na cava e mai cakava.
10. Era 5, kana na lcwe Era B kana ka (ra) mamau n a n i koro . lewe n i koro.
E r a G mamau na lewe ni koro.
V I X I , Talanoa.
Na yaga n i niu
Na niu rsg dua n a kau yaga vaka-levu. E b u l a n a niu e na veivanua d s a k i katakata ka rawarawa na kena q a r a v i . Na kena yaga e levu . E vaka-yagataki me k-akana, t a u r i v a k i e na t a m n i v a l e k a yaga t a l e ga m e i yZyE n i v a l e .
Oy5 e v i c a wale gg na kena yaga. P J i sa s i g a n i n a n i u , e dau v o l i t a k i k a t a u r i vak i e na caka n i s ovu. Na kena sZ r u i yaga vaka-levu na n i u e c a v u t i k i n a n a i vosavosa Vaka-vit i n a ' v inaka vakmiu---sega e b i u . '
I X . Q u e s t i o n s .
1. Q. Na vanua cava e b u l a k i n a vaka-vinaka n a n i u ? A . Na n i u e b u l a vaka-vinaka e na vanua d r a k i
k a t a k a t a.
2 . Q. Na cava e cavu k i n a n a i vosavosa "v inaka vaka- niu---sega e b i u ?
A . E c a v u t i n a i vosavosa oqz b a l e t a na yaga n i , n i u .
3 . Q. Na cava n a yaga n i n i u ? A . E vaka-yagataki me kakana, t a u r i v a k i e n a ta ra n i
v a l e k a yaga t a le g% me caka me i yBya n i v a l e . E yaga t a l e gB n a n i u e n a kena b u l i n a ' sovu.
4. Q . Na cava n a i b a l e b a l e n i "v inaka vaka-niu---sega e b iu"?
A . Na kena i b a l e b a l e n i yaga taucoko n a n i u , m a i n a d rauna me yacova Sara na wakana.
X . Vocabulary.
benu ciwa curu
d rau I d i a J 5 i n a k a r i - a , k a r i - t a k a
k u l i lewe l u l u l u mamaca mzsese me e a p-&e t e qZ ni b u l u qe l e r u i sz, i s ma-ka sZsB
s i g m a s ovu taucoko t aun i taurivakca
r u b b i s h n ine e n t e r ; t r a n s . curuma, curumaka
'make a t h i n g e n t e r 1 - leaf I n d i a China kari s c r a p e 1 ; trans. k a r i a , --.Eirit;aka (more e m p h a t r s k i n , ba rk meat , f l e s h shake hands d r y matches (Engl . ) enemy packe t (Engl . ) coconut husk ear th , s o i l , l a n d t o o much, exceed ing ly r a f t e r sama 'sweep, c l e a n t ; t r a n s . samaka ' m d r y coconut l e a v e s ; ( 2 ) t h e
r i b s of coconut t i e d t o g e t h e r t o make a broom1
sun-dry; vaka-s i ana caus . s o a p (Engl _J__B a l l , whole ,complete ly town (Eng l . ) u s e , make use o f
t i k i tolo tuba
vaka-otia vaka- ra ica vaka-s as aqa
vaka-s i gana vaka-v inaka vala v e i v a n u a ve ivu la vua waka yay& I.
a p a r t , p c r t i o n trunk, w a i s t o u t s i d e , b u t limited i n use; -
e tuba tadv. of placet; ki tuba adv. of movement * ; m a i t u b a --
' f rom o u t s i d e ' grow, spring up (of plants) burn, set fire to; vikamai pass. as i n vinalca vaka-niu-'useful
like a coconut1 finish, complete, bring to an end look f o r , look after coolc, b o i l . Also, vaka-saqz,
vaka-s aqara d r y i n t h e sun. See s i g a n a w e l l f i g h t , w a r ; f i g h t ( v . ) p l a c e s , d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s every month frtllt, seed r o o t goods, furniture, luggage
Ia . G r e e t i n ~ s .
FIJIAN
A i ka t l n i n i I s son5
Nd :sZ b u l a . l a , v inaka n a b u l a . M i b u l a ! Drau b u l a . O b u l a v inaka? 10, v a k a - l a i l a i . SZ vaka-evei? SB vaka-cava?
I b .
Yalo v inaka . Vosot f au mada. Vinaka vaka-levu. E rawa n i u r a i c i kernunI v a k a - l a i l a i ? E rawa n i u r a i c i kemunT mada?
11. E q u a t i o n a l Sen tences .
a . R e p e t i t i o n .
E dua na t i i r aga dau cakacaka o koya. E dau t e i t e i o koya. E cauravou n i Yasawa o Sarnu. E s6 n a tarnata y a l o drEdrE o ira. E dua n a yalewa vucesg o k o y a . E r a t o u k a i Merika. E dua na tarnata c Z o koya . E dua na t amata v inaka na t amata o q o r i . E r u a na t amata dau s iwa o r a u , E dua na gone yalewa v inaka o Mere.
I I b . V a r i a b l e s l o t .
Cue --
E gone yalewa cZi E tamata v inaka o TIrnoci E qase n i v u l i E dua na q a s e n i v u l i E dua na k a i Vzlagi
Sentence ---
E cauravou o koya.
E gone yalewa c 5 o koya. E t amata v inaka o koya. E t amata v i n a k a o TTmoci. E q a s e n i v u l i o TImoci. E dua na q a s e n i v u l i o TImoci, E dua na k a i VSlagi o TImoci.
Zi yorie. ni V 2 f i u j L,~lvil i'; :.pane ni Ynnua f ,evu o Tiaoci. n rau i: rau i;one ni Vanua Levu. ;; .? L 4 r ~ i n ria t x n ~ : j ; i ie ;~:~ :; rau C:C:T;C yalewa o r a u .
7, :A. ... epet i :irin.
-- !j a':! ;i;:'i ;:,a.i C,CI G
4. 1.n.t; i:, u
1,:) 5 a:; a
+ . ' , : L. (.>is ..
q..
: n h C ~ . \ , i h :;:) o t i
S 0 L j'j
.,.,, . . . . .... L2
< ? 1 r-> .' :;:I i~alic ;<.I %,uva 2 na y a . b a k i -
i ' .~~i C;CI C. . -1at;ou r i c i la].:c: k L y u v a . e r,a 1 - ,J a :i 1,: i :I: a i o c. c .
:i rrztcil n2 l a k c : Z i i Lab::sa e r,r: ya.bnl.:i r.lai 045 .
;.. r a t s u r:n t o k l ki LL~~.I:I.SCL e na -<
,1;;3tj;t1.; ;-yji -
0 3 0 . .-. ,: r a t : : ~ u a t o k i k'l. Z,ab;ina, e ria. - - :.?,:dCx,Ja, :;a o t i . .
. , -
. > rat;i.:,ii r: s c k o %:i Lr;b as a e na. .- - c ~ ~ - L c ~ . ~ , ~ ~ . 5 8 ti.
, . - !..el.~i:~i & : ; a k ~ ):,i L;:b;i38 e na -- .* _.iac:i;.ia s i l at:.
,-, :.''<,'; :.t '[..; :-i F2. 1-j (">: !!-: t- ;> ;?:, :; - - - . . . ?. -.- st . , . , ! .- ? . L ; j l : ; q , : ~ i . -- ". - - -.. .-. -
t::.c.i ., - , - A
,;:1 ,!.:-:-;;;:.l :):> 7;o, . :v*2 ,-.:)\i2;i r l i Cl> ::<* "--- .- .--.- - . -..---.-
-j <-I v i;
VIa. . A t t r i b u t i o n .
V f ' o .
Cue .----
c z v i n a k a dzu cakacaka - vuccsa d a u VQSa. c:icirucur!ru :ral.o vinalca dau dreclre - - rna~ctiua r a i r ~ i v i n a k n
t u r a g a 'xuro Lose vola.vola. :', Z V D S a ila Gula vuli - - 3. 7 i ~ . y n b i l l i;r.,:2:au
T ~ - J. c . ?!ari a b l e s l o t . Cue ---
c <us. vc 613 ori. t o l u ni IX - og:3 j aZna og a
Gqo e dua n a yalewa cz . . . .
Of.!,ori ria. vale ni m c e . * . .
S e n t e n c e
- 0 7 3 n a vale n i yaqona.
Oyii e dua n a vale r i i yaqona . C":, e d u a na vu n i gaqona. S ~ r ' r i e 3 u a na vc ni jiaqona. ; 2 tolu n a VG n i paqona. C q c r i e tolu na vu ni niu. Oq6 e tclu na vG nl niu. 056 c tolu na vL ni j a i n a . - 0:;s e tolu na ~2 n i jZil;a.
VII. Verib nl.us o b j e c t . a. l2xpansicn.
Sentence ---
nonn i sele 3 ki ncd~atou vale
n i k u a
Cue -
na vD ni jZkna e lima mai n o n a f t c l t e l
Cue --
n a q i o 3 na yavzna nai w a i
e n a y a k a v i
E c i c i v a .
E c i c i v a n a nona i sele. E 8 e i c i v a n a nona i sc l e . E B c i c i v a n a nona i s e l e k i
n o d s a t o u v a l e . E B c i c j v a n a nona i s e l e k i
nodratou v a l e n i k u a , E 5 ciciva na nona i sele k i
n o d r a t o u vale c na s i e a l e v u nilrul;.
S e n t e n c e ----
2 % t e a n a vCi ni 58ina . 2 3 t e a e llrna na vil n i JZinrz, E3 5- t e e e l i n a r?a VU nni j%ina
rnzirnona 2 t t s l t e i . E 3 t e a e 12x3 na vT3 ni j z i n a
-, ,,,,i r, nona 1 t e i t e i e na vula - s a z t l .
S e n t e n c e
E k a t i a .
E k a t i a n a q i 5 . 5 S k a t l a na q i d . E 3. k a t i a n a yavana na q i B , C B k a t i a na yavm.a na qi3 m a i
~ i a i , I7 % katia n a yavana n a qiB mai
wai e na y a k a v i , E 5 k n t i a na, yavana na q i 5 rnai
; g a i s n a y a k a v i n i s i ga T u s i t e .
VIIb. S u b s t i t u t i o n . Use the euc as t h e o b j e c t ,
Sentence ---- l? '$I a o k u t a n a yavana. Au 3 c i c i v a na noqu i s u l u . S B kana t i k o na taciqu.
n a vuniwai
koya i ra koya n a gone oq5 n e va le w a t i q u
n a b i a na i k a Peni
Response
E a k a c i v i Jone e n a mataka la iba l . .
Au sega ni k i l B . Au 8 ~ a i c a na waqa. E dodonu no lakova n a i k a t a l a u . Au ii vukei r a u . E la t a r Z . I3 n a taroga na qase n i v u l i o
koya. S 5 v i a gunu n a vugona. E 5 s i w a t a e na bog l . Au 5 sega ni lomaria n a yalewa oyg.
E 5 mokuti au. Au 5 c I c i v i Sala. Si?i k a n i a t i k o n a d a l o n a t a c i q u . E kac iva na vuniwai e n a mataka l a i l a i . Au sega n i k i l a i koya. Au E r a i c i i r a . E dodonu rno l akov i koya. Au 5 vukea n a gone oqo. E 5 tars na vale . E na t a r o g i wa t iqu o koya . SZi v i a gunuva na bia na vugona. E Z s i w a t a n a i k a e na hog i . Au a sega ni Zomani Tent .
VILI . R e p e t i t i o n d r i l l . a.
1. Au nanuna n i n a e i l a n a v u l a e ns bog l . 2 . Au kila n i sz dodonu m5 l a k a mada. 3. E da tou n a t f k o mai k e y 5 ni bera na v s . 4 . Au v i n a k a t a me d a t a u t i k o e kz n i b e r a na soqo. 5. E rawa n i 3 u vaka-yagataka e s6 n a nomu baca? 6 . E rawa n i 5 d r a u t e k i v u cakacaka m a 1 Lautoka e na
yakav i n i mataka?
VIIIb. {negat ion)
1. Au nanma n i n a sega ni z i i a na v u l a e na bog l . 2 . Au s e g a n2 k i i 5 se dodonu mc s 5 l a k o se kua. 3 . E s e g a ni rawa n i da tou na t i k o mai keyH n i b e r a na vz. 4. Au s e g a ni v i n a k a t a me da tou t i k o e kg n i bera n a soqo. 5. E sega n i rawa r . i t u vaka-yagataka e s5 n a nomu baca? 6 . E s e g a n i rawa n i o drau t e k i v u cakacaka mai Lautoka
e n a yakavi n i rnataka?
Negation
Au k i l a i koya. Au 5 nanumi t i n a q u . Au n a l a k o ke o l ako . E sla rnacala. E qase n i v u l i . E v u l i t i k o e Merika
na tamata oqc. E ba l avu n a g a u n i s a l a . E b a t a b a t a n a vanua. E v inaka na v a l e n i
yaqona n i V i t i . E 5 v i a l e s u t a l e rnai
n ikua .
Response
Au s e g a ni k i l a i koya. Au 5 s e g a n i nanumi t i n a q u . Au na s e g a n i l a k o ke o l a k o , E s e g a n i macala. E s e g a n i qase n i v u l i . E s e g a n i v u l i t i k o e Merika
na tamata oq5. E s e g a n i ba l avu n a g a u n i s a l a . E s e g a n i b a t a b a t z n a vanua. E s e g a n i v inaka n a v a l e n i
yaqona n i V i t i . E E s e g a n i v i a l e s u t a l e mai
n ikua .
IXa. R e p e t i t i o n .
E clodonu mo vaka-muria n a nona lewa me vakla n i nornu qase n i vuPi.
SE dodonu me d a vaka- to to lo n i s i i ciwa n a kaloko. E a tukuna mo d rau wasaka nf l e s u mai e n a yakavi . E dodonu me t i k o e k@ na BuZi. E B dodonu me k e i r a u wereca na i t e i t e i .
IXb, S u b s t i t u t i o n .
Cue -.
i k o o P i t a
koy a
r a t ou
k e i r a u
d rau
Sen tence
E dodonu m e l e s u rnai e n a yakav i .
E dodonu mo f e s u rnai e n a yakav i . E dodonu me l e s u rnai e n a yakavi
o P i t a . E dodonu me l e s u rnai e n a yakav i
o koya. E dodonu me r a t o u l e s u rnai e n a
yakavi . E dodonu me'u l e s u rnai e n a
y akav i . E dodonu me r a u l e s u rnai e n a
yakav i . E dudonu m e k e i r a u l e s u mai e
na yakavi . E dodonu me da l e s u mai e n a
y ak a v i . E dodonu rno d r a u l e s u rnai e n a
yak a v i .
Xa. R e p e t i t i o n ,
Au na siwa ke v inaka n a d r a k i . Ke i rau n a vaka- to to lo rnai ke rawa, Au n a v i a r a i c i i k o ke o yaco mai n ikua. Au na l e s u mai e n a yakavi ke rawa n i o t i n a bose n ikua . Au n a l e s u mai e n a bog i n ikua ke rawa n i o l a k o t a l e gB.
Xb. S u b s t i t u t i o n .
Cue - Sentence
Au n a s iwa ke v inaka na d r a k i .
Mo drau l a k o rnai
Mo vaka-o t ia n a nomu eakacaka
Lako mai nl mataka
Daru l a ' k i wereca na noqu i t e i t e i
Au na gade yani
Keirau n a l a ' k i S a r a q l t o
Xc. S u b s t i t u t i o n .
Cue -
l e v u na baca - dua n a noqu wa n i s iwa
rawa n i o l a k o t a l e gg
au r a i c a rawa e dua na b o t o
da tou Lako v a t a
Mo d rau lako mai k e v inaka n a d r a k i .
Mo vaka-o t ia na nomu cakacaka ke v inaka n a d r a k i .
Lako mai n i mataka ke v inaka na d r a k i .
Daru l a v k i wercce na noqu i t e i t e i ,
Au na gade yan i ke v inaka na d r & i .
Kelrau na l a % i sara g i t o ke v inaka na d r a k i .
Au n a siwa ke v inaka n a d r a k i .
Au na s iwa ke l e v u n a baca . Au n a s iwa ke dua n a noqu w5 n i
siwa. Au na s iwa ke rawa n i o l a k o
t a l e gla. Au na s iwa k e l u r a i c a rawa e
dua n a bot;o. Au na sfwa ke datou l ako v a t a .
Ma v i l a v i l a i revo
E n a gauna e l i u , e B b u l a t i k o e dua n a dau t a l a n o a n a yacana o Dredre e n a k o r o ko Navakeisese e n a yanuyanu ko Bcqa. E dau kena 1 vaka-rau m e ra kau nabu vuS o i r a e s a v i a rogo i t a l a n o a .
Dua gona n a s i g a s a t u k u n a o koya me ra k a u t a maf na i nla ta i gZ n i kE e r a r a i c a rawa e n a n o d r a l a t k i s i w a se v a k a - s k a . SZ l a k o S a r a e dua v e i I r a na dau rogo i t a l a n o a n a yacana o T u i n a i v i q a l i t a me l a l k i s i w a , k a siwata sara e dua n a duna. Ni s Z l a v e t a mai vanua n a duna, s E vukt S a r a m e t a m a t a , S a k i l Z e keyZ o T u i na i v i q z l i t a n i k a l o u vh oya. Sla t e k f v u vaka-mamasu s a r a n a k a l o u va me vaka-bu- l a i , k a y a l a t a k a e l e v u n a kg--bese gZ o Tui. SE q a i t u k u n a na vu me s o l i a vuz n a kaukauwa me rawa n i b u t u k a n a v a t u k a t a k a t a.
Me yacova n a s i g a n l k u a , o i r a kece n a kawa n e i T u i n a i v i q g l i t a e rawa n i ra b u t u k a n a v a t u k a t a k a t a k a ra s e g a n i kama.
Q u e s t i o n and answer.
1. Na yanuyanu cava e t u k u n l t l k o e na i t a l a n o a oqz? Na yanuyanu ko Beqa,
2. Na cava e r a dau cakava o i r a n a v i a rogo i t a l a n o a ? E r a dau kau nabu .vuZ n a dau n i t a l a n o a .
3. 0 c e i n a yaca i koya n a dau t a l a n o a ? Na y a c a i koya n a dau t a l a n o a ko Dredre .
4 . Na cava e 8 s i w a t a o T u i n a i v i q z l i t a ? E 5 s i w a t a o koya e dua n a duna.
5 . Na cava e 5 q a i yaco vuZ n a duna n i s5 l a v e t i maf vanua?
E vuki me tamata n a duna,
6 . Na kaukauwa cava e 5 s o l i a na k a l a u vE v e i Tui n a i v i q a l i t a?
E Z i s o l i a n a kaukaurzra m e rawa n i b u t u k a n a v a t u k a t a - k a t a k a sega n i kama n a yavana.
X I Z . Vocabulary ,
Beqa bese b o t o ce gu c i l a - v a
cudrucudru - d r a t o u -d rau duna gona
k a l o u
k a t i - a k auk a9w a k avr a ke ce l a v e - t a
mamadug nabu
qio r a i r a i
r e v o , 1
rogo
t aga t i n i vaka-bula i vaka-mamas u vaka-s asii vaka-si g a l e vu vaka-y a k a v i v a t u v e i q a r a v i , dau v i l a v i l a
v o l a v o l a vucesz vuki y a l a t a k a
name or a n i s l a n d sou th o f Suva r e f u s e b o a t ( E n g l . ) t a k e a b r e a k , rest c i l a ' t o s h i n e , most ly o f t h e
s u n , moon o r s t a r s ' ; t r a n s . c i l a v a
e a s y t o l o o s e temper 3 rd p e r s o n t r i a l 3 r d p e r s o n d u a l e e l d e m o n s t r a t i v e pronoun ' t h a t ,
u s u a l l y emphat l c ' s p i r i t ; k a l o u vu ' a n c e s t r a l god' ;
n a K a l s u 'Codr k a t i 'bite ' ; t r a n s . k a t i a s t r o n g , h a r d descendants all, a l t o g e t h e r lavd raise , l r f t up ; t r a n s .
l a v e t a -- b a s h f u l , shy present o f food brought t o the
man who t o l d tales s h a r k (1) appearance ( 2 ) I t looks l i k e ,
o r i t seerns a s i n V i l a v f P a i revo ' t h e f i r e
walk in^ cerenan!r hea r , make a n o i s k ( o f an e n g i n e ) ,
sp read , be tneard of (news) , be famous ( o f a p e r s o n , o r p l a c e ) ' ; t r a n s . rogoca
bag, p o c k e t , s a c k t e n s e t f i r e p l e a d h u n t mid-day meal e v e n i n g meal s t one a t t e n d a n t , s e r v a n t , maid as in V i l a v i l a i revo . See
l a z y , rdle, w o r t h l e s s t u r n , change promise
F :;I P,N
A -1 Ica t i r ' r i ka dua n l l e s o n i
(Word o r d e r ; gsL)
I, Diafegue t o b e memorized.
A : D r a k i v inaka S ~ F S very good w e a t h e r t oday . gZ n i k u a .
3: Jo . -$aka-cava o Yes. Ilaw a b o u t y o u , where are i k o , o l a k o ki ~ G U going t o d a y ? v e i n i k u a ?
A: 31 o t i ga n a gunu tx A s soon a s I have Li reakfas t . au n a l a k o k i na l l ? l go to t h e ~ a r d e n , i t e i t e i .
: Au 3 q a i lesu gi'i 1 j u s t eut!e back from t h e ma1 na 1 t e i t e i e ;;arde:~ yes t e rdcg . :xlinoa.
A: cj na l a l k i ve i n i k u a ? i+.'Pt.rz :ire ycu going to go today?
B: As na v i a l akc rnncla r z vaka-t o t s l o !.:i Laut oka .
A : 0 nn lesu mai e na v i e s na kaloko?
B : A U sega ni E ~ Z 12. Ke a t i ta toEo na k g au n a l a f k i cakava , a u n a l e s u mai c n a y a k a ~ i .
A : Au 5 v i a l a k o t z l e gZ k l Lau';ok;3., La s 5 deep &:L scga ~i l e s u ~ n a i n z Si t;eit;el.
- B: S B vina.ka, a u sn iatki vaka- rau madti me 'u lelto.
A: Io, v i n a k a .
I ' d I f X e ti:, r2;;kc a fas% t r i p to JJtii~tol(,c f i r s t .
Wha$ time w i l l you come back?
I r?onvt ticnod. If I can f i n i s h w h ~ t I ' m going t o do, 1'11 cGme back i n the evenlng.
I wan ted t o go t o Lau toka , t oo , but it t s been long s i n c e I ' v e bzen t o my garcten.
e;. i ' , , I r d be t te r . go and g e t I-r ;? i y .
1. 3Z, d l r e c t l y fcs,l.?n,wing a abase, i s u s u a l l y t r a n s l a t e d 86 ' j u s t ' .
A u -- sega gZ n i rawata !I J u s t c a n ' t do i t . ' GZ. also occurs w2th v a r i o u s p a r t i c l e s : --
tale a5 ' a l s o ' P o n l y ' very ' each orle, e v e r y '
n i n a f75 as the first base i n a sequence, means ' i n s p i t e o f ' . F o r example, E d i n n gZ. n i d r a k i e2, k e i r a u a a 5 . 'In s p i t e of t he bad weather, we s t i l l went . '
Au Zi raica q 5 e dua v e l Tau. 7- c se lev13 na til, i a ?la o t 4 p-75 :,a s u k a . - V a ~ a - - c a v a ;;a o ilco c sega ni l ako? Ya33 v i r n k a , nanuma ~5 no v a ~ a - t o t o l o mai. .... Au s e r a f;2 ni kilZ na cava e B yaco vu5. AIL ner,ucta m e l u sB w5;:Z t t fko XB e k g . Tovolea ~3 na nbmu i FB t a u e o k o !no rawata. E sepa ~ - 5 n i macala ns sava e eudru k i n a . - Au nar:turia xo d r a u s i l la icu n~ada a kernudrau. S o l i a @. ve i au c dua.
ne lc i io f32 rnai e due v e i kemudrau
T I I D .
Cue
na y acana
Sentence -
S 5 do6onu m e l a k o . SZ dodonu me l a k o ga. SZ dodonu m e l ako g% mai, S Z dodonu m e l a k o g5 mai e dua. S 5 dodonu m e l ako g 5 rnai e dua
v e i kemudrau .
Seri tencc
Au sega n i nanuma.
Au s e g a nf nanuma n a yacana.
q B rawa
nn kcna sh i r a i
L:r sc., - 2 i-3 nf. nr=ritlma na yacana. - +
l lu se,:;11 --rl 111. aanuma rawa n a y aenr;p-.
Au ki2.3 , ;s au seqa n i nanuma raws na yncana.
A12 k i l % na kena r a l r a i , l a au s a g a E% n i nanuma rawa na ~.Si l?Gai ' l2 i~
IV. R e p e t i t i o n d r i l l .
E r a u Z kana t a l e g2. - E 5 l ako t a l e ga mai na watina. Au 5 sega t a l e E.,G nl. r a i c i . kaga* - Au a sega t a l c ga nl t u k u n n we2 T T r t c i , - E dodonu ~c l a k o t a l c c:a. - Au n u i t a k a n i na drakB v i n a k a talr rra n i ata aka Sa o t i t a l e F*! na k e d g kzlian:>, Tarofri ~ c y a tale ~5 . - No v a k s - t o t o l o t a l e ~ 7 1 i:i.:*i c Ihco* 140 k a ~ t s *;ale g5 i nh i rip. i ? , c x ~ t j. :.e:e.
talc ~ ' " a ni mataka
au v fnaka t a
e na mataka l a i l a i
t o v o l e a t a l e n i bera n a bogi
- E na 2 . 2 2 0 t a l e ~ $ 2 c koya. il na l e k n tale $i o k c y a n l
zataka. - 4 2 v i n a k a t a me na lako t a l e ~5 0
Ito:;*i x1.i. ~natakc. ki, v i ~ ; k a t a me n a l s k a p;Z o
;:oy4i c na zatakzr la$ Jai ni 1" 32, ;) ?C 3. .
To~iolc-..s rnn t i k ~ c k g . 'rhjvn!c-~ t a l e qZ rno tiko e kG. P1 Lovciev cale qa rno tiko e kZ
n i b n r a na b o g i . Kc rawa, t o v o l e a t a l e g5 mo t i k o
e kc ni b e r a na bogl.
V I , R e p e t i t i o n d r i l l .
E b a l kau wale gZT. .E l e v u w a l e zZi na nona vosa. Ro n a n m a wale ga n a k g au B t u k u n a v e i I.ko, Kauta wale g;Z mai e dua n a i vesu d a l o . T a r o g wale gB vua n a cava e v inaka t a . T o v o k a wale gB rno v a k a - t o t o l o mal. Ke t a u wale qZ v a k a - l a i l a i na uea. Ke Z i tiko wale iya c kg o koya . :J~O saurna w a l e pa. e dua n a t a r o . !:lo 3anurr.a wale q5 na nomu vosa ni y a l a y a l a .
t $.AT. .-T Expans ion d r l i l .
r r( Juru ne kTikari,a wale gZ
2e r a u t a e rua
Cue --
7,Tak a- rt,zut aka .
Da.ru ~~aira.-rautalca.. - ~ ! a 3 : ; ? ~ ~alrti.-..raut:~k(a na IcZiicana. i-j y .?A .rzska-laaut a ,ks wale g?i n a
1,: 3h: .:an a . Dnru vaka.-rriutaka vralc gB n a
k2.kana mc rau ta . r? r u a . Dax*u .$aka--rautak~i . wale g% na
k8kana me rauta c rua na sf ga.
Sentence -- .-
na noqu kerekcre i"T%nur;;a n a rloqu kerekere . wale g8. 1:anurna wale gB n a noqu kerekere . e dcdonu E d c d ~ n u mo nanurna wale $3. n a
ncqu kerckere . ni e s a bera ni l a k g 242 c s a b e ~ a n l l a k o e dodonu
rrio llanurna wale g.,8 na noqu k ~ r e k ~ r e .
E na vanua sa ra g3. au Zi r a i c i koya k i n a . E na gauna Sara gB e 3. k a c r v i a u k i n a . Au a ra ica sara g2 na k a l o k a l o mata i lalai, E "3 tau Sara g"u vaka- levu na u c a e n a bog i .
Voleka . ~ a m g B n a tin1 na k a l o k o qa i y&co rnai o koya . S a dedE S a r a gg k a i r a u q a i s o t a t a l e . Au sega sara gZ ni qsi kunea t a l e e dua n a kena 6 . Au scga sara gE ni k l l g na cava na vuna, E 5 k z c i v i t m a n a sara giX Q koya . E secra sara g B nf dua e k i l Z na vanua e t i k o kina o koya.
IX. 3 x p a n s i o n drill.
Sentence -- E 5 d r a k l vinaka.
nlai Laut oka E E d r a k i v i n a k a maf Lau toka . s a ra ~2 E 5 d r a k i v inaka sara g5 m a i
L z u t a k a . - e n a s l ~ a Vakaraubuka r: a d r a k i v i n a k a sasa g2 mmai
Lau toka e na siga Vakaraubuka. ni rnacav~a sg o t i 5 ii d r a k l vanaka sara g.3 mai
IJautaks c na s l p a Vakaraubuka - ni :;lar,nll;rL sB oti.
Cue n - Lle:~tt:r?ce -----. -
r ? - L: a s o l Z ~ r 0 Jotl~e e C ~ L ~ R na s o t e .
? - !!, a s o l c a vf:i au c Jone 2 du&
n;z sctc, -7 - e ns f e v u ni nona rx,rn~:. ,.; a. s c 1, fL2 ve i au o ;Ioy-~e e clua
- sara !?a
na s o t e e na l e v u n i nana r+ "? ..luTau . .-. - =, 2 s ~ ? i ,.,a, "- s a r a jrB v e i au o Jorle c d l ~ z na x o t e e na l e v u n i rioy', f ri;iJ'ala.
i4e ra l ako kece n a i na g;onu i-lai. File r a t o u cskacakn k e c e ~5 ni natakn. E dodonu mo nanu:ea e ns veigatma k e c e gZ. Ma k a u t a kece gZ na i n a k e n s o raica. 14t. n 1 t i k o kece pE c k G n i mataka. Yio nT raf cf au kece g5 e Liu. Na vG ni n i u kece YE o?b e nona o koya . C Ira kece gZ na Gone cq5 n a luvena . - Dou t o v a l e a kece ga mo d o u t o t o l o mai. Fl v i n a k a rns k a u t a kece qZ rnai na nomu moto.
X I . Expansion dril.1.
Cue -
e n a v e i s i g a kece gZ
e n a macawa sB o t i
XXb . Cue -
e dodonu rnai n f kece gB e ria dua n a gauna
Sentence
E 3 tau n a uca.
E 5 t a u na uca e na v e i s i g a . E 3, t a u n a uca e n a v e i s i g a
kece gZ. E 5 t a u na uca e na v e i s i g a
kece g5 e na rnscawa sg o t i . E B t a u vaka-levu na uca e n a
acawa v e i s i g a kece g5 e n a n- szi o t i .
E dodonu rno l e s u . E dudonu mu l e s u mai. E dodonu no nl l e s u m a i . E dodonu ma nZ lesu kece gg mai. E d ~ d o n u mc nT l e s u kece gg mai
e na dua n a gauna.
X I I . R e p e t i t i o n .
E d i n a gB n i r a t o u B sogoca , i a e r a t o u 5 s e g a n i vaka-bauta . E d i n a g3 n i t u B sB t u k u n a v e i rau, i a e r a u Zi s e g a n i k a u t a
rnai . E 3 yaco d i n a gZi. E d i n a gZ n i t a m a t a i a i l a i o koya , sZ dua na tamata kana
levu . Au na la ico d i n a gZ n i mataka. E d i n a g5 nl B draIci cz, e 5 rawa v inaka gZ na soqo. S a l e v u d f n a gii na Ilea e n a vanua oq5, Sa d i n a gZi n a kg au ii tukuna v e i i k o . E d i n a g B n i sB qase o koya, kzkua ni k i l a l e c a vua. E d i n a gZi n i d r a k i v inaka n i k u a , e s e g a gg n i d rakf
v inaka n i siwa.
XIII . Expansion.
Cue -
e 17rl rnzcatva s;ii o t l E a l e v u n a uca e na macawa .- s z ~ t i .
s a dina F P , ~ n i X s a d i n a gS ni 5 l e v u n a uca c ria Gcawa s 5 o t f .
ia e Z r axn na cak2caka E s a dlna ga n i Z i l e v u na uca e na mgcawa sE o t i , ia c B r a n a na cakacaka .
7 vlnakz ,:5 ?A s=;r cii na ~a n i 5 l c v u rla usa - e ria mzcawa s S oti, La e a ra;\rC v inaka gE na zakacaka.
n e i r a u F e 3 d i n a q a n i 5 l e v u na uca e na in8eawa sZi o t i , ia e B rzwa v inaka EZ na neirau cekacaka.
X l l i b ,
Cue - SZ seiya d i n a gz.
.- 111 rnacala SZ s e ~ a d i n a ~a ni rnacala. n a cava e manati k c y a 35 ~ c r a d i n a ;B n i rnacala *a.
cava e rnanatl. kojra. ni s e g a ni b a u mur ia ria S s nega d i r l a g5 ni maeala n a
VQS it cava e ninnati k o y a ni sega ni b a u musia na vosa.
n e i qase ni v u l l S 5 sega d i n a gZ ni macala na cava e manat i koya ni sega n i bau ~ l u r i a n a vosa n e i qase ni v u l i .
E na i a k o ki Suva o kcyn nS a n t a k a . E na lako o koyh ni iilataka 1-:1 Suva.
1. The order of Ran7 p h r a s e s i n F i j i a n is n o t f i x e d , but can v a r y accord in^; t o which phrase s h o u l d be emphasized. The emphasis i s produced by s h i f t i n g t h e phrase t o the beg inn ing of t h e s e ~ t e n c e . Compare t h i s to English, which uses stress emphasis.
In some of t n e fo' l lcwinq d r i i i s , t h e d i f f e r e n t ward orders are p r e s e n t e d as answers t o d i f f e r e n t q u e s t i o n s . Mote t h a t f o r sorr,e s h i f t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h a t of' t o p i c t o t h e h n g i n n i n g of t n e sen tence , t h e i n t o n a t i o n changes. %here p o s s i b l e , these are tsarked b y commas,
O koya , e na l a k o ki Suva n i n a t a k a . 0 kaya , e na. l a k o ni mataka k l Suva. Ni mataka , e n a l ako k i n a k i Suva o k o y a . ? l i mataka, e n a l a k o k i n a o koya ki Suva.
3 !: t i l co rial Szva c S ~ r z u e na P I ~ ~ G Z ~ J Z S, o t i . 0 Sarnu, c 5 t i k o r;al Suva e n a mgcawa sa o t 4 . E n a xacawa s a c L i , e a t i k o k i n a m a i Suva o Sarnu.
7 - 1: ma v i a l a T k f cnkacaku k i Vatakoula na t a ~ n n a ~3 na
y a b a k i rnai oq:. ' " N r taynana, e na. t l-a i ~ ~ k i c:3:<3e91s,a kf Vatukoula. e na
y a b a k i mai oqa . E na y a b a k i ma1 oqc , e na v i a l a i k i cekscaka k i n a ki
V a t u k o u l a na t w n n a .
C ria ti:.co c kg a i;a"i ani b e r a na b o e i . 0 Sala, e na t i k o e kg n i bera nn b o g l , Ni bera na bogi, c n a tiko e kg o SaZa.
E rau n a Jesu tali , rlrli e na v u l a o Y'jic. - It gna fesu. t a l e rlai :I na v u i a o :4e, o r a u . Ct r a u , r a u na- l .esu tale ma1 e ria vu la 0 ~ 6 . E na v u l a I> Ye, e naalx ria l e s u t a l e mai k i n a .
XV, Questions and A n s ~ c r s .
a. Sentence : ii na lako k i Suva o k o y a nl mataka.
1. 0 c e i e n a la?c xi Suva n i rriataka? O koya, e na la::o k i Suva nl mataka .
2 . E v e l e nz lako k i n a a koya ni mataka? E na l a k o k i Suva o k o y a n i ma taka .
2 . E vef c; 2 l a ' k i v o i i Pka k i n a n lkua? K i n a rnZkete/Ki na makcte au Z l a ' k i voli Zka k i n a n ikua .
3. Ha eava o Zi cakava n i k u a ? Au Z laTki v o l i ika k i na m a e t e n ikua .
4. E m i c a 5 Zi lavki v o l i i k a k i n a k i n a mskete? Nikua au Z l a t k i v o l i i k a k i n a k i n a mzkcte.
XVe . Sentence: Na B u l i e na do l ava na bose rnai n a koro e na s i g a Vukelulu rnai oq5.
1. 0 c e i e n a Golava na bose rnai n a koro e na s i g a Vukelulu mai oqz?
Na Bull e ria dolavn na bose ma1 n a kors e na s i g a Vuke l u l u maf cq 5 .
2 . E v e i e na do lava k i n a n a bose na 3uli e n a s i g a JukePu lu mai cqC?
Mai na koro/Mai na k a r o e na dolava k i n a n a bose na RuLi e n a s l g a V u k e l u l u mai oq6.
3 . Na cava e n a lalkb cakava n a B u l i ki aa karc e na s i g a Vukelulu m i cqE?
E na l a f k i do lava ns 3 u l i na bnse rnai na k o r o e na s i g a Vukelulu mai oq6,
4. E n a i c a e na dolava k i n a n a Bu l l n a bose mai na koro? E n a siga Vu3ceiulu ma1 0qF.1 e na dolava kina n a bosf:
rnai n a kars na Buli,
X V I . Respond with the cQe as t h e f i rs t ph ra se i n t h e s e n t e n c e .
Cue - Sentence
l i n a Lako kl Suva o koya ni rnataka.
ni mat aka
o koya
o Jone e d a i d a i
N I rnataka, e n a l a k o k i n a ki Suva o ksya .
Q koya , e na l a k o ki Suva n i at aka.
E n a lako k i Niu S i l a d i o Jone e d a i d a i .
I2 n a t i k c mai FJadi o koya n i kc ra n a tolu na kaloko.
o Kcya . . c
n l b e r a na t o l u n3 k s l o k o . . . I1 na d c i l a ns qase ni v ~ l i e
dua na v c i t a r o r i c na s i g a ::a;< "I. I- a uk8 r ~ k . a .
ris qase r,i vu1.i. . . . e ne sip:a ~jak;;ya.uSfii:~: . . .
- I!a ma;;i c sep:a ni. ~aka-;;;~yet;;i.:I ?:ale qri c Viti, e - k i l a i t a l e ?a fia kcx-la ya;:a. c n:i vcl;j;rete: ynnuyi>,nu tale e -
so e r!a xasa P c ? s l f i , k a , " :\!a yaczna xiLzI. l e v u j<z na ' t apa ' . 7 . - - - ::, C3nr3. ga ni c;:;<a PIX cas i $2 ria. ss ;:a na ",lk i V i t i me -
v;?ka. m a i Vatu l e l e :?ci T.,:?u, ::I u vaks-ya;l;af;aki e na veiyasa , - -
i 'lit1 kecc ~ 2 . . L 162:,71; s a r a iya ria ka e yaga k i n a n a rnasi, e vaka-yagritaki me !. l a t i . r i l v;:..le, t tzunarc~r k a i u b l - t a l e qZ. ni i :nGce::;c.ctl.. A Ijair,a t a l e ga n2 rnasi e na. S O ~ O - ni vaka-rmt; k e i ;la !na"c e, Oc,E e v i c a :;a na k e n a yaga. E - r a f c i rawa. e kE 21 ~ a s i s a dua na. - I. y a u yaca vaka- levu , seza wale isla e Vlti e - v a k g t a l e g,a kina e na veiyanuganu e na P a s i f i k a nie v:Cca c-a:! :?Srcoa k e i Toga.
- . - 3. . !]a y c ~ c a cava c x i : a i ra raba kina na riasi?
.7 L . R . ~ ~ , ~ v , - ,.6. .. ad;? e ;.u? n - ~ t l ~ ? ' J i t i e c a k a k i n a na masi.
4 . v~a::u;: cnva s:>ti e ~~:iii . ;~.-~ai;:a+uaki k i n 2 na. nas i?
kalokalc ; - keee ga ke r e ke re l a l a i l a t i
Xeca
mas i
scti t apa
t aun ?,ml
t e i t e i , .i t1 u b i , i vaka-mau V a t uLe l e
vesu , 9. Vulce l u i u vuna ya lay a la . yau, i
fence adv. p r e c e d i n g verbs t o soften
t h e e x p r e s s i o n (1) i n s p i t e o f , a l though
( 2 ) t r u l y , really d o l a t o open7 ; t r a n s . do lava
' d o with e a r n e s t n e s s , t o be -- e a g e r 1 ; 1 gu ' e a r n e s t n e s s , wh a c t u a l l y d o i n g i t '
s t a r a l l , w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n ; everyone r e q u e s t pf u r z l form of l a i l a i ' s m a l l ' e n c l o s e , i n t e r c e p t from s i c h t j I l a t i ' a c u r t a i n , s c r e e n ' ; ---- trans. lrztia
l o s t . rnissi .ng, u n c e r t a i n , i c i s t a k c n l y
~ ~ a n a .- ' s u p e r n a t u r a l p o w 1%' ; manata ' a f f e c t e d b y , of' a. d i s e a s e '
( l ) - a r e c , t h c p a p e r mul'oery ( 2 ) t h e c l o t h made from t h i s -; e
c l c12d w i d e l y ( 1 ,, \ v e r y , self-same, e x z c t l y ,
a c t . u a l l y ; ( 2 ) n o t even s a u 'repcy , answer a q u e s t i o n f ; - trans , s auma
a p a r t i c l e modify ing a n e g a t i v e g e n e r a l P o l y n e s i a n name fsr t h e
c l o t h made from t h e pape r a u l b c r y t r e e
mosqui to n e t ~ a r d e n tea ( S n g l . ) a c o v e r , c l o a k ; - u b i ' c o v e r ' mar r i age n m e o f an i s l a n d o f f the South
Coast o f V i t i Levu a t ail t i m e s , aLways ( p l u r a l ) ino ul rv . e xarninat i o n a s A i n ;6iyasa i V i t i ' p a r t s of
' a s i d e , a p l a c e 1 * 1
X L C ~ ~ S C ~ , cause promise goods , w e a l t h , r i c h e s , p o s s e s s i o n s
A F ka t l n i k a r u a n i l s s o n i ( C o x p a r i s o n ; possession)
1. lY i a l o g u e . t o be memorized,
A : O c e i i na norla waqa Whose boat is that? 07 xa?
3 : Og3 na waqa n e i 2 That's Sin!onls b o a t . Sai~r ,one.
A: E waqa v l n a k a Gina. I t ' s really a good b o a t .
Za, e sega g2 11i B u t it's n o t as f a s t as t h e totolo me vaka na b o a t of the b r o t h e r s , John nodrau waqa na and ~"iark, vel t a c i n i o Jone kt? i X7iriIca.
I. riere , cei mean:; '~a,iic?sc ' . - 2. Wei i s a ,~errit :ve 112t.d v i ; , i nrorier Sases. Its use .-- c o r r e s p o n d s to t h a t s f !:3 . E'nr c)x~~L':!Ic, - -
?!a v a l e ni k u r c - -- -- Na val-e n e i "cnx~i -- -- ---
A s with t h e o ther . r,cnssessi.rres, .C , l l r :~e ;.re special forms f o r e d i b l e and drlrilr, ,-,b f c o b j e c t s :
Na daio k e i Pi" ---. t, a --- IJa ~a ona ne l H u s i --A3 *---.- ~ --..-
Yne use o f t n e k- forms 4 s extendeci beyorld e d i b l e s t o r e f e r t;o qualities of' 3 17ei~)::or-i or object:
!>la -- kena baleba3 ::: ' : t:, n t ? a n i , l ~ ' k -
---- -- I Lena l e v ~ P i t : ; ( I ~ x F . ~ , .
' i f . --.------ - .- - .. - ?la i t u k u t u k u I:.;..i. :.';;.la ' + L
---_-. ..- -.-. - --.-- bile rrcr~s of' ( a b o u t ) Sn la t
For Ina l i enab le : ; , ti;ai Is, "t:.:~ forr;is that t a k e t h e . " sufFExei; ~oss r sss ives , : ; s rise4 :p~!li?n the possessor is -. n ame c :
A : Vaka-cava rla riornudou Iiow about your b o a t ? waqa?
I . : Na n e i t o u waqa na Our b o a t i s t h e f a s t e s t , b u t waqa t o t o l o duadua,3 t h e b o a t o f t h o s e two b r o t h e r s i a n a nodrau waqa can c a r r y a l o t of p a s s e n g e r s . g B n a v e i t a c i n i og5 e rawa n i vodo k i n a e l e v u n a t a m a t a .
Is t h a t r i g h t ?
D : Lako ma1 m e ' u vaka- Come a l o n g s o t h a t I can show r a i t n k a v e i i k o you how f a s t o u r b o a t i s . na kcna t o t o l o nn n e i t o u xaqa.
A : S a v i n a k a . O . K .
11, R e p e t i t i o n .
Na noqu v a l e e l e v u cake nini na SGXU vale . Ma nodrau waqa e t o t o l o cake r;iai na waqa n c i Saimone. Na noqu vraqa e l e v u c&e na kena i usanti ma? n a nona waqa. E b a l a v u cake n a t a e l q u c i a 1 v e i i k o .
Na nomu v a l e e sepa. n i l e v u m e vakz n a noqu. Ma waqa n c i Saimonc e s e g a n i t o t o l o me vak5 na nodrau
waqa n a v e i t a c i n i o y Z . Na nona waqa. e sega n i l e v u n a kena i usana m e v a k m n a noqu. O i k o o s e z a n i baPavu Tie vak5 n e t a c l a u .
S u b s t i t u t i o n .
Sen tence
,<a n o s v a l e e l e v u cake m a i n z nomu v a l e .
nodrau ne imami
>Jn nona v a l e e l e v u cake m a i n a nsmu va le .
3. Duadua i s one way of showinc comparison, I t means 'most , b e s t 1 .
n e i r a u . nodra n o d r a t ou n e i t ou
Cue F
noqu
n o d a t ou n e i r a u nomudou nodaru ne i m a m i nomudrau noda n e i t o u nornunr
v i n a k a s a v a s a v z c a g i n a t o t o k a loma l e v u
k a t a k a t a sisz 0 8 0 0 S O
S e n t e n c e
Na nona v a l e e l e v u cake rnai na nomu v a l e . --
Na nona va le e l e v ~ cake rnai na noqu v a l e .
S e n t e n c e -
l?a noqu waqa e t o t o l o cake rnai -- n a nomu waqa,
?!a noqu waqa e l e v u cake m a i n a nomu waqa,
1 . .
S e n t e n c e
Ha nodrau v a l e e s e g a n i l e v u - nc vaka n a v a l e n e i Samu.
Na nodrau v a l e e sega ni cere me vaka na v a l e n e i Samu.
t usu makawa
S e n t e n c e -- Na kena u t o e d r e u cake mai n a
kcmu. --
kedra-kequ kemudrau-keirau kequ-kernuni keda-kenn keda tou-kedra t ou kexudou-kei tou keirnami-kedrau kemuni -keirnami kedaru-ke d r a t ou
Cue --
qase b a l a v u kaukauwa y a l o v i n a k a rn&?Sdua v i n a k a l e v u l e v u t o t o l o qaseqase rn-m5qE
Cue
Na k e n u uto e d r e u cake rnai n a kena.
* . *
E l e v u cake o Koya m 2 . i v e i i k o . ---
E qase cake o koya mai v e i i k o . . * .
Sentence .---.-----
E I s i l a i s o b ~ n a t inamu mai v e i -- t i n a q u .
9 gone sobu n a t inamu mai v e i t i n a q u ,
be rabe ra c a
IIIh. Variable S l o t .
Cue - Sentence
b a l a v u
nona-neimami
y anuy anu
i k a
kana v inaka
kequ-kedra
kgkana
l e v u
ko ro
yawa
nodrau-nona
i t e i t e i
b u l a b u l a
Na nomu waqa e t o t o l o cake mai n a nodra waqa.
Na nomu waqa e b a l a v u cake rnai na nodra waqa.
Na nona waqa e b a l a v u cake rnai na nefmami waqa.
Na nona yanuyanu e ba l avu cake rnai n a neimami yanuyanu. .
Na kena i k a e b a l a v u cake mai n a keirnami i k a .
Na kena i k a e kana v inaka cake rnai n a keimami i k a .
Na kequ i k a e kana v inaka cake rnai n a kedra i k a .
Na kequ k5kana e kana v inaka cake mai ked ra kakana.
Na kequ kgkana e levu cake mai n a k e d r a kakana.
Na noqu k o r s e l e v u cake rnai n a nodra koro .
Na noqu ko ro e yawa cake rnai n a nod ra koro .
Na nodrau koro e yawa cake mai n a nona koro .
Na nodrau i t e i t e i e yawa cake rnai na nona i t e i t e i .
Na nodrau i t e i t e i e b u l a b u l a cake ma1 na nona 2 t e i t e i .
I V . R e p e t i t i o n .
E l e v u n a nodrau koro ka l a i l a i n a nomudrau koro . 4 E yawa na noqu yanuyanu k a vu leka na nomu yanuyanu. E savasavZ n a nomu koro k a duka n a nodrau koro . E c a g i n a v inaka na nomudou v a l e ka k a t a k a t a n a n e i t o u v a l e . E t o t o l o n a nodra waqa k a b e r a b e r a ria noda waqa.
4. J u x t a p o s i t i o n of two i t ems i s one way o f showing corn- p a r i s o n between them. A sentence of the t y p e , A i s good and B i s bad, can be t r a n s l a t e d , A i s b e t t e r t h a n B.
E kana .vPl?a;ha nL kkeriufii d a l o ka kana c; ns keir:,~~rni d a l o . E gone y a l o m8lua na luvemu k a gone y a l o kaukauwa na l u v e n a . E hatabat2 na nonunf vanua ka katakata n a noqu vanua.
V. S u b s t i t u t i o n .
Cue "-
Sentence
E l e v u ria n o d r a t o u k o r o k a l a i l a i n a nomudou koro .
duka-s avas avE cagina v inaka-kat akat s s uasua-rnGnaca osooso-qa la la d r a k i v inaka -daak i c Z batabht5-]cat akata raw arata:e-drGdr5 raba-qiq6 b a l avu - l eka l eka
VI. R e p e t i t i o n .
E v6leka na n o d r a t o u k o r o k a yawa n a nomudou koro .
. I *
E dua na waqa t o t c l o . E dua na waqa t o t o i o na nona waqa. E dua na waqct t o t o l o na nona waqa o TTrnoci. E dua n a waqa t o t o l o na waqa n e i TImoei. E dua. n a waqa t o t o l o na nodrau waqa a Trrnoci k e i MZrika.
E kana v inaka n a tavTc\lca, E kana v i n a k a na kena t z u i o k a . E kana vfnaka na kena, t ~ ~ v i o k a o Samu, E kana v fnaka na t a v l o k a kcl . San~u, E kana v inaka n a kedrau t a v l o k a o Samu k e i Jone .
VIc . E gunu v inaka na wai ni rrioli. E gunu vfnaka n a mena wai n i x o l i . E gunu v inaka n a mena wai n l moZi o Tomu. E gunu v inaka na wai n i moli met Tomu. % gunu v inaka na medrau wai n i moli o Tomu kei Vi l i ame .
Au s e g a ni k i l a n a icena macala, E scga nf macala na kena dodonu. Na cava na kena cg? E v i c a n a kena balavu? Na i b u l i b u l i keb Samu e vak8-taki tamana S a r a g B .
V I I . S u b s t i t u t i o n .
Cue - Sentence ----
E savasavs n a no?rau va l e . ----- v a l e nef Iriere E s a v a s a v z na vale n e i Mere, nodrau v a l e o Sanu kei . a a
T T i f , ~ c i nornu.drau vale kei ivlZrika n e i r a u vale nodra.l;ou vale o ratoou o
Sone , Samu, k e i I::iir-iXa v a l e ni kana nodrau waqa n a cauraveu nodsau waqa n a c a u r a v o u o
Samu k e i Jone
f u e - Sentence
OqZ na tawako k e i M b o a ,
n a k e d r a t o u t a v a k o 3q5 na k e d r a t o u tavako. na mena rourou * . . n a r o u r o u me% Mere n a t z v a k o k e i t i n a q u na nodrau v a l e na v c i t a c i n i
o Jone k e i Samu ria kena t avako c MSnaa n a rourou mei tmiiamu n a t a v a k o n i t a r a va le na vanua ni t e i t e i n e i
t ackna
VIIe . . V a r i a b l e s l o t .
OyB na noqu vanua.
n i t e i t e i n s n a o Saimone
n e i Sairnone
vuaka naq o medrau o P i t a k e i TImoci
o t a c i q u mei t acdqu rnad~al vanua nodratotz o J o n e , IdZrika, k c i Samu
OyZ na noqu vanua n i t e i t e i . OyZ n a nana vanua n i t e i t e i . OyZ n a nona vanua n i t e i t e i o
S stmone . Oya na vanua n i t e i t e i n e i
S airnone . OyZ na vuaka kef Sairnone. Gya n a maqo mei Saimone. Oyg no. n~edrau maqo. Oyg n a nledrau :naqo o P i t a k e i
TI!rloci* 0y5 na mena maqo o t a c i q u . OyE n a maqo rnei t a c i q u , ~ y l nrr ~ a d r a i . k e i t a c i q u . OyZ n a vanlra n e i t a c i q u . OyZ na ~ c r d r a t o u varsua. OyZ n a n o 2 r a t o u vanua o r a t o u
o Jone, Mlarika, kc1 S m u .
V I I I . Ta lanoa .
K O V i t i e wase v a k a - t i n i Xs v:. Na f wasewase oq5 e
yacznz n a yasana . E s5 na yasana e l e v u cake rnai na s 6
t a l e na y a s a n a ; me vakataka na Yasana ko B 5 e l c v u cake
mai n a Yasana ko Rewa. Na i L i u l i u nl Yaszna n a Roko
T u i s e Roko. E wasewase vaka-lalai n a yasana; e traka-tau
e na l e v u nf yasana , ka yacana n a i wasewase oqG n a t i k i n a .
r a u t a e v a na t i k i n a e na dua na yasana . Na l e v u n i k o r s
e n a dua n a t i k i n a e sega n i t a u t a u v a t a ; n a T i k i n a ko Bau
e l evu cake na k o r o e t i k o kina rnai n a T i k i n a ko Wainibuka,
e d ina ga n i l evu cake n a i y a l a y a l a n i vanua n i T i k i n a ko
Wainibuka mai n a T f k i n a ko 8 a u . E l i u t a k a n a k o r o n a
t u r u g a n i koro , E s6 n a k o r o e l e v u cake mai n a s5 t a l e
na koso: ka a u i d u i ria Zcvu 3% tamata e r a d u i t i k c i klfia. ,
Q u e s t i o n s ,
E v i c a na l e v u taucoko nl jrasana e Viti? Na cava e l e v u na y a s a n a se na t i k i n a ? E l a i l a i sobu r ~ a Yasana o A2 ma2 na Yasana o Rewa? !I c e l na i L i s l l u r a t Yasana? l\la t i k i n a eava e i e v u n a I w i l i w i l i nl k o r o e t i k c
k i n a n a T l k f n a o Dau se na T i k i n a o Wainibuka? G c c i na B u l l , E vaka-eve2 e dau vaka- t au na I w i E i w i l i n i t a rna ta e
t i k o e n a dua n a t l k i n a mai n a Ievu n i t i k i n a ? E i L i u l i u nl T i k i n a na Turai~a n i koro? Na cava e l evu citxadtia n a yasana, n a t i k i n a se n a k o r a ? E r au ta e v i c a na r i k l n a e na dnh na yasana?
b e r a b e s a b t i l a k u l a buiibuli, I cake
cepe drGdrg duf d u i duka leva3.e vu l i u l l u , 2 lorna. l e v u rnalurnalumu rn"a5qI q a s e q a s c
(3% f4"o rab a r2w araw a Rewa Roko, Roko Tui se s obu
t a u t a u v a t a t o t oka
t uru
s i u w h e s f t h y h u l f t , for*m as a p a r t i c l e a f t e r t h e base,
ur;ei3 "11.1 c o ~ p a r i n g : 'more t h a n , ;:mather t h a n '
r~ i gh di ffii cult, h a r d different d i r t y s t o u t , f a t a l e a d e r , a eornn&?der; ' p r e c e d e 1 s p a c i c u s weak s t i n g y ( I) d w a r f i s h , small f o r one ' s age ( 2 ) o i d , cunn ing , d e c e i t fat1
nayrow ! I ) w3dc (2) t h i c k easy t h e name o f a province a d m i n i s t r a t i v e head of a provZnce whc t he r , o r i li down, downwards, as v . ,
descend, come down, go a s h o r e from a. canoe
a d r n i n f s t r a t i v e d i v i s i o n o f a p r o v i n c e
e q u a l , even, l e v e l , similar p r e t t y , handsome, dashing,
p leasan t ; drip, d r o p ( l i q u i d s )
vaka-taka vaka- t zu vaka- t auc auvnta v e i t a c l n t
c a rgo2 iohd br=faci,l"ruit; I n little b i t s , p i l ; raT form of
vaka-? ai 2ai reGnb1e, kt? like d e ~ e q d i n d on eqha;iy with, by comparison ( i ) s i b i i n g s ( 2 ! c h i l d r e n whose
f 'h thers are s f b lings chi l a r e n whgsse mothers are s i b i i n g s
f o u r t e e n times d i v j 3 e . i wasewase ' d f v f s i o n i genLXe - h c r r t e d ; y a l o ' s p l r i t ,
s ; \ ~ i & l u a .- ' qer i t l y , s low l:? '
A 3 ka t i n 1 k a t o l u ni l g s o n i
1. Dialogue.
: O c e i e lakca t G oy8? Who is going o v e r t h e r e ?
B : E v e l , o koya c Lako Where, t h e one t h a t ' s going on t i k a oy8 e yasa ni t h e s i d e of' t h e church? vale nl latu?
A : 0 koya e lit; t i k c ixal". The one t h a t ' s i n iqront o f t h e ve t rau, sega ni o two, :?ut t h e one f o l l o w i n g koya e m u r i t i k n b e h i n d . ma2,
3: Oi, k a y a e t a u r a . Ci2r.o Oh, t h e one that's c a r r y i n g t h e na i s e l e , Oyg o h i r e . That 9 Aviui a. k ~ r i u t a ,
A : E ra i ra i e sS Zesu tic must have come back a l r e a d y beka mat Lautaks . from Laut oka .
F i j i a n d i r e c t i o n a l s f a i l i n t o severa l d i f f e r e n t c l a s s e s :
1. Some d i r e c t i o n a l s a p e r a t e l i k e bases, i n t h a t t h e y o c c u r a f t e r d i r e e t f s n a l z a r k e r s . Note the s i m i l a r i t y o f p a t t e r n i n g i n t h e f o 2 i o ~ , i n e :
E a Tako ki Suva -- 'He went t o Suva. ' E a l ako ki v c i --- 'Where d i d he ,go?' E a l ako ki r a 'He went dawn. ' E a Lalro k i E x e 5 *
P.,
!e xent up. ' 2 . The members o f a c t h e r c l a s s are ~ l a t e d t o f i r s t ,
second , and t h i r d ::nrt7m p-oneuns, i n t h e sense t h a t t hey r e f e r t o places neass e a c r ~ of these pepsons. E g , 02 'by met ; oqor i 'by you" 0 3 5 -& i s s i n i i l a r t o k F b u t t he former -2 can m e n o s e with respect to tine, as w e l l as p l a c e .
11. Direc t fona ls ( o r l o c a t i v e s ) used with markers e, k-nd -> ma9,
a. R e p e t i t i o n .
140 b i u t a t; e kE na nomu Leave your luggage h e r e . i yZyZ*
;" L , e kE- S t a n d he re . E 2. y a l i c kE na noqu kX. My key was l o s t h e r e . O c e i e t i k o e kG? Who" sin here? Lako t a n l mai c kg. Go away from here.
I I b .
Cue -
lake t o s o b l u t a s o l i a tolc i a
S u b s t i t u t i o n .
I f c , R e p e t i t i o n .
140 b i u t a t b e kepi na rlomu i yZy5.
Ti e keri, E 5 y a Z i e k e r l n a coqu kI .
0 c e i e tZko e ke rE i? Lako taxi ma1 e k e r i .
Cue -
Pal.: o toso biut a solia t o k i a
XIe . R e p e t i t i o n .
140 biuta t t e k e y a n a - - nornu f yaya.
Sentence
Leave your luggage t h e r e .
S t a n d there. My key was lost t h e r e .
Who's i n t h e r e ? Go away from t h e r e ,
Sen tence
C f c i yani i k e r i ,
i a k u yan i i keri. * * .
Leave y o u r luggage t h e r e .
T5 e k e y s , S t a n d these . E E y a 2 i e keya na noqu 1743 key was l o s i; tilere ,
kT. 0 c e i e t i k o e keyz? Who's i n t h e r e ? Lako t a n f mai e key5. Go away from t h e T e .
TIf. S u b s t i t u t i o n .
Cue ----
lake t o s o b i u t a self a t o k i a
Sen tence
Lako y a n i i keyii. *
I I g . R e p e t i t i o n .
K a u t a mai k i loma na i3rinc y o u r luggage i n s i d e , nomu i ylayZ.
Ra ica mada e loma nf i c o k for i t i n s i d e , v a l e .
Na cava o i? l a ' k i Winat d i d you go and do i n s i d e ? cakava e loma?
Lako nai loma. Come i n s i d e . WZwS t f k o e l ama. Wait i n s i d e . Curu k i loma. Z n t e r . K a u t a mai t u b a na nomu BrZns your luggage o u t s i d e .
1 :yziyii. ~ a i c a mada e t u b a . Look f o r i t o u t s i d e . Na cava o Z. latki eakava l a a t d i d you go and do o u t s i d e ?
e t u b a ? Lako mai t uba . Cone o u t s i d e . WZwZ t i k o e t u b a . +viait ou t s ide .
ILh. Q u e s t i o n and answer.
Q u e s t i o n Cue - Answer
E v e i na t&oa? loma ni E t i k o e loma ni v a l e . E v e i o tinamu? t u b a E t i k o e t uba . 0 l ako i v e i ? t u b a Au l a k o i tuba . E r a t o u moce loma n i rumu E loma n i rurnu.
t i k o e ve i? 0 Z k a u t a i v e i loma nf Au a b i u t a e loma n i
n a i yByZ? kzva t e k z v a t e .
Melu kana e v e i ? lama n i vale E v e i ria gone? tabs MeTu l a k o f v e t ? 5uba Me ' u vaka-s a q a r a loma n i vale
e v e i ? Me b vvka-s aqarE t u b a
e v e i ? Me Ou k a u t a i v e i ? loma ni v a l e
Melu k a u t a i v e i ? t u b a
;Carla e Icma n i v a l e . E t i k o e tuba. Lako i t u b a . Vaka-saqara e Zoma n i
v a l e . Vaka-saqara e t u b a .
Kauta mai i lorna n l v a l e .
Kauta yan i i t uba .
TIi. R e p e t i t i o n .
B i u t a na c i n a e ( n a ) deLa ni t E v e l l . Ma cava o cakava t i k o e ( n a ) d e l a ni va l e? Au 3% b i u t a t i k o na k 1 e Cna) de la ni kGvate, Vaka-ra lca e ( n a ) d e l a ni cakau. Sanlaka mada n a d e l a ni waqa.
B i u t a na e i n a e ( n a ) ruKu ni t E v e l i . Na cava o cakava t i k ~ e i n a ) r u k u ni v a l e ? Au s i i b f u t a t i k o na, k i e (na) r u k ~ t ni kzva t e . Vaka-raica. e ( n a ) ruku ni eakau. Samaka mada n a ruku i l l waqa,
IIj . Cumulative d ~ 2 1 1 . Cues @ven b y i n s t s u c t o r : motions and picture or, blacirboasd.
Ques t ion Answer -- Sg t i k o e v e i o koya? SZi t i k o -- e lama ni v a l e o koya.
c kE e k e p i e keg e ruku !?i v a l e e t u b a e deLa n l v a l e
SZ c i c i k i v e i o TFmas.l? 35. l ako mai v e i o k s y a ?
IZk. R e p e t i t i o n .
Kabata mada k i cake e dua na niu.
Laveta mai e cake n a y avamu .
DaDe e cake. Vssa mai e cake. S o l i a mai k i rZ e s5
n a niu o q o r i .
Cllmb up f o r a coconut (please).
Lift y o u r f o o t up.
S l t on top. ( S i t down on a chair.) Speak up. Pass some of t h o s e coconuts down.
B i u t a e r5 n a nomu k a t o . P l a c e your b a s k e t undernea th . Dabe e r2. Sit down, Vosa e r Z . D o n r t speak s o Loud. Toso mai k i rE. Move down t o t h e bottom.
1x1. R e p e t i t i o n .
Kauta rnai k i l i u n a nomu i y a ~ z ,
Kauta rnai e l i u n a nomu i yzyz.
Dau r a i ki l i u n i o d r a i v a .
Dau r a i e k i u n i bera n i o d r a i v a .
Me r a l a k o rnai k i l i u na gone.
Me r a l a k o rnai e l i u n a gone.
Mo qai k a u t a maf k i muri n a nomu I yEyS, n i o t i o q o r i .
Mo q a i k a u t a mab E m u r i na nomu i yZy5, n i at1 o q o r i .
Cakacaka e l i u q a i saurnl e rnuri.
Dau ra i t i k o gg e l i u , kakua n i rai ki muri.
Me ra l a k o rnai k i muri n a gone,
Me r E q a i l a k o rnai e muri n a gone.
B r i n g your luggage up t o t h e f r o n t .
B r i n g your luggage first.
Always look (straight) ahead when you d r i v e .
Always l o o k first b e f o r e you d r i v e .
Let t h e c h i l d r e n come up i n . f r o n t .
L e t t h e c h i l d r e n come o v e r f i rs t .
Then b r i n g your luggage tc t h e back a f t e r t h a t ,
Then b r i n g your luggage l a t e r , a f t c r t h a t ,
Work f i rs t , t h e n pay l a t e r .
Always look forward; n e v e r look back.
Let t h e c h i l d r e n come t o t h e back .
Then l e t t h e c h i l d r e n come o v e r l a t e r .
111. D i r e c t i o n a l s krl.t;hout p reced ing p a r t i c l e s .
a. R e p e t i t i o n . Eev92w of t h e p e r s o n a l d i r e c t i o n a l s oq6, oqorl. ; and oyz.
0 cef na nona i y a y 5 oqa? Whose luggage i s t h i s ? Kaut a oqo vuZ, T a k e t h i s t o him, Na cava oqo? Xilat ; s t h i s ? OqZ n a noqu no to , mh L A L S .. i s nry s p e a r . 0 c e i e s o l i a oqo v e l iko? Who cave t h i s t o you?
0 c e i n a nona i yay2 Whose luggage i s t h a t ? oqos i?
Kauta o q o r i vuZ. Take t h a t t o him. Na cava o q o r i ? What's t h a t ? Oqori n a nomu moto. That Is your s p e a r . 0 cei e s o l i a oqori v e i Who gave t h a t t o you?
i k o ?
0 c e i na ncrna i yl lyZ o y ~ ? W ~ U S C ? lusc;age i s t h a t ? Kauta oyii vu5. Take t h a t t o him. Na cava og&2 What ' s t h a t ? Oya na nona rnoto. That Is h i s s p e a r . O ceP e s o l i a oy5 ve i Who ga.ve t h a t t o h i m ?
koya?
IXIb , Variable S l o t .
t ~ v a k o yaqona o q o r i mot c i scLe oqz oy . I I S c . R e p e t i t i o n .
Lako rnai v e i au. 0 c e i e B kauta na i ? S o l f a gB rnai e dua. 0 Lako rnai ve i ? V a k a - t o t o l o mai vuZ,
Lako y a n i vu3, 0 c e i e 3 kakta y a n i ? S o i i a g3 yani e dua , 0 B laka yani vaka-eava? Vaka-totas1.u yani vuZ.
Lako t m i . l 0 c e i e % k a u t a % m i ? Lako t a n i nai vu8. Lako t a n i y a n l vuz. Vaka-totoPo t an2 ,
Sentence
0 c e i n a nana f y5yZ P*?
O c e i na kena t a v a k c oqc? O c e i na nena yaaona oqo? O e e l ria raena yaqona oqori? O c e i na nana moto c q o r l ? 0 c c i na ncna i se le o q o r i ? 0 CPI n a nona 9 sele oqb? O e e l na nona i se le oyZ?
Come cver to me, Fho b r o u g h t i t over? G Eve ae one only. i" anere do you come from? Come over q u i ~ k l y t o him.
Go o v e r t~ him. Who b : * ~ t ~ g h t i t o v e r ( t h e r e ) ? Give one only. Iimr did you come over? Go G v e r q u i c k l y to him.
Go aw a:vr . Who t o o k it away? Ca s w a y f rom him. Go avlsy t o h i m . GO away quick1.y.
1. klthougtl b o t h y m i and 1;an.l r e f e r t o d i r e c t i o n away from the speaker , - t a n i i s less s p e c i f i c as t o p l a c e .
3 1 I d . Ou~uXative d r i l l s ,
1. Simple S u b s t i t u t i o n .
Cue --
k e y 3 cake ve i. l l u t u b a rnuri
loma keytr d e l a n a k e r f cake
2 , Expansion,
rnai t a n i vaka- to to lo k e y 2 s a r a
Sentence - E t i k o m a i Suva o koya.
E t i k o nai keg% o koya . E t i k o n:af cake o koya . . * .
Laka k i loma. Laks ki k e y z , 0 . I
L ako rsai , Lako tani ma1 . Laka t n n f ma1 vaka- to to2o. Lako t a n i ma1 k e y 3 vaka-cota io . Lako t a n 1 sara m;i k e y g -$aka-
td? to ro* Lako t a n i S a r a a a i k e y % vaka-
t a t o l o kk k e . 140 lakca tmi sasa nzai k e y 3 vakz-
t o t o l o ki k & .
1. Some worAds aDpear in the f o l l o w i n g d r i l l s t h a t have n o t occur red i n She preceding e x e r c i s e s . They re fe r t o d i r e c t i o n s , b u t are less l i k e p a r t i c l e s and rnore like l e x i - c a l i t e m s . T h e l i s t i s open-ended and i n c l u d e s t h e F i J i a n terms f o r "leftq, ' r i g h t T , compass d i r e c t i o n s , e t c . The s t u d e n t nay e l i c i t such new vocabulary a s needed.
o q o r i v e i Samu y an2 e dua
na t avako
kauta, crzl.
v e i au
3. Var i ab l e S l o t .
Cue ---
na moto key5 y a n i 0c;G v e i r a u n a pzke t e t avako
C i c i v a k a .
C ic ivaka oqorf . CSeivaka o q o r i v c i S m u . Clc ivaka yan i o q ~ r i v e i Samu. Cic ivaka yani e dua oqor i v e i
Samu . Cic lvaka y a n i e dua n a k8 oqori
vef Sm.u.
Raica e vale.
Ralca e luma n i vale, Raf ca e 30ma ni vale e na d e l a
n i tCvelZ. Raica E loma n i vale e rra dela
n i t z v e l i na t avaka . Kevakg o r a i ca e lama n% vale
e n a d e l a ni t B v e l i na t avako . KevakE o r a i c a e l ~ m a ni vale
e na deJa n i t z v e l i na t avako , k n u t a rnai .
?.ETx~Z' Q ra lca e loma ni v a l e e na d e l a ni &GveEf n a t avako , k a u t a ma% v e i au .
Sen tence - Kauta mai e dua o q o r i k i tuba.
Kauta mai e dua o q o r i k i rZi. C ic ivaka m s i e dua o q o r i k t rB. Cic ivaka mai e dua oqori k i wai. C i c i v a k a mai e dua o q o r i ki kE. Cf c i v a k a mai na mozo o q o r i ki kS. Ciclwaka nai na moto oqor i k i k e y z . Cic ivaka y a n i n a moto oqori ki keyZ. Clc ivaka y a n i n a moto oq5 k i keyz. Ctc l vaka yani na mot0 oqb v e i rau . Cic iYfaka yan i na pEkete t avako
oq5 vvei rau.
3b
Cue ---
de la n i t eve l i
b i u t a
kena v6
ke" s o l l a k i l3.u mot0 y ani
Cue -
t a b u a
I V . Q u e s t i o n s .
Q u e s t i o n - C uu -- Me'u b i u t a e v e i e loma
n a nomu 3. yZyZ?
Sentence
Vaka-raf c a mada yarii e loma ni vale na kI.
Vaka-ra lca mada y a n i e d e l a n i t gve l i n a kX.
Vaka-ra ica mada yani e d e l a n i tEveLi na i l a v o ,
B i u t a mada yani e dela n i t F v e l i n a i l a v o .
B i u t a mada mal e dcLa ni tPve3f na i l a v o .
2iuta mada ma1 e dela ni t E v e l i na icena v5.
B i u t a x~ada rnai e kE na kena v5. Solia mada mai e k g na kena vG, $SolSa mada rnai k i I i u na kena v5. S o l i a mada mai k i I l u na moto, Soi . ia mada y a n i ki l i u ria rnota.
Sentence
Biuta na c l n a e na ruku ni t P v e l i .
bluta na c i n a e n a dela n i t E v e l i . Bfuta na clna. e na i e l a ni kcva te . 31utc t na kaluko e na d e l a ni
k5vate. 3 l u t a na k a l o k o e na loma ni
k?jv>at e , S i u t a na k a l o k o e n & ioma ni v a l e . &3luta na ka loko e n a lama ni kato . : i a ro roya r,a k a l o k o c na loma ni
7 r r, h a t o . 1;:ascroya n a t a b u a e n a lama n i
Ir at;(>, I:x~-.aroya ria tabua e na Soto ni.
kato. Vunia n a t a b u a e na b o t o n i ka$o.
Response
No b i u t a e loma n a noqu i y z y z .
E wzraki au tiks e t u b 2 e v e i o koya?
E v e i na noqu i ' oyZ y%$5?
E v c i n a noqu mata oqF I loiXe?
FleTil th e v e i ? e l i u
Na I k a cava o o q o r i v i n a k a t a?
Melu b i u t a e ve l? e kg
H a yac ~ a n a cava i l i t r m e g u tukuna vu5 me qara k i n a ?
0 5 b i u t a e v e i e r u k u ni n a c i n a ? t g v e l f
E dabe t P k a e v e i e n u r i o koya?
Mer u l a k o i v e i ? mai v e i a u
0 Z b l u t a e v e i e na dela ni n a noqu kZ? va ta
E v e i n a noqu 2. . oq5 v i u?
Me u k a u t a ki v e i k i cake n a k"aoq6?
Me'u dabe e v e l ? e rZ
E :rZraki ~ K O t f k u e t u b a.
Oq5 n a nomu mata i l o i l o .
140 tG e l i u .
)?a i k a o q o r i a u v i n a k a t a .
;+lo b i u t a e k c .
Tukuna vuz me qara 1. I l u .
- Au a Siuta na c i n a e
ruku ni t E v e l i .
2 &be tiko e muri o k o y a ,
Lako mal v e i au.
Au 5 O i u t a na nomu kX e na d e l a n i v a t a .
Oq6 na nornu i v i u .
Ksu ta ki cake na kZ o q o r i .
?-!a % a c i y ~ i ni vonu ---- -- "-
Eauta e lima s a g a v u l u ~ a k a - c a c a n a nZiile k i ns ceva k e i Suva, e ~ i r i k o t o k i n a na yanuyacu ko Kadavu. E n a yanuyanu ~ q o e 2 l k c k4na ns. ?:ore ko Mamuana. Na k o r o ko Nanluana e
, t o k a -rZTlctka sa ra e b s t i n& wal., E daku ni koro oq6, e t ska k i n a e dua n a cielar,a, T J i da 9;a e delana,, e rawa n i d a r a i vak3 21 na v u a l i k b s e k i na eeva .
k: n a d e l a n a gona oq6, sauta e d u a na d r a u lima sagavulu k i n a r u a na d s a ~ n a fiki nai d e l a n i xa3, e r a dau k a c i v a k i n a na vcnu o i ~ a na parama nl Nanuana. Ni ra s 5 ciau soqo e delanzl oqTj o Ira na rncrruna, e r a s Z qai inai vucu k o t o y a n i . Ni da r a i t:, era sG q a i vude yadudua cake mai k i de la n i wai ria voi?u.
Na k ~ e i v i 'iraka-oqZ ~ 1 % vanu e .3du caka t a l c gZ e na koro ko i'?acarnaki e n a ynnuyanlr ko Korc. Ns yanuyanu ko Kora e k o k Grt rr!a t o k a l a ~ l kc f Tr:9;i Lev11 r. na y a t u 1 .umaivl t l .
1, S a v u t a e dua ria i.ar?uyanu c dau 2acivS k i n a fia vonu.
2. E t i k c r v e i na ysnuyanu ka Kadavu?
4 0 cei e dau k a c i v a na vonu e n a k o r o ko Namuana?
5. E v i c a na nglle na yawa k e i Kadavu ma1 Suva?
6 . Na g a t u yanuyanu cava e w % l i k i n a o Kuro?
bat f
cake cFci-vaE:a
k 3 t 0 ke ri ke vak3 kI K Z ~ X V U kBvate maroro;,.r-L Nacamakj N amuarra ruk u
rurriu t a b u a t a n i t Eve li t o ~ a l a u t o s o
vaka-s aqara vale ni f o t u vat a v f u , f vb vonu v u a l i k u VUCU vude vuni -a
s h a r p erjge,, boa rde r ; b a t i nl wai 'river bank o r t h e sea c o a s t '
upwards , from above c S c i ' r u n t ; t r ans . cicivaka --
r r u n t o o r fop ' c i n a lamp o r t o r c h T ; c inava -
f i n d something w i t h a t o r c h t back of a person, o r t h i n g zbove. t o n o r s u r f a c e o f a n y t h i n g d r i v e ; d r i v e r ( ~ n g l . 1 glass, m S r r o r j b i l o iloilu
' d r i n k i n g g l a s s ? ; mata i l o i l o ' S ~ C C ~ ~ C ~ C S '
b a s k e t , box, t r u n k , s ; a % t c a s e there ! b y t he heare r ) if Icpy (ErAg3. * 1 island s o u t p l ~f Vlti Lcvu cu?board IY.2cgf. 1 k a k e care c f , keep v i 1 lapc rra:,ici
1,1 11 ag5 na:;bc sh :-cL+? i ~ r l ( : ~ ~ ) a tl-iltip; it I.s
#;sc 5 ~ 3 2 7 rqLZ;iz prepositions rsox ( h n g l . > %ht; whale's t o o t h d i f f e r e n t of a p l a c e ; e l s e ~ h e r e sab le (Ent;l. ) c a s t :love; trans, -. t o s c ? 'move an
o b j e c t t ; tosova 'nave close t o t as an auxlllary G r h , t5 --- i n p l i e s
stan6I.c:~ tn a p l a c e , being in the 72 i~er, c o n d i t t u n
cook t l h ~ r c ! ~ sl.:~; l f , l o f t ; , plat form umbre l la Jert over t u r t ; le ncr t,?~ chant CO::!~.: t~ t h e w a t e r ' s s u r f a c e vuni 'hide, c o n c e a l t ; t r a n s . --
V L : I I I ~ v ~ n i t a k a --- 3
isne a3 a t h e
Na cava na vu nf nomu v u l l c a na vosa Waka-vPti? Na cava o dau cakava e n a v e i s i q e Tabu? Na yanuyanu cava e t i k o k i n a o Suva? I\la gunu cave n a w m u yunu v i n a k a drszdua? Ra mztaqall. yaloya2.o cava o vinaka tz? Ha getlna cava e na. te"x.vu k i n a na v u l i ? Vaka-cava c k i l a , i koys v inaka? O k i l a vaka-cava niqu tiko e kG?
Ib.
Cue -
kana r a i rawa vo li gunu s o l 1 w i l t vo l a vE-2r au
Laka k i n a kd xoce
k a t a l a u k i n a l a k o k i n a kf v u l i vaka-si g a l e v u k i n a lesu maf k i n a k i vaie vaka-y akavi k i n a v u l i Ezsoni k i n a t e i t e f kina laka kina ki ria rnakete lako kina ki cakacaka
Sentence ---
- :$a, cava o a kan ia? -. :In csva o 2 r a t c a ?
1 . .
Na gauna eRva o dau yad ra kina?
I.ia gauna cava o dau l a k o k i n a k i moce?
Ha gauna cava o dau k a t a l a u k i n a ? . * a
E ~ 9 % boka na vaLe nf wai ni mate? 9 t l k o e v e i na nsEu va le? E s z t i k o e v e i na taclmu? 0 s5 c a k ~ c a k a t i k o e v e i n ikua? Z k a i v e i o koya? 8 5 kunea mad. ye9 na kaloko ~qori? E vaka-evei na l e v u k e i Suva? 5 vvaka-eve2 n a dedG n l vukrc ma% Suva k i NadP?
Cue - Sentence ".--
E ye: ~ I S nrE:,ice&e? --"- pasf tZ-it.si E v e l na p a c i t E v e s k ? i r5-E n l waqavu!ca 3; na 1 2-1 w ~ s a v u k a ? 'u aqe - a t e l a wavu s l t Z s e n i r i i o v i s ~ vale ni volavola ni- Kaunise la nl Merlka vale nl ka l raburzk2 vale ni y a l o y a l o
E vaira-evei na dedZ ni nornu sg k i k o v o l i e Suva? - ----
vuka ma1 Suva ki IJadS. E ~ a k a - e v e i na dedE ni vuka mai Suva k i Nadi?
nomu t l2:o e kE E valra-eve1 na dedE ni nomu kikc; e ke?
nomu cakaeaka e n a 2vfatanitu nomu ~ a d e v u l a i mauca norla t a a v i mate cakacaka oqz nomu t a 6 na va le s o k o k l Labssa riornu r,a t i!co m a 1 ttcr-il
to tcs lo
Suva
v t r k ~
vakh- e ava
IIonoi.i.iiu
de C;G
rt5
Xalcc!
o ki1G
k e y s
Sen tence
5 vaka-evei ria i t o v o n i soko rnai V i t f k i Ijardaii?
T- c vala--evei n a t o t o l a ni soko mal Viti k i Hawaii.
Z vaka-evei n a t o t o l o ni soko rnai 3 ~ v a k i hawail?
2, vakzt-eve% na t o t c l o ni vuka 1r:;il :,uva ki jimaii?
E v a ~ h - c a v a na t c z a l o ni vuka mat Cuva i t1 IlawalL?
E, vakra--cc-;rs na tuLt , lc ni ~ u k a ;!13i :;ciia k l I.~onc?lu.lu? -
i.; irakclr.-c&v,? raa pec,ie rii vuka - . .,ii .- ::iiva ki.. i i o n ~ l u l . ~ ? v,jKa-cava na dcdg ni vuka :ilsi is ,;i I lonoiu lu?
i, ~ ' i . k i I , - ~ a ~ r ~ n a dedG ni l&o cial KG k i : :onclul~t? -- "..
Cl kL l a n z Jcde nF laks mai ke ,-5 : i . y l ~ l u i u ? . - - -
j ,,:,a ns dec-e. ni l ako nai kg - t: I ke ; j 2"
E v f c a na vosa a k l l z ? E wica na t i t o b u ni u c i i ~ i a i oqo? O sz yabak i vita‘? E v i c a e sabra n i 2 . ~ ~ 9 n i r:z"c;aa? E lcwe v.I_ea v e i kenu:~ip e raw% nl. vtrkei au? S g vita Seka na kaltci;.:o? Na i KIZ v i z a ni s i r ? r,lx:i:i':' 'E., v i c a ria i e v u ni J arluyariu taucuicei nal V 5 t i ?
E v i c a n a kemu ba lavu? ---
nomu y a b a k i E v i c a na nomu y a b a k i ? i sau n i i t u P i k a oqG? E v i c a na i sau n i i t u i i k a oqz? t r t o b u ni uciwai oqo? . . . i vodovodc n i basi k9 Suva
lewe nf kora og6P dedg nf vuka ki L3.basa
mal. Nadi dedg ni soko mai Suva
k i Lautoka dedE ni nomu tiko e kE kena yaws ma1 Nadi ki
i:,clal ad1 S a i . 3 ~ ~ nZ, nomu b o t o
I I I e . Variable s l o t ,
Cue - Sentence -- E wica n& i lavo e doeonu m e T u
30i.i.9 v e l i k o ?
Z; aura
na i k a
mo
rawa
ni o
v e i ratou
v o l i a
v i c a nn i l avo c dodonu ne u s w l i a :naL vug? vf c a na i l a v o e dodonu me 'u t au ra nzl vug? V ~ C B riz I k a e dodanu met u t au ra n a l vuZ? vita na Pka e dodonu mo tarira r:ai vuZ? ~ i ~ a n a i k a e rawa mo taura zai VLI',? v l c a n a i k a e sawa ni o taura rnai vuZ? v i c a na i k a e rawa ni o t a u r a mai veS r a t o u ? v i c a n a 2 k a e rawa n l o v o l i a ma9 ve l ra tou? v i c a n a d a i o e rawa nf o v o l i a mal ve i ratou? Zevu n a aaao e raws nf, o v o l i a ~ a i 71ei r a t o u ?
XV. - C e l
Na vale n e i c e i oqo? Ma gwu mei cei oqo? Na jgina ke2 c e f ? 0 cef e gone duadua veZ kemudou? 0 rogoca v e i c e l na i t u k u t u k u oq3T 0 cef s a vaka-d"onuya na, nonirr lakc? 0 c e i beka e k3.l.E na vale n e i Jcnc? 0 c e i soti e na q l t o nP mataka?
IVb, S u b s t i t u t i o n .
Cue - Sentence
gunu j g i n a > aqona l u v e n a waqa d a l o ko lT t a v i o k a t amana wai n i m o l i t av ioka
O c e i na nona v a l e oqz?
0 c e i na mena gunu oqE? 0 c e i na kena j z ina oq6? . * .
- 0 c e i e s tarZ na nomu va l e? ------
k a u t a m a i oqo ki kg O c e l e 5 kauta n a i oq5 ki kg? vaka -vu l i c i i k o e na Q c c i c 5 vaka-vu2iei i k o e n a
vosa Vaka-vi t i vosa Vaka-v i t i ? t a l a i i k o ki na. s i t03 - A s
s o l i a v e i i k o na kg oq: mai r a i c i i k o t a rog i i k o va-kauta mai v e i i k o vaka-raitaka v e t I k o . l e s u mai Suva n ikua l a k o ki Suva n ikua
XIIc. Variable s l o t .
o q o r i
i vola
07 a k i n a
e v e i
oqo
Sentence ---
O ~ 6 3 % m e l i . t ica.uta vus nn i o l o o l o o q o r i ?
O c c i me k a u t a vua na i v a l a c3cl G rl ?
0 c ~ l n e ' u k a u t a vua n a i v o l a oy 51'
0 CGI m e f u U ~ i u t ~ i k i n a na i vola oya?
E ve i me'u k a u t a kina na f v o l a oy t?
E v e l m e l u kauta k i n a na i vola oq O?
b i u t a
kztc;
i c i -,r;.i.
. .. r, v e i z c 'u b i u t a k i n a na i vola
;I I' -- ,.:i T: ?
i .' ye', r r i e 7 u ?:;luta k i n a na k a t o
or; 5? . , Ti, 2 vc J- t r r i i i l ~ i b i u t a kTna na k a t o
ec; Z?
i.2 .., yj,,?-:"cn .: 3,:i;.:o k-j R:,' ?? *. ,- * 1 - t !*:,IC9. R 2 tlC:i!.i sj.,~?.:: ri-i. ;;i!cl~? . , - . - 1%. ri ai. 9 ;> <-J 21. p CJ.j" (2 2" *< 2i ;?. ;-: 5- a y . %
E nt5.ica na I I-:-:a ovio [ r i ~ f . ! - , : a ? 'I: b n : i j . c a d 8 , t t ~ ~ t ~ ~ l ~ k ~ ! < i ~ - ~ ~ - , 7 p - + .
?..: P-; s a!.;a? * e 2 nai.ca ::iefu nil y f i 1 ~ 1 ~ j ~ : i l r r i ~ ~ i k i n a ?
T, r, rlcs.lca, o ria t l jc:, Icjr,a S g v ~ ' E? rlaj..c::. :;z, x:>. ~ $ i k i : ; ; ~ r~::!, Z I C ~ P I L ~ c ~ ! : ; a ~ ~ , j c : : ~
Cue -
caka kina na base n s f c a e na czka kina na. bose? o t i kina ne nomi ,rZLcF 5 n a i c a e na oti k i n a r!a nomu gZidE? dola k i n a n c nonu vale n! v~lavola vou
yaco ;nai k i n 3 na :\
t a r a $ti kiaa !;a v a l ? caka k i n a D a tZor?g v , > Y ~ -
mau tek iv l : k f n s na v ~ l n i
LIcaLisrS: vuka iL];1a k i :;Ju S l l r 7 :
0 Starnu P caka k i r , a n a vei:"f;- c:l' ;-,A
do l a k i c a na bt-,sc:
Cue - r; n;llczb z sZ dodonu me or,i k i n a -we--- --
fia :""?La oqo?
C n a l z a e s 5 dodonu m e o t i k i n a na vale oqE?
raws
n i n a
0.y a
vaka-y a g a l a k i
va2.e ni v o l a v o l a
t u k u n i
E na,ica e s 3 rawa ne o t i k i n a n a vale oq??
E na ica e s5, rawa nl na ti k i n a rza vale oqTj?
E n a i c a e sB rawa ni na o t i k i n a na vale oyZ?
E na lca e sZ rawa n i na vaka- j a g a t a k i k i n a na v a l e oyz?
E n a i c a e sE rawa ni na vaka- y a g a t a k i k i n a n a vale n i v o l a v o l a oyZ?
E n a s i g a cava e s2. rawa ni na vzka-yagat*i k i n a n a va1.e rii v o l a v o l a oyZ?
E na s i g a cava e s5 rawa ni n e vaka-yagataki k i n a na va le n i v o l a v o i a vou?
E n e s iga cava e s5. rawa n i na doJa kLna na va le n i v o l a v o l n vcu?
2, na sige cava e sg t x c u n l ni na d v l a k i n a na vzie n i vola- vo l a vai;?
V I . Question i n t o n a t i o n .
The f o l l o w i n g arc g iven f f rst wizh statement i n t o n a t i o n :
E sega ni rauta o q o r i , 0 aii sega r,i l a k o , 0 b u l a v inaka . E ravta ni CI v a k a - t o t o l o mai . E l a k o kf Lautoka o koya . E t i k o e k c s Timoci. 0 k i l a i koya . 0 s Z l e a u mai, E Tawa n i f u vodo y m i . E l e v u n a uca mai Nadl ,
V I b . With q u s s t i a n i n t o n a t i o n ,
V I c , Given the sentence uith the statement i n t o n a t i o n , produce i t with a q u e s t 2 0 3 i n t o n a t i o n .
21. Au. 2 yaccx iylal tl x?a
XIia. T rhns i a t e I n t o E n g l i s h .
.- <a cava na vE ni n9nu vuliea ria V C S ~ Vaka-v i t i ?
."Ja yarluyznlx cava e t i k a K ~ E ~ ko Suva? 2 v e l na nona vale?
kai v e i 3 koga? O sZ y a b c k i v i c s ? 35 v i c a b ~ k a na ka;oko? I . - s n z f c a s n ,?a =t i i f l n a r;a ~:oriiu c a k a c a k ~ ? ", s- rial .;;a e na :I see' .?a1 kia:a rl-: 'vy3q3? - ;: r?, t a u v i ~&;ltc ~ 2 ' ~ ~ 2 - cizi9a t,, !'-- , \- j a '> E rr&p-~:vcj na. sf dE r i l n ~ : ~ . ~ i :i3 tS ko z kE?
?.-. , jnat $ s t 1 - j ~ Enir l j .sh ~ f i ~ ~ i P C I ~ v$j.c? l:J'hatfs tipiat? !ilJhere can I h;u:y soze c"?v~;i.~r.';",~'i? - j .
idhere h a v e ycju b t : , ~ : ~ ? Holv mwch is t j l i . 3 i jzpi r lq of' _ C ; i ~ k ; ? Iiow rcarry kids 2, :.icv. have? when l q i l l y3t; z~qt.>j.ry;?
1 s t ; - ! ~ ~ f F l ; f j - ..& d~~ '?
iIow 6 l d he 5;c?
Haw shall 1 cook y o u r f i s h ?
Kaunlse ln ??at z n i tz Okaladi Okosita Okotova o l o o l o , i. Qsiterelia lotela o v l s a - - r o r o , I Siga Tabu s i l i n i s i s i v e n i s i t g s e n i tab rt
bank ( Z n ~ l . ) S c s ( E n g l . ) two nigl i t s before June (Zngl. ) as In va1.e ni kakaburak i .--- "broad-
castdna h o u s e t ..., C o n s u l ( E n g l . ) g::jve rnn:~ent a u ~ ~ - ' i GI*L ,& d..d - 77
Aui.?us t ( IIngI, ) Cjci' oSc,n
of f i ce r* , Foiiceman (En@ . ) (1) rc~st, perch ( 2 ) a l and ing ground Sunday s h i l l i n g ( E n g l . s i x p e n c e ( E n g l . ) s t a t i o n ( E n g l . ) branch
t f t o b u
t avc , i
tu l , i t u k u t u k u , i vak a- d8nuy a vaka- i -c i l l vaka-vuliea vale ni vo l avo l a v e i d i g i d i g r vodovods, i vuka-ca
vfilagi waqavuka w avu
deep ( o f w a t e r ) , profound ( o f though t
custom, manner, h a b i t , disposition, q u a l i t y , character
s t r l l i g of r e p o r t , news, message approve accomodated t e a c h a pe rson something o f f i c e e l e c t i o n , b a l l o t fare f o r t r a v e l i n g vuka ' t o f l y ' ; t r a n s . vukaca -
' f l y o v e r t v i s i t o r a i rp lane wharf , bridge (Eng l . )
FI *?'I
A i k a t i n i K a lima n t l5sonS
(E, t l k q pronourls and a~ree rne r i t i l p l number; d i r e c t f o n a l s . )
A: Ila cava o s Z cakava What are you dcing? t i k a ?
%?;a, au tii g?i e Nathlng. f t m j u s t at home. vale .
O se nanuma t l k o ria Do you s t l . 1 1 remember what; we nodat% v e i n a k i ? a g x e d t o do?
10. E da'cou rka lake Yes. liJhat. tbme are wf? l e av ing? e n; v i c a na k a l o k a ?
r' 0 I Z o , o 2'irrlor:i vaca 'lau, , Imcci , ar,d 1 w i l l leave Z.e1 ztl, da%oc; u.9 txe re a"rnS ric . b l ~ ~ t p e kg e na GI:", .:L *
0 koya %: sa tt;. nai RZ;,, l i c f s st321 i n Ra, but he should e d o d ~ n u n c na l r tkn be eomirig back today . cake mai t ~ l . k z a .
I3 datot i n a l a k o E? waS. A r e we qoinl7; by sea o r hy land? :je E! van^:^?
C k e d a t o u na l i u e Three of u s who arc g c i n g fi.rst d a t ~ u n~ a u r f c w l l l go b y land. I t ' s no t vanua. E c:. ria v e r y good t o s a i l , s i n c e t h e soko ogc ni iiwa n c r t h d i n d i s b lowing . t i k o na vual-Lku-
1. rilkien t i k o occurs a f t c r a v e r b a l base , it operabes l i k s a function word. Rere, it i s a progressive. A s a base, it means ' s t a y , r e s i d e t . Tu RS a base means ' s t a n d t .
The distinction between - tikoynnd tii is n o t c l e a r - c u t , but the former is usually nose e x n l i e E as t;o l o c a t i o n .
Ti7 - a. .iu and t;.i.j2:o as s base . -- ,. ---" r - f u m3daa 3tznnd. (now, f o r the t i m e being,
'I once)
~ i k o r n ~ d a , . S t a y . ( e x c u s e m e , see you l a t e r )
S t a n d here. S t a y here.
~ " i L u '- vaka-dua kua ni S t o p , d o n ' t nave" y avala.
TZko vaka-dua, k u a xi Stay hc?re, d o n ' t go a b o u t . ve i la lccyaki .
O t c e v e i mai i.ionolblu? :;liieresbouts i r ; 2o i lo lu l t : are .gou? O tikc; e vert 3a3. k i o n ~ i z l s ? Nhere tlsr yoi: 2.n iionol:~-j,u?
i aa re e x a c t l y ) a t what; n l a c e ?
Tu valca- t zlcaaic . Stand U? ].Lice a man. Tfko vak;~-tegane. 3a.4.d when all , t h e wo;,ien k t,ne
f n x i l y are d u t and t h e inen ?lave tc s u b s c l t u t : ? to dc the dti t .3 .e~.
I . TG m d t i k o s f t e r tce b h s c , - - E lako t6 ki Lautoka o 7 w tcent; -La Lautoka ( u u t h a s n ' t
k o y a . PCT, UIVPIGC) . E za I.ako t i k o k I Lautoka Ze wL11 be go ing t o Laxtalra.
o koya.
Au na l a k u t a l e t u gz c) I'll b e going a long t o o i j u s t ail. to accf;lrrpany t h e ~ r o u p with
- no zsstenment t o d o ) . Au na, l a k o t a l e t i k o za o 1'11 be !?oirig a long (to h e l p
2u. w i t h the mission of t he trip).
Au na s o l i a tz v e i ; .3 x.;?. Itll ~ivc-? YOU rny boa"c;to nsqu waqa. l o s ~ a f t e r ) .
AU na 532ii3. t i k o ve t 113 i f j l tie g l v l n g you my 5 o a t (to na noqu waqa, L c ~ c : l ~ af tep) .
Na cava G a caicava t$ c i nhat I t i9d :jou do yestepday? nanoa? ( i i s k e d wlth doubt tha t he
was r ea l l y d a l n c a n y t h i n g . Na eava o a ca.kava tiko hhat were you doing y e s t e r d a y ?
e nanoa? ( D e P i ~ i t e l y a s k i n g what lc~e w2s doing. j
s iga le trtx
ke
s a b u
I viiv5
drsu
ni mataka
l z k o
:Ji o 1esu !mi e n a s igaLcvu k a u t a cake m a i na ncqu s o t e .
Ke o Lesu tnai e na s iga levu kauta cake mai na noqu s o t e .
Ke o lestl rnai c na s i g a l e v u kauta s o j u ma2 na naqu so te .
Ke a lesu rnai e na sigalevu kauta - - s o b u m a t n a noqu i vava.
Xe d r a u lesu mai e na sigalevu k a u t a sobu rnai na noqu i vzvz.
Ke drau lesu mai ni mataka k a u t a sobu m a i na noqu 3. vZvE.
Ke d rau l a k o mai n i mataka k a u t a sobu rnai na noqu i viiv5.
V1. Rege t l t fon waf - and vanua. --.--
E l a k o kl wai o k o y a . :3c i s ou t fishl.n;.;, Lako kl waf. Go i n t o t h e water. Lako mai ki wai. Come into the w8,tcr. Lako e wai. Go b y wate? or sea. N a nona koro e t S k o e wal, l i 2 s :rillage 5s by t h e sea.
E P a k 0 i vanua c kcyx.. Ee i s gone inland, Lako ki vanua. Go ashore. Get out o f t h e water. Laka mai ki vanua. Come to t h e sha re . Come o u t of
t h e water, Lako e vanua. Go by l and . Ha nona koro e t i k o G His v i l l a g e i s i n l a n d ,
vanua .
V I 9 . Variable s l o t .
Cue -
soko
ni lako
Sentence "- -- - E na swarawa kevaka a drau
mus i e wai . E ;aa t o t o l o kevaka a drau muri
e wa%. E na t o t o l o kevzka o drzu soko
e wai. E na totolo kevaka o dou sako
e wai, E na totolo n i o dou soko e wai. E na t o t o l o ni o dou lake e wai,
vinaka vanua ke dre drE t auk a l e
R e p e t i t i o n .
E na vinaka nii o dou lako e trai. E Ea vinaka nf o dou lako e vanua. E na vinaka kc o dou lako e vanua , E n a drEdr5 k e o dou lako e vanua. E na drEdrG ke o dou t a ~ b a l e e
vanua .
Draiva e na yasana i Drive on t h e right hand sf de . ~irat au .
E v e i na yasana i matau? Where i s the r i g h t hand sid.e? Na nona va l e e t i k o e na H i s ~ G U S ~ is on t h e r i g h t .
yasana i matau. Ni s a s i v i na wavu gale When you pass the b r i d g e t u r n
e na yasana i xatau. t o t h e ~ l g h t . E mavoa vaka-cava na Iiow was y o u r r i ~ h t !imd h u r t ?
Xigasnu i mat a u ?
Draiva e n a yasana :i rr.nl:;I. 1:rive on ?,he left hand s i d e . E ve i na yasana 1. maw?? ',;'here 1.s t h e i c f t hand s ide? Na nuna vale e t i k o c na Xiirs \ louse 2s on t h e l e f t .
y as ana i mawr . Ni sa s i v i na w 8 * ~ u gale :)he:? b t o ~ pcss t h e b r i d g e turn
i na i mawz. t c ) t h e l e f t . E rnavoa vaka-cava n:i How was y o u r l e f t k i n d h u r t ?
ligamu i m a w i ?
IX. Variable s l o t .
Cue Semtcnce - -- Ni o s i v i a na wavu gobe ki n a i
niat au . doncay a
koro
1 ak o
i maw?
y acova
drau
e
muri
! i i o Qrjnuya na wavu gore k i ria i iria+Yau.
Ni o donuya na koro gole kf na i m n t a u .
t i i o dcnuya na k o r o l&o k i na 1 rfiatau.
:!i danuga nn koro 1ako k i na 'r
i , ? t r Z W i . ,Fi i u yacovu na ~ O J ~ C ) l a k o ki na
i !lb:'u'I.
N 9 dr3u yacova n a k c r o lake kl n a i m a w i ,
G i drau yacova na koro l ako e na i matti.
Ni d r a u yacova na koro muri e na i m a w X .
u c i w a i
kos OV?.
1- ' '"1, drau yacova nr u c i w a i mur i
c fia i rnawr. Xi drau i:osava na cciwai mur i
e na i azwr.
X. Repetition. V u a l i k x - > --$ ceva t o k ~ l a u , and - r%
0 ?oturi?n e k o t o e na v a a l l k u k e i Vanua Levu.
!4o r a l ki na v u a l i k ~ , - !: dau ~ 3 y I katakzLe n?
c a g i vuaLiicu. Datou !flara.Ka me liifii8 y o
v u 3 i i . k ~ ~ G U q ~ i l a k o . E cauna v i n a k a ni siwa i -
l i : : d i ~ n s vua l i l cu .
O Vanua Levu e kn:o e rls
ceva k e i R0tw.a. Mo ra i ki na ceva . E d 3 u c a r i ba taSa t5 ?-it:
c a g i c l i w a xai ?:;I
ceva . 5atcu vreraka ne l i w 3 ri3
n!r?ta ni cag i ria C ~ V ~ Y tcu qai l ako .
G cauna - r i r , ska ni six;: k e k i w a n a ceva.
Xc.
- r, cabe na r na ta f i i s ir , -22 , < A
xlai na t a k a l r r t . E r a t u k u n a na qasi : t i
cagL b u l ~ ~ b u l a nz t : - r . ;
tokalau. KL na t o k a l a u k e i Vit' 12
k o t o Iclna na jrznuyafili ko T o ~ a .
Tsltzraka rile L l w a na c a ~ i t ~ k a 1 . a ~ t o t , qai s o k o ,
VZ-golea na waqa ::if?
donuya na mata ni c a q i na t ,oka2au .
Rotw;?g l i e s to t he n o r t h o f 'Jailuz ie vu.
I,osk d o ~ a r d the n o r t h . T h e ~ , ; i r ~ d tlaLat t313'~'s frcm t h e
nr,?th i s u s u a l l y h o t . L c t '3 waif till the n o r t h wind
h e i o s ~ ~ tki t2r t we g c . It is a qcod ti:nc f o r fishing
i f tkt- cart i - , wind b l o w s .
J~:.~J:I Leva lies t o t he s o u t h of i?:,:~rla.
1,o~i: Jieward the s c u t k . rrht-. ;.lirli3 that blows f'rorr the
sc)xt l~ is u s u a l l y c o l d .
Let's wait till t h e wouth x i n d b l o w s t h e n ICC i . 0 .
It is F~ prjod tire f o r f i s h i n g 1 f the S o u t h wf-nd. S lows .
Ti-!€: s u n r ises frog1 t h e e a s t .
;'i;c : g i ! l peop jc sag tha t t h e rs r -c . t liqir,:! is s ke&i",ny wind.
TI :,he c a s t of F i j i lies the ; s; lav i . i of Tonf:a.
Ijci",t;iJI the east wind blows Cncn we s a i l .
S t c e r the b o a t toward t h e e a s t .
Xd.
?i dromu ria mata n i siga The sun sets t o Chu w e s t . !cl nc? r B .
Era t u k u n a na qase ni The o l d p e o p l e s a y t h a t t h e c a q i ni t a u v i mate n a westerly wind b r i n g s sickness. c a i i 1 r;iX.
Xi ~a r3 k e i V i t i e To t h e w e s t o f F i j i i s s i t u a t e d c l r i l rota k i n a n a yanu- t n ~ i s l a n d of New C a l e d o n i a . yanu ko Niu Kaletania .
w i r a k a me !,iwa na cacfi. i 'Xalt t i l l the westerlies r3 t c u qa i l a k o . b l o w s t h e n we go.
VZ-golea na xaqa me S t e e r t he boat toward t h e west. donuya nn mats nl c ~ ~ i i. r3 .
XI, :Ia,riab ic slot,,
Cue --
cake
ce va v5- go l c a b ot o y a.ni vaka-dodonut aka
t i k o
XII. Q u e s t i o n s .
3 o k o t a k a vakadcdonu n a waqa k i n a t a k a l s u .
, ; c k o t a k s cake n;: waqa k l rLa L G L ~ i.E?\A.
S ~ k c t a k a cake na waqa k i na c e v a . VZ-golea cake n a xuqa I c i na ceva . Va-twlea cahc ria b o t o k i na ceva . VZ-,mlea y a n i na b ~ t o k i na c e v a . Vaka-dodoniitaka y a n i n a boto ki
na ceva. Vaka-dodonut a k a van2 n a b o t o
k i ns caci i rS. Vaka-dodonutaka sobu n a b o t o k i
na c a ~ i i r5. Vrtkzc-dodonutaka s o b u n a b o t o k i na v u a l i k u .
Vakz-dcdonutaka tiko na b o t o k i n a v u a l i k u .
Response - -.
?4e tu k e l e a e v c i na P cabbe e Kelea t o k a 2 cake e k e y 3 w aqa? > - tccya ria waqa.
I l e d a t o u l a k o 1 v e t ? s05u Datou l a k o s o b u . E tiko e v e i n a nona e wai E t i k o e wai na nona koro.
ko ro? 0 lako i v c i oqorl? 1. vanua Au l a k o i vanua. ?4e1u ~ u r i e vc:? 1'1 s i Murli e n a i matau.
:nat a u
--- _ . _ _ * - .. -.,- U A ..a*- - - "., ...V .,. *.- _ .-- -- - -
.s;lle? ncinn -~.!le - I
F,rt. {a?.?: c;c-a $2 i i d : ~ 1:1*~liku i; 3.1v1a t i k o oqG ria v u z l i k u . ciko oqb?
P!eYt! v5-golea i v e i tokalau VZ-golea na waqa i n a I
t 4
vla y.~sf-lc;? t o k a l a u . *1 L : i%o e ;re1 o ra kei O idadi e t iko e na r5
F" ":ad5 ? V i t i Levu k e i V i t i Levu. Ija cagi cava e Cau ceva Na ceva e dau cag i
eagi Satab at%? t atabatz. Iv:etu l a k o i v e i ? c ake Lako cake ~ a i . !ie ' u b l t r t a e v e i ? s o h u G-kuta s o b u m a l . il; v e i n a ki? c a ~ e - Na kI e t i k o e caxe. ;?e u ciabe e v e t ? 1'2 - Dabe e r., :-la cag i cavz e l i w a i r l a cz.gi i. r.2. c ii:~ra t i k 0 -
t l k o oqS? C'J 0.
sf- * "
6\13 la$rz 136 b a l e t a na cjoli . -- Ye gacova mai na y a b a k i 1961, e 3 sega .tu n i dau vaka-
la isen1 n a q o i i . E 5 qai b u f i e dua n a k e n a lawa. Na iawa uq5 e 5 v a k a - r o t 1 k i n a na v e i t a m a t a ygdua k a v i n a k a t a ze q ~ Z i me tiko vu5 e dua na k e n a l a i s e n i . E 5 t e k i v u vg- ksukauwatakf. na lawa aq6 e na wai k e i n a b Z r a v i k a t i k o t i k i v a n a Yasana ko Rewa, N a i t E s i r i , Namosi, S5rua kei na dua na t i k r T a i l e v u kei L o r n a i v i t i , Era E v a k a - r o t i na dau q o l i m e ra v o l z n a n o d r a i v o l a ni k e r e k e r e ki vuZ n a Tz ia i Vef vuke k a q a r a v a na i wasewhse k a r a t o u w i l i k i n a na ve iyasana s 5 cavuti o t i t E e cake. E nr;E i v o l a n i k e r e k e r e yEdua, me vaka -maca la t ak i k i n a na wai se na b g r a v i k a v i n a k a t i me caka k lna na q o l i . E 5 vaka-bIbXtrtki t i k o n a v a k a - l a i s e n i t a k i n i q c l i k i v e i i r a na dnu q o i i . me v o l i t a k i , k a n a c a l a , ?:aka-lawa. kina na tarnata e sega n i vaka-muria..
Ques t l o n s and Answers
1. Na ya.baki cava e Z t e k i v 5 v 5 - ~ a u k a u w a t a k i k i n a na lzwa ni ~ o l i ?
Ha y a b a k i i.961.
3 _. Na ca.va na. i n a k l n i l ~ w a oq5? Na I n a k l n i lax8 aq6 z e ra v a k a - l a f s e n i k i n a n a tar tmta
r?au q o l i ,
3. 0 I r a n a rnataqal i tarnata zava e v a k a - b i b i t a k i v e i I r a ria lawa oq5?
E vaka-bibitaki r,a lawa oqz k i :rei isa ka ra a a u q o l i m e v o l i t a k i .
4 . Cavuta e rtla na yasana km t e k i v r i k i n a ria v5-kaukauwataki n i Sawa n i ~ 0 1 4 ,
T>ia Yasana ko R c l ~ a k e i NaitZs2r.i .
5 , Ma cava e na yace vun n s tarr:ata e s e q a n i \ taka-muria na Iawa oqo? -
fda tamatJa e s e ,.a r i t v a k a - ~ i u r i a na l t i ia oqc s2 na cala vaka- lawa.
I X . Vcsabu la ry .
l a i s e n i
lawa lewe
matau, i. m a w % , i n a k i , i Taiaf Veivcke v a k a - b l b i t a k a vaka-dodonut aka vaka-dua vaka- law a vzka-macalat ~ k a vaka-rot1 vaka- t agane vz-kaukauwat a k a v e i l a k o y a k i v e i n a k i ve i tamat a
Place Niirvles
go up a s t e e p p l a c e , go ashore from f i s h 3 ng or b a t h i n g
wind , a i s , atmosphere na cag l i r2 ' t h e west wind, .- west I
sLnk under water or below t h e h o r i z o n , s e t (of t h e s u n or moon)
t u r n t h e head; t r a n s . poleva 2-
go t h r ~ u g h , cross i n t e r s e c t ; t r a n s . Kssova
li cerlse (8;ngl. ) ; vaka-laJ s e n i .----- l icensed. L C ? ; ~ a k a - l a i s c n i t s k a --------
c aus . f " ~ : P l l l > ~ 11-7.: ! 1) rrmeral. p a r t i c l e , p ~ e c e d i n g
nc;xtcx-s fnc l i ca t f n,rt p e o p l e ; TT).. - .-
I
A - 2 - - .
az. in Iewe nl. I-iox.3 v i l l a g e r s ' . - ---.-- ~,.!.ow, 0 2 ' tl?z wind: tsa.ns . liwa.va ---
' L L O W arz ,:r z lgainstT L-: ~ r > t d i $ j 2 ,.ci, s:,i:f:
p!:r>.'- e , ~ C L -i:t;io:? , ' t , r ; i m i ~ ~ i 011c T c r.:pi, as 1 ze re ct,l ;"y c;n ce Zescl e x p l a i n advise<:, i r ~ s t r u c t e d 4!.ke a rzun, kePclzzlnz t o a ma3.e Larden, stx3eng.,t;hen, r e i n f o r c e iilovt? ab oue f ree iy nutually aqree t o do as -iu! ~t2ltta:ria't;a yzdua 'each anti -- -
e v e r y p e r s o n f
Niu i<a le tEr i ia R a Rot urna SGrua T a i Le vu
A i ka t i n i ka ono ni l g s o n i
I , Dia logue. (&)
A: Na cava o sZ r u i l Why a r e you s o l a t e ? dedE k i n a ?
B: E ii r u i l e v u dfna I was r ea l l y v e r y b u s y , na noqu osoeso ,
A : Sa qaf r u i l evu Yau9re g e t t i n g more and %ore t i k o gZ na nomu busy t h e s e days. osooso e na gauna oqE .
B: Kei tou s g rui Pewe There a r e no t many of u s , and l a i l a i ka l z i l a i wl? have very l i t t l e t ime t o t a l e ga na gq. ~ t m a do o u r work. m e k e i t o u cakava k i n a na neltou cakacaka ;
R e p e t i t i o n .
E k e l t o u a sega n i gaco mai e nanoa n i sg r u i ba lavu na g a u n i s a l a .
E s a r u i dau d r a i v a v a k a - t o t o l o o koya.
E sE r u i q a i q a s e g5 o koya.
0 s E mani r u i dau gunu vaka-levu o i k o .
Mo kzkua n i r u i l a k i deds mai keyz.
E sz r u i b a t a b a t z d i n a na d r a k i .
- Note
We d i d n ' t a r r i v e y e s t e r d a y because t h e road i s v e r y long .
He usua l ly /a lways d r i v e s f a s t .
He i s now much o l d e r .
Af ter all, y o u ' r e r e a l l y d r i n k i n g t o o much.
You m u s t n ' t be t h e r e t a o long,
The weather i s r e a l l y ve ry co ld .
1. Note t h a t i f r u i is c o n s i d e r e d a m o d i f i e r , i t s - p o s i t i o n with r e s p e c t t o t h e b a s e i s different from most o t h e r m o d i f i e r s . Rui precedes r a t h e r t h a n f a l l o w s t h e base . -
111. S u b s t i t u t i o n .
Cue -
oca kana 0 v a k a - l a i l a i s o l i a o d r a u vaka- to t o l o t a u r a were
I I I b .
Cue -
vinaka
bu tobu tb na bogi
moce
e kg
o d r a u
au nanuma
t o t o l o na karobo
sB l a k o
I I I c .
Cue -
Sentence
Au sE r u i v i a moce vaka-levu. - Au s5 r u t oca vaka-levu. Au sZ r u i kana vaka-levu. 0 sS r u i kana vaka-levu. 0 sii r u i kana v a k a - l a l l a i . 0 sZ r u i s o l i a v a k a - l a i l a i . 0 d r a u sg r u i s o l i a v a k a - l a f l s l . 0 d r a u sii r u i s o l i a v a k a - t o t s l o . 0 d r a u s g r u i t a u r a v a k a - t o t o l o . O d r a u sz r u i were v a k a - t o t o l o .
Sentence -".-..--.-
E - - dodonu mc d a t o u vaka-cegu mada ni sa ruj- k a t a k a t a na s f g a .
E vfnaka me d a t o u vaka-cegu - mads nf s a r u i k a t a k a t a na s i g a .
E v inaka m e d a t o u wZw8 mada n i sC r u l k a t a k a t a na siga,
E v inaka me d a t o u wSw5 mada n i s 5 r u i bu tobu td na bog i .
E v inaka Re d a t o u moce mada nf s S rui butobu td na b o g i .
E v inaka me d a t o u moce e kg n i sZ ru' b u t o b u t 6 na b o g i .
E v inaka rno d rau moce e kg n i si? r u i bu tobu to na bogi.
Au nanuma mo d r a u moce e kg n i sE r u i Dutobuta na b o g i .
Au nanuma mo d rau moce e kg n i s2 r u i to5010 na karobo.
Au nanuma mo d r a u sZ l a k o n i s E r u i t o t o l o na karobo.
Sen tence
SB r u i l e v u S a r a gZ na nona - - - 0 S 0 0 S 0 .
d i n a gii
k e r e k e r e
n o d r a t o u
wale g5
v o s a
e
nomudrau
t i k o ~a
u l u b a l e
nomu
IIId.
Cue
S 5 rui l e v u d i n a g% na nona c s o o s o .
SE r u i l e v u d i n a g Z na nona k e r e k e r e .
SZ r11.l. l e v u u l n a g.5 na r :?dratou k e r e k e r e .
S B r u i l e v u wa le gZ nci n o d r a t o u k e r e k e r e .
SZi r u i l e v u wale F Z ~ na n o d r a t o u voxa .
2 rui l e v u wale gZ n a n c d r a t o u vcsa .
E P U ~ l e v u wale ~5 nn nomudrau V G S a . - E r a u i l e v u tikc ga n ? nonucirau v o s a .
E r u i l e v a t i k o P E na nomudrau ulubale .
E r u i l ? T ~ u t i k o pS n a nnK,u u l v t i 3 1 e .
v a l e
v i n a k a
nornu
d i n a
motokE
t o t o l o
s a r a
c i c i
b e r a b e r a
waqa
T-s L ~5 FL:[ pwa s;;ira ~5 na nona -- .. &..- ---
k c r e .
- - ?J s k :tii yaw: sara 672 Ra nona
v a l - , v * c sS r * i t i v i n a k a s a r a ri?i na
~ O I I E ~ va l e . ,.-. -- - I: 5;: Y * - J ~ v i n n k a sara $3 i-\,a
noru vcile. E sZ :-zi v i n a k a d i n a na nomu
va-I 2. -- E sa ~i vlr:z~ka d i n a na nonu
xc;? ?I. E 3Z rui t o t ~ l c d i n a n a nomu
: r iC j i , 3 ~ a . I*, 4% ~ u i t o t o i o sara r:z nornu
:il,nkZ. k, ,:5 ,-ul t o t o l o S a r a na nomu . *
C'-C', . I; sq .-ul b e r a S e r a S a r a na
r;::E:3, c l c i . 1: sa r12i berabera Sara na
nrxr,g waqa .
I V . Expansion.
a.
Cue --
vaka- levu rui sara
Cue -
rui sii d i n a
Cue -
vaka-levu r u i dau
sa oca o k o y a .
SZ oca vaka-levu a k o y a . SZ r a u i oca vslra-levtl o k o y a . S5 ru.1 oca s a r a vaka-l.evu r;
k u y a . ::s rl,li f~c:av ~5 \7 : . ; . i<: i -"-1f :1~: ;
C! k c, ;j >. %
p; t;su ~ ; ~ k a - l e v u r1.q uea . T 1 t:, :.ui tstl v a k ~ . - l e v ; ? na uca .
, . j -u :~ cc,.~~ t a u v a k ~ - - l e v u 22 i\ C 3 .
r-9 - r, $2. puj. ciau t a u va.k.3--l.r?~.!v !)a i : C &
. - L:t 3.3ri-j dau t.;>.:~ l;i~$'a.--
. . ~ v u na u z a . - L <, - il ~2 zianl - pul da:r Cau. ?$:I;"'.
^ A .. p.2 raa !lea,
V . V a r i a b l e s l o t .
Cue -- Response
mani
wzwz
dau
q a i
d a
v i a
c a g i
d i n a
Me d a t o u cegu mada n i s5 r u i I__._
l e v u Sara ga na u c a . - Me d a t o u cegu mada
mani r u i l e v u n a Me d a t o u wZw5 mada
r u i l e v u n a u c a . Me d a t o u wZwZ mada
dau l e v u n a u c a . Me d a t o u wZw5 mada
r u i l e v u n a uea . Me da wZwZ mada n i
l e v u na u c a . Me da wEwE mada ni
Pevu na uca. Me d a wEwZ mada n i
aevu n a cagi. Me d a wZwZ mada n i
3Lna na cag4.
ni s5 u e a . n i s5 mani
n i sZ r u i
sE q a l ruk
s5. r u i v i a
sii r u i v i a
s5 TUI l e v u
V I . Q u e s t i o n s and answers : Respond w i t h -- r u t . .--
E osooso o koya? E s2 osooso o koya? E dau gunu v a k a - l e v u ? '
0 v i a gunu vaka-levu? 0 v i a l a k o k i Suva? 0 sZ q a i mamau?
0 d r a u mani be ra ta na waqa?
0 dou n a l a ' k i dedg? E bau t o t o l o na waqa oq?? Sa b a c i cudru o koya?
To, e r73i osooso o koya. l o , e s5 r u i osooso o koya. l o , e sa r u t dau gunu vaka-
l evu o koya. I o , au r u i v i a gunu vaka - l evu . To, au r u i v i a l a k o kP Suva. 10, a u s5 qai r u i marnau vaka-
l e v u . Io, k e i r a u s5 mani r u t b e r a t a
na waqa. 10, k e l t o u na r u i l a t k i deds . 10, s5 r u i t a t o l o d i n a . 10, e sZ r u i baci cudru vaka-
l e v u o koya.
V I I . D ia logue . {xgl' A : E vaka-eve1 na dedE How l o n g does i t t a k e a bus
n i c i c i n i b a s i t o r u n from Suva t o Nausorf? mai Suva ki Nausor i?
1. YE - ' e a c h , e v e r y 1 o c c u r s b e f o r e numera l s .
B: E,rauta e yztolu It takes about thirty minutes sagavulu na na a trip. miniti.
A: E yzvica na i vodo- How much is the fare? vodo?
B: E tauyZdua.na silini It costs one shilling and six sisiveni. pence.
VIII. Repetition,
E yalima na silini dua na i vesu dalo.
E dua na i vesu dalo e tiko kina e tauyzvitu na dalo.
E yglima sagavulu na ose e tiko e na dua na l o ~ a ni bai.
E na veiloma ni bai yadua oq6 e tiko kina e tauyzlima sagavulu na ose.
Mo vaka-tawana e tin2 na qzloni na bcnisini e na veiyadua na drau na mZi le .
E na veiyzdua na drau na msile, mo vaka-tawana e yatini na qaloni.
E dua na tamata e taukena e yztini ka lima na vii ni nfu.
Na veitamata yiidua e taukena e tauyztini ka lima na vu ni niu.
IX. Expansion.
Cue -
na niu na gone yadua me
It i s f i v e s h i l l i n g s f o r a bundle of taro,
In each bundle of taro there are seven taro.
There are fifty horses f v each pen.
I n each o f these pens t h e r e are fift:y horses,
Put in ten gallons of gas every hundred ~ i 3 e s .
At every hundred miles, put in ten gallons.
One person owns fifteen coconut trees.
Each and every persen owns fifteen coconut trees.
Sentence --.---
Kauta na i e y2lima.
Kauta rnai P yziima na niu. Na gone yzdua me kauta mai e y5lima na niu.
na
t a u -
v e i -
e t i k o e kg
IXb . Cue --
e na dua n a motokZ
yii-
k i n a
e dodonu
t a u -
yZ- (-na com.on a r t i c l e )
v e i -
na ( f u t u r e t e n s e )
X . V a r i a b l e s l o t .
Cue -
lima
Na gone yadua m e n a k a u t a rnai e yiil ima na n i u .
Na gone yZdua m e n a k a u t a rnai e t auyEl ima n a n i u .
Na velgone yzdua m e na k a u t a mai e t a u y z l i m a na n i u .
Na ve igone gzdua e t i k o e ke me na k a u t a mai e tauy51irna n a n i u .
Na ve igone yZdua e t l k o e kg m e na k a u t a mai e tauyZ1in'a na n i u n i mataka.
Sen tence -- -- Me vodo e llma na t a m a t a .
Xe vado e lima na ta rna ta e na d u a n a rnotak.5.
Ke v ~ d o e y g l i ~ a nn tamata e na d u a na rnotoka.
E na dua na motokg me vodo k i n a e ygl ima ria t a m a t a .
E na dua na motckZ e dodonu m e vodo kina e yzlinaa na t 3 . ~ a t a ,
E na dua n a motok5 e dodonu m e vcdo k i n a e tauygl i rna na tamata.
E na motakg ygdua c dodonu me vodo k i n a e t a u y g l i m a n a t arnat a .
E na veirnotokg ygdua e dodonu me vodo k i n a e t auygl i rna n a tamata.
E na velrnotokz yzdua e dodonu m e na vods k i n a e t auygl i rna na t a m a t a .
Response ----.
Na vei loma nl b a i yzdua oqo e t i k o k i n a e y g t a l u s a a a v u l u na bulumakau.
Na vei loma n i b a i yzdua oq5 e t i k o k i n a e yz l ima n a bulumakau.
t amat a
motoks
vodo
waqa
o s e
t i n i ka l i m a
t aucoko
Na ve l loma r:l b , i i .irladua oq5 e t l k o k ina e yglirna na tamata.
Na veimotok5 y5dua oq5 e t i k o k i n a e yZl2ma na t a m a t a .
Ma veirnotolc5 yzdua oqo e vodo k i n a e yZ2ima na tanla ta .
Ma veiwaqa yZdua oq5 e vodo k i n a e yzlirna na tamata.
Na veiwaqa yadua og5 e vodo k i n a e yzlirna na o s e .
Na veiwaqa yzdua oq?~ e vodo k i n a e y g t i n i ka linia na o s e .
Na veiwaqa t aucoko cc5 e vado k i n a c yZtir-12 ka ?ima nz o z c .
X I . Q u e s t i o n and Answer.
Q u e s t i o n -- Cue Answer -- E yZvica ria t a m ~ y ~ a
e rawa ni vodo e na dua na waqa?
E y z v i c a na i v o i c - vodo n i b a s i k l Suva?
E y a v i c a na i ss.u n i d a l o oqo?
E y z v i c a na rumu e - t i k o e n a dua na i t a b a v a l e ?
E na v e i y a v i c a nn m a i l e me dau I s u - r a l k i n a na mcfokg?
E yzvica na tamata e rawa n i l a k o e na dua na n a t a i l a k o l a k o ?
Era yabak i ygv!-ca na gane v u l i e r a v u l i t i k o e ke?
E na gauna cava meu dau r a i c i vunfwai k ina?
E vaka-cava na v e i - yawaki nf duru meu k e l i a ?
19 E y g t i n i na tamat; e rawa ni vodo e na dua na waqa ,
8 J- E y 5 w a l u na silini n a i vodovoda n i bas1 k i E;lva.
4 /- dua Ma 1 sau n i d a P a oq6 e na 1. tauyEva na sSlini dua vesu na i vesu.
20 E yc%rua sagavulu na rumu c t i k o e na dua na 2 t a b a v a l e .
500 Me dau l a u r a i na matokg e na vefyiib2rna na d r a u na agile.
35 E y a t o l u sagavu lu k a l i m a na t amata e rswa n i l a k o e na dua na rnata i l ako- l ako .
13 k i Ha gone v u l i er? vuli t i k o na 1 5 e kE era tiko e na loma
ni ycdbaki tini ',a t o l u k l ra yabak: tlni ka 1 3 ~ 1 8 .
v e l y 5 - Mo dau r a i c i vunlwai e ria t o l u n a v e i y g t o l u na v u l a . v u l a
vcfyGvS Ma k e l i a e dua na du ru e na i na veiyZiv5 na i y a t e . y a t e
XII. Dialogue. ( k e i l - ---
A : E vaka-cava m e a a t o u lako k e i Saimone?
B: Erau Z sZ 1iu k e i Jone e nanoa.
A : 0 cei gZ e'datsu na lako vata?
B: Eda na lako kei na D.O. vata kei i r a na ].ewe ni koro.
XIII. Repetition.
Keirau ii lesu mai Niu Siladi k e i ~arnu, l
Keitou na tiko ma5 k e r i kel na D.O. ni mataka.
Keimami lako ki Suva kei i r a na lewe ni koro.
E drau na vaka-tawa t l k o e vale kei tacimw,
E dou sZ suretl kei Sala.
E dodonu mo ni lzko rnai kei ira na watimuni.
Erau ii laga sere kei Jone. Eratou na sega ni lako mai kei tamadsatou.
Era a sota kei na meea e na mataka lailaf.
Bow nhol-tt going with Satnone?
They had pone with J e h n yesterday.
Tkcn who ar8e we going with?
We'll ga wlth the D . o , and t h e vfllagers.
Sam and I returned from New ZealanC.
WefIl. b e there wtCh t h r D . 0 . to~orrow.
We'll go t+o Suvz with t h e v i l f ap;exbw .
You'll s tay a t home with your b r o $ h c r ,
Y r , u 7 r e irrvLted w f t r l Sela/You and Sala are f n v f t e d ,
You zhould Gome w i t h y o u r wf vcs *
They sang wlth John. They won't cone w i t h t h e i r
f a ther . They met with the enenles in
t h e n r o s ~ i n g ,
1. The English fosm 'Sam and I' can be translated into Fijian as k e i r a u 'we two exclusive--he and If, kei Samu 'and Samf. Kei Samu works as a k i n d o f a p p o s i t i v e , -- -- naming the other person referred to by the pronoun .
XLV. Expansion drill.
Cue -
mo drau tiko e kg kei Saimone
e na limz na kaloko
me datou mai veivosaki
kel na D . 0 .
X3Vb.
Cue ---
k e i MBrika fi f?
mat keltou na qai lako ki siwa
kei Samu
XV. Variable slat.
Cue -
Sentence -- Au vinakata.
Au vinakata mo drau tiko e kg. Au vinakata mo drau tiko e k z kei Saimone.
Au vinakata mo d ~ a u ~ $ 1 ko e kc kei Sairnonc e na lfma na icalako.
"-
Au v i n a k a t a rno d r a u t l k c e kc k e i Saimone e na lima na kaloko me datou mai velvosakl.
Au vinakata rno drau tikg e kz k e l Saimone e na P l m a na kalako me datou mai vc2vosaki k e i na D.§.
Sentence -
Keisau na Xesu,
Kalrau na l e s u keP MZsika. Me keirau na lesu kef MBrika. Me keirau na lesu ma: kei M Z r i k a . Me kekrau na Jesu ma5 k e i M S r i k ~ keitou na qai lako k i siwa.
X u keirau na l e s u mai k e i Mzrika k e i t o u na qai lako ki siwa kel. Samu.
Me keisau na lesu ma1 kef MSrlka keitou na qai lako kl s l w a k e i Semu ni rnat&ka,
O keirau kei Pita, keirau na ---- --- tG rnai Nadi ni mataka,
0 k e f r a u kei P i t a , keirau na Xako k i Nadi ni mataka.
f- k e i t o u
o l k o
o r a u na luvemu
o i k o , o Jone
o kemudrau
8 k e i t o u k c i Pita, k c i t o u na. l ako k i Nadi ni mataka.
0 i k o k e i Pita, druu n a Yzko ki Nadi n i mataka.
0 rau na luvemu k e i P i t a , r a t s u na lako ki ki Na,di r ~ i mataka,
. 0 i k o , o Jone kei. P"ta, d c u n a l ako ki Nadl n i metaka.
0 kemudrau k e i P i t a , erau n a l ako k l Nadi ni r.qbc:kn..
XVI. Q u e s t i o n and answer.
Q u e s t i o n
0 c e i drau B l ako k i Suva?
0 c e i dou 5 vcivo- s a k i ?
0 c e i dou n a veicaqe ni mataka?
0 c e i d r au na l e s ~ v a t a mai?
0 c e i d r au 5 tea n a v e i n i u oq5?
E 5 s iwa vata k e i c e i o TImoci e n a bogi?
0 c e i dou a vaka- yakav i va t a?
Cue -
i r a na gone
X V I I . Talanoa.
Na s6Pa wzqavuka --- -
Answer ---- .- Ke:rau *I 1 ~ 9 k i Suva
k c i !- rci z* *- Keit,ou a vf?:vosaki Xci
t z r a g n n ? koro . Kel t o u ~ e i c a r i e k e i
na timi ni s b t l a . Keirau nVz l e s u v a t a
mai ke? . Szmu. Kcrrau 5 t e a na v e f n i u
oq5 ~ P S luVcqu. Kelman"~ siwa vata k e i
T I m u z i e na bog1 . Keitotr ( ~ r keiaarni) 5
vaka-y akav i va t a k e i i r a nn gone.
E r u i u a s i v i na vuka e na waqavc'!c~a kevakZ e da via l ako valca-totolo, me+ vak5 n a lako ma" 'J.lva ki Nadr :.-J.. - r a u t a wale ga e yZv5 s agavu lu na ninf . ; f ; i F ? dec?T 2-1 vuka.
E s6 n a t a m a 2 ~ e na ~ u . 1 t z l e i t a k ~ :up:- ., :?I ?la t o t o l o kei na. kema r~htras?.;! ,:n vuka e i 2a waqavilka, ka ra n a h o l c a k i n a na t a u y l ~ r g na paorli k a ; i n i na s l l i n i na kena i vodovczdo. I a , ogz e na r a i r a i v! a s a u l e v u t o k a kevakz e dua e l ako t l k o ke2 na nona .::zta~rEvale vaka-bXbE ria vefmatavTivale e t a u y Z l i n a se yZic-k? na lewena.
I, Na cava e r u i u a s i v i k i n a na vuka? E r u i u a s i v i n a vuka ke da v i a l a k o vaka- to to lo .
2 . E v i c a n a dedg n i vuka rnai Suva k i Nadi? E r a u t a e yZv5 s agsvu lu n a m i n i t i na dedE n i vuka
mai Suva k i Nadi.
3, Na cava e v i a drgdrg k i n a n i vuka e dua na matavcvale k a r a u t a e lirna se ono na lewena?
E n a v i a drEdrE ni vuka e dua na matav jva le k a r au ta e lima se ono n a lewena n i n a r a i r a : sau l evu vel. i r a e s5.
4 . E v i c a na i vodovodo n i vuka mai Suv:,. 3:1 NadL? E tauyavg na pzoni ka tin1 na s i ?d .n i n a i vodovodo.
n i vuka ma9 Suva ki N a d i .
X V I I I . Vocabulary.
b a c i b e n i s i n i bole-a b u t a b u t 5
P- duru 1
karobo
k e l i - a l a u r a i mani
mat avova le m i n i t i oca ose pBoni q 3 l o n i s a la waqavuka s u r e t i t a b a v a l e , i t 8 l e i - t a k a
t auke-na t auysdua uas i v i u l u b a l e vaka-bf bT vaka-tawana
C. v e i caqe
ag.zln, as a r e s u l t gaso l i ne (Ehgl , ' b e n z i n e ) b o l e --.-I-- 'undeYtake \ 1;rans. bo lea aaxakncss, dark a p o s t , of a house : ,xa fence dusk, t w i l i g h t , ever:j,ng when j u s t
darVk k e l f ' d i g a h o l e 9 ; t r n r z s . k e l i a visit; le adv. p reced ing ve:-iis, i n d i c a t i n g
t h e f i n a l one o:' series of act;; 'then, f i n a l l y , -%lt.?r a l l '
f ami ly croup minute (En@. ) t i r e d , weary horse (Engl . ) pound (Engl. ga l lon ( 2 ~ ~ 1 . ) traveling by a i m l a n e I n v f t e d s t o r y a r wing of a building t n l e l ~ w o n d ~ r f ' u l l y , admirable ' ; --.
trans, t a l e i t a k a admire, va lue ' t a u k e ' t o possess f; trans. g u k e n a p l a c i n g one f o r e a c h e x c e l excuse, p r e t e x t , f i n d an excuse he a v i 1.y i n h a b i t , f i l l up, lead fast b a l l
y a t e
d i s t ance d l s t s i b u t i v e p r e f i x t o n u m e r a l s .
Also , e x p r e s s i n g t h e number o f t i m e s a thing i s done,
y a r d (Eng l . )
FIJIAN
A i ka t i n i k a v l t u ni lgsoni
Dialogue. (E, - d e )
Mo vaka-totolo de Q Hurry up or you'll be late na Sera ki na to the store. sitoa.
E dau sogo e na vica What time is t h e store na sitoa? usually closed?
E na s5 na gauna e Scmeti.mes it c i uses be fo re dau sogo ni sa bera n i n e . na ciwa.
E sZ vica na kaloko What tire is it now? oqo"?
S z oti na velrnZmZ ni It's a f t e r e i g h t t h i r t y . wa lu .
Au sega ni k i 2 E m e 7 u 1 d o n ' t k r o w w h e t h e r I lako oq5 .se rncrl~ s h c u l d go ncw or T f I qai lako e na s h o u l d [?o tomorrow mataka ni mataka. norni ng .
Na nomu iako sei Whetlier yo11 go or not is sega e vaka-tau to me, vei au,
Sobo! d e 1 u 2 sE Oh, come on, I may b e bera. late already.
O s5 sega ni bera , You're f ia t late yet, hurry vaka-totolo! 11p !
NOTES
I. Between bases, z e can be translated as ' o r r . When it introduces a subzdlnate phrase, it means 'whetherr. For example,
E sega ni kilg se vinaka se c5. 'We didn't know ---- ----- whether it was good or not.'
De - means 'lest, s o as not t o f . 2. As do some other p a r t i c l e s , se and de with au - - --
form contractions.
R e p e t i t i o n drill.
Au sega n i k i l 5 s e ' u n s I-aXo st: scga. Au szga n i k L l 5 se 'u na less n i k u a se n i mataka. E s e g a nf macala s e t u b i u t a e v e i na noyu k J . I3 s e g a n i macala se faka ma1 v e i o koya. 0 k i l g se sEyaaco mai na waqa? 0 ki l t5 s e n a t a u na uca n i k u a ? 0 k i l 5 se i vZvE n e i ce i oqb? E s e g a n i macala se metu l a k o oqF se n e t s qai lakc)
vaka-mzlua . E s e g a ni macala mo l ako se k a a . E s e g a n i macala se mef J b l u t a e v e i ,
111. S u b s t i t u t i o n .
Cue 7
ku s e g a nl k i i g se s5 ~ > ; h a ----- nz bose oe sera .
lako mai vef o koya +u s e ~ z .li k ? l Z se Zako nai v e i c koyri.
ratou sZ l e s u mai s e sek-a . . . mef u k a u t a e v i c a n a n i u au 5. b i u t a e v e i n a noqu kT n a cava na vG n i nona Taka sZ rauta oq5 se s 5 t a l e sZ v i c a n a nsna y a b a k i sZ b u l a t l k o se 35. mate sZ dodonu v e i iko cava n a nomu nanuma
IIIb.
Cue - E sei?;a n i macala se s?i ---.- , ~ & + - , a 4 Fs na luvena. ---
se m a t a q a l i i k a cava oq5 E ssega ni maca la se mataqali I k a cava oq5.
m e t u t a r o g i koya se kua * . .
e gone ni V i t i se v u f e g i se met u cakava vaka-cava s e cava n a kena i balcbalc m e l u na tukuna vaka-cava
vuE
se mo drau lako t ~ i e g5 se kua
se sZ v6 na kzkana se ~a O ~ I
e na lako tale gZ mai o koya se sega
se na vaka-cava na d r a k i ni mataka
IV. Expansion,
Cue -
sega n i se sZ l e s u rnai o Samu
se sega
rnai Vunidawa
e na rnataka oq5
IVb . Cue --
se raici Jone B rnai Lautoka
e nanoa
S e n t e n c e ---
Au s c g ; ni k i l 5 . Lti sc3ga nl kilz se sZ - c s u mai. Au sep2 ni kilF se sZ l e s u rial
o Zamu. i.1: srqa ni k l l Z s e s B lesu rnai
o Sanv se sega. Au sciya ni kilS se sZ l e s u m a i
Vunidawa o Samu se seb:a. Au scza n i kiiZ se si3 LESU rnai
V u r ieawa e na mataka oq6 o .5ar:r; s e sega.
Sentence ---
Taroga vu5 .
Taroga Taroga r 1 f art?ga
vu8 se raici Jcne. vu3 se E raici Jone . vu3 se Zi r a i c i J o n e
r:ai Lautoka, Taroga vuZ se Zi raici Jone rnai Z,autoka e nasoa.
V. Variable s l o t .
fitA -.--- z e p a nf k l l z s e t u -- --- nz -- l c s u -.---
I - n i - -- nikua se n i matab,?. -
ratou
lako
macala
sega
yani - a
e nanoa
VI. Repetition drill. (de) --
A I L sega ni k i l X se r a t o u rta i r E U mat n l k u a se n i mataka.
P.u svga nZ k l l Z se ratou na :aka mat n i k u a se ni mataka.
E - < p a n i k i l Z s e r a t o u n a : - ; l i~ nial. n i k t ~ a ,ce n i r c a t a k a . . ,
P. --:ya ni macala ~c 73r71.i n$ rr;ai 11ik;r;a se rX - T a " r d i ~ .
E . ; I , .a x l l macaia se sa toa n& : ._~,:o rnzi n fkua se sepa .
F ; s ' i y 3 n i macala se rat; u TI& .;.i:o y a n l n4.Pl;a se se, :a.
I-: - -L-a n i mzca fa se r 2 t ~ d 5 :o y a n i n i k u a s e seqa .
I:, nP rnacafa se ratcu Fi y;:ni e nanoa se sega.
Mo vaka-totolo de o be rz k i nrA -:*tea, Mo dou sS lako de o dou bop! I ?. Tukuna vuZ de sa sega ni ~~~~~~. Vaka-raica mada o iku de rawa i:I o kunea. Mo volia mai na suka de o t i o q f , Mo tiko g5 e kg de o g a i suasu7, Me daru lako gg nikua de q a i a~~,i+:i c 5 ni mataka. Mo tarogi koya tale dc q a i F ~ ~ J I I ~ ~ a v a , KZkua ni lako de o na oca w a l e I. Kua ni drafva vaka-totolo de (. - , . q n i coqa.
VII. Substitution.
Cue - V a l - - - t o t o l o d e c bera ta na b a s i . ----- --""-- . , tau na uca ~ 2 : --'~ctclo de tali na uca.
na qai draki eZ ni mataka . . ,
sZi waraki iko tiko rnai o ko y a
bera na i katalau ratou oca e na wZw5 vinakata mo drau na lako vata
d a r u b e r a t a na ~ a q a v u k a au q a i bog i koso r a u s a vaka-rau l a k o o d rau b i u t u mai
V I I I . Expans ion .
S e n t e n c e
mo l a k o n a d r a u de
v a t a
v i n a k a t a
VIIIb.
Cue -
d a r u n i k u a de d r a k i c3. n l mataka
I X . V a r i a b l e s l o t .
cakava
au
V a k a - t c t o l o mo lako . Vaka- to to lo mo na l ako . Vaka- to to lo rno d r a u na l a k o . T2aka- to to lo de mo d r a u na
I-ako . V a k a - t o t o l o de rno d r a u na
Zrtko v a t a . V a k a - t o t o l o de v i n a k a t a mu
d r a u n a l aka v a t a .
S e n t e n c e -
Daru l a k o . Dam l a k o n l k u a . Dasu l a k o n i k u a de d r a k i ca. Daru Laka n i k u a de d r a k i c a
ni mat aka. Daru l a k o gZ n i k u a de d r a k i
cE n i mataka. Daru l a k o gz n i k u a de qai
3raki c Z n i mataka.
Ko k-akua n i l a k o de o n a % P -
m a .
Mo, kaua n i cakava de o na o c a wa le gZ.
Me'u kgkua n i cakava d e ' u n a o c a wale g'i.
bera Pefu kgkua nf cakava defu na bera wale gz.
qai Melu kzkua ni cakava de" na qai bera.
drau No drau kZkua nl cakava de a drau na qai bera.
cudruvi Mu drau kzkua ni cakava de o
kauta
kua
drau na qai cudsuvi. Mo drau kZkua ni kauta de o drau na qa i cudruvi.
Mo drau kua ni kauta de c drau na qai cudsuvi.
X. Talanoa.
Eda na aali vaka-i-lavo ki Pcritznia se ki Esia?
E dua na i voLa E .5 v o l Z k o M r . R. W. R . ka t z b n k i e na nfusfveva oaG e daidai. E Z volB o koya ni va';Z eda veidretaki tiko e na dua na Fauna lekaleka oq6, se me cia qali ki PerktZnia se k i Esia. O q 5 e baleta na veikE ni noda bula vaka-i-lavo. $5 f i ~ ) c ~ n u me da mamX vaka-vinaka ka tilorna vaka-rn5lua na l p w e nl 1 v o l & oq6 ,
Na kg me qarauni rnatua d e mani y3co na nodrau vei- dretaki keda na q a r f k a u e r u a oq5--vaka-i-lavo, sepa ni vaka-yago,--me da kabasu kina. Ta k e da sS kabasu e na vuku ni veidre oq5 ka vaka-vuna me rau d u i gole ka roqota yani na veiks erau l u k u t a sawa mai na dui taba ni bisinisi erau taukena th, eda s 5 na qai biu tG e na liga lala kei na dravudravua.
Adapted from the editorial of VOLAGAUMA VG 4 2 2 : 23/'1/61
Questions and answers
1. Na cava e 5 cakava ko Ivix*. R . W. R.? E Z vol2 o Mr. R , W. H . e Cua na f volo.
2. 0 cei o rau na q a r i k a u c tukuni tiko e na i vola oqE? Na qarikau e rua e t u k u r i l tiko e na i vofa oq8, oy3 o rau ko PeritZnia kei Esia.
3. Na niusiveva cava e a t a b a k l kina na i vola nei Mr. R. W. R.?
Na i vola nei Mr. R , W. R , e a tabaki e na Volagauna.
4. E na I ka vica ni sl.ga e Zi ta.baki kina na niusiveva oqC?
Na niusiveva oq5 e 5 tabaki e na i ka tini ka tolu ni Janueri, 1961.
Ig 5. Na m a t a q a l i v e i d r e cava e vaka-clacalaCaki t i k o e n a i v o l a oqF?
Na v e i d r e e b a l e t a n a v e i k z n i noda b u l a vaka- i - lavo.
X I . Vocabulary.
bi s i n i s i bog i koso
coqa de dravudravua E s i a g u i l e cava
kab as u
l a l a luku- t a
n i u s i v e v a P e r i t g n i a q a l i
q a r a u n i
q a r i k a u roqo- ta
sob0 t aba-ka
t i lo-ma vaka-i- lavo
vaka-y ago v e i d r e
Volagauna vuku
b u s i n e s s (Eng l . ) l a s t till n i g h t and t h e n n o t be
f i n i s h e d ; o v e r t a k e n by n i g h t , as on a journey
run i n t o , go a g a i n s t ; trszns. corla l e s t , s o a s n o t t o poor , p o v e r t y Asia f o r g e t ; g u i g u i l e c a ' s a i d of one
who e a s i l y f o r g e t s v p a s s i v e form from basuka ; b r o k e n ,
smashed empty l u k u "old s e v e r a l t h i n g s i n t h e P
hand a t once ' ; t r a n s . l u k u t a chew; mamE v inaka n a k e m u w
y o u r food w e f l i newspaper (En@. E r i t ain twist t oge the r , r o l l t o g e t h e r ,
annexed s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d , s h o u l d be
p a i d a t t e n t i o n t o s up ~3 rman roqo c a r r y i n t h e arms , c l a s p
i n t h e armsf; t r a n s . rqgota i n t e r j e c t i o n of s u r p r i s e t a b a - ' p r e s s , p r i n t ; t r h n s . tabalca; --
pass, t a b a k i ' p r i n t e d f t i l o ' swallow1 ; t r a n s . t i l o m a - f i n a n c i a l l y ; b u l a vaka-i- lavo
'economic l i f e b o d i l y , p h y s i c a l l y p u l l one a g a i n s t a n o t h e r , have
a t u g of war, disal:r>ee, f i g h t o v e r something; v e i d r c t a k i
v-.
' d i s p u t e d , c o n t e s t e d 1 t h f _ n g s t e l a k o v inaka na veik2i
keee ' t h i n g s a r e going wellf - t h e name o f a F i j i a n newspaper s ake , cause ; ( n o t used a lone )
FIJI AN
A i k a t i n 1 k a walu n i lEson i
(Vaka- $ b a s e , w i t h o r wi thou t s u f f i x e s )
I . Dialogue. ,
A : Yalo v inaka , vaka- P l e a s e , have my b r e a k f a s t r a u t a k a mada n a re ady . qau i k a t a l a u .
B: N a c a v a o s g v a k a - What are you i n a h u r r y for? t o t o lo t aka?
A : Au v i a l a k o mada ' I ' d l i k e t o go t o Suva. k i Suva.
B: Vaka-cava, o s H n a Say, won't you be go ing n e x t s e g a n i l a k o e week? n a mgcawa mai qz?
A : 10, e n a vaka-berg No, i t w i l l only cause unneces- wale g5 vaka-levu s a r y de lay i n my work. n a noqu cakacaka.
B: WZwS, metu v5-kata- Wait, l e t m e warm up your food, k a t a t a k a mada n a kemu.
A : Kusa, me 'u bau l a ' k i Hurry, s o I can c a t c h t h e n i n e vodo e n a bas1 n i o f c l ock bus , ciwa.
A complete d e s c r i p t i o n o f the u se s of - vaka- would be l o n g e r t h a n t h e l e s s o n i t s e l f . However, t h e d i a logue il- l u s t r a t e s some o f t h e more common u s e s , One, t h e c a u s a t i v e , i s shown by t h e fol l .owing p a i r s :
rai ! s e e 1 vaka- ra i - t aka ' r e v e a l (cause t o be s e e n ) ' bera ' l a t e t vaka-bera ' d e l ay ( cause t o be l a t e ) ' mate - ' d i e t vaka-mate-a ' k i l l ( cause t o d i e )
Vaka-levu shows a n o t h e r use , a l l owing a base t o modify t h e nuc leus o f a verb p h r a s e .
The expansion d r i l l s i l l u s t r a t e t h a t paradigms o f s o r t s can be made f o r some b a s e s , showing d e r i v e d forms w i th r e - l a t e d meanings. But t h e paradigms f o r a l l bases a r e n o t a l i k e , and g e n e r a l l y , t h e d e r i v e d forms shou ld be l e a r n e d wi th t h e bases.
11. Repe t i t i on .
Vaka-totolo de o vaka-ber8 n a nodatou l ako . Vaka-sfnai ta mada n a dramu oqU. Kua n i vaka-o t i a , au v i n a k a t a e sb.
. 0 vaka-dinata n a kZ e tukuna? Kua n i vaka-rere'a de bese n i l ako . Qarauna mo kua n i vaka-ya l i a . Na cava o vaka-daroya k i n a n a soqo. Yalo v inaka, vZ-gunuva mada na noqu o se . Yalo v inaka, vS-kania mada n a gone oq5. VZ-golea mai k5 na nomu waqa.
IIb.
Vaka-ra i taka mada v e i au n a nona v a l e . Na cava a s a vaka - to to lo t aka? Vaka-dodonutaka mada na noqu ka loko . Drau wZwZ me ' u vaka-mamacataka mada n a noqu i s u l u . 0 vaka-suasuataka vaka-cava n a nomu i sulu? VZ-katakatataka n a wai. VZ-gaunataka na nona kana. Vaka-levutaka n a gauna n i cegu. Kua ni vaka-lolomataka na k o l I o q o r i . Na cava o vaka-rarawataka k i n a na gone oq5?
111. S u b s t i t u t i o n .
Cue - Sentence
Yalo v inaka , e rawa n i 2 vaka - r a i t aka v e i au?
o vaka - s rna i t a n a noqu Yalo v inaka , e rawa n i o vaka- b i l o s I n a i t a n a noqu bilo?
o vaka-yadra t i koya . . . o drau q a i vaka-o t i a oq5 o dou vaka-s avas a v z t aka
n a v a l e o n I q a i vaka-mzrautaki
koya t i k o o vaka-ceguya mada na
tGraga oqC k e i r a u q a i vaka- ra ica
n i mataka o tukuna vug m e vz-
ka t aka t a t aka
o vaka-saqara n a da lo oqE 0 va-gunuva n a ose
Cue - Sentence
E dodonu rno vaka-b a t a b a t a t aka -a *
vZ-kat aka t a t aka n i b e r a E dodonu mo v5-krat a k a t a t aka ni ni o k a n i a bera n i o k a n i a .
v5-gatz n i b e r a n i o were . " .
vaka- ra ica vaka-vinaka vaka-mamacat aka na nomu
i s u l u qa rauna no kua n i vaka-
mavoat aka vaka-rorogotaka n a nona
vos a vaka- levutaka n a kena i
w asewase vaka-saqarz e t u b a vaka-o t i a Sara n a nomu
cakacaka kua n i vaka-matea
I V . V a r i a b l e s l o t .
Cue -
nodrau
v a k a - l a i l a i t a k a
i t a v i
vaka-macalat aka
au v i n a k a t a
n e i t o u
vaka- ra l t aka
Response
E dodonu m a vaka- levutaka n a kena i wasewase. -
E dodonu rno vaka- levutaka n a nodrau P waxewase.
E dodonu rno v a k a - l a i l a i t a k a na nodrau i wasewase.
E dodonu rno v a k a - l a i l a i t a k a n a nodrau i t a v i .
E dodonu mo vaka-rnacalat&a n a nodrau i t a v i .
Au v inaka t a mo vaka-macalat aka . n a nodrau i t a v i .
Au v inaka t a mo vaka-macalat aka n a n e i t o u i t a v i .
Au v i n a k a t a mo vaka - r a i t aka n a n e i t o u i t a v i .
IVb . Cue - Response -
n a ose
na. waqri
va-lce le 2
dede
E rawa ni o q a i v3-kania t i k o na l uvequ ke 'u b e r a mai e ns y a k a v l ?
rawa ni o q a i vg-iiania t i k o na cse k e l u b e r a mai e na y a k a v l ? rawa ni o q a i v5-qunuva t i k o na ose k e l u b c r a mai P na TJ ;ik a.vi ? rawa ni o qai vE-gun~rva t i k o ria oSe kt: ' u b e r a rnai n.i!<ua? rav~2 ni o qai va-gunu.vi i r a tikc na. mar?un?ax:u ke ' u bera :::a.l. nl itur;:? ra,T,*in r ~ l i; q;:J. vaka-- . ra ica i r c t ik lc , na r:!rlriumanu ke ' u berz n.iel. n ik .uz? rr*i?a r~i. o qaf vaka - r a . l c e t ikc" I?;J. waqa k e ' u b e r 2 niai. nlkc.e? rawa ni G q a i v 5 - k e l e a tiko n a waq5 lie ' u b e r a nlai n ik t ra? rawa ni o qai va-kelea t i k o %a viaqa. ke ' u dedc mai r? ikua?
, . V. ?'r;;;n:.;foT!:13tIol.l: i3'iak~ c a u s a " v v e s f r o n t h e followin!; .
Cue - S e n t e n c e ~-- -
E a :riavoa c~ l:oy*-. E Tuasua na I s t ~ i u . ii marau dizia o k o y 2 , E!: rarawi?, T~- , l ,La- levu u - koya .
:;?. nmar~ac:?. na ncrr!u I sulu.
E 5 d o d m u c k o g a . S E cakacaka o Pita. S Z b a t a b a t g n a b i a . S Z k a t a k a t a na kakana.
0 cei e 2 vaka-mavc;a'i;al.':a? O cei e v a k a - s u a s u a t a k a ? 0 cel e vaka -marau t aka? 9 eel e vaka- ra ra7) ra taka?
3 c e i e E vaka -dadonu taka? 0 c e i s5. v a k a - c a k a c a k a t a k a ? 0 c e i s 5 vaka-b a t a b a t Z t a . k a ? 0 eei sii v a - k a t a k a t a t a k a ?
+ ' ) -- . . E kadre . su n z nun::. ::ate. . c (?- i c v ii- 2.. ;ZCI re C: ;L"~;:c a? Au s 8 m i c a . ;... \.: {.,-.i " > ..> .: 2 2 ~ 7 2 . : . k ~ - r . : : ~ j l;;iw
t , : -, i, -! E vaka-lolorria d i l l 2 c .,,., ,- ?? \ r ; j . j . < ; ~ - ~ J-C-L - 7 rVt. -,!,!.:+.t air2? koya .
I Cue ;:: t % :; c : ~ c Q - - --.
-"
E B s u a s u a a koya. ,- 1 {-% c.-. i :J cLk ;i -- :; I.; 2 li ;: ;;L;c c : r2:j 2 $2 - .. - ..- . ' E a marau vai,:a.-.-levu o ::1 ::r;.i f: ;-, -~3ka-::~:i i- ; ; . l ,~-~.;1 ;.;,:yz,?
koya. , .-.!.. &~, - 1 , :
3 . E mavoa o koya. . .: .,., 1 , , a. ~ ~ , - ~ ~ ~ i 7, . - : ;j':::. ::"<;-,;?:? - .- E ~ a d z ki ~ v l v a c; :CC>;~;.!. ', c. +.; !, ;-.. ., , b . cz ,- ~- .- r, , ": ? r z .. -. $, :: z L ;. ;..: :2 ig :!
- , , piateni IJ~&: 2.- ;!,e vg )< ci;! ;,:i , f;! c; r,: i- <+ yk;: z-y-l;~~t, c ) ;jL ?L..r. ,.... 7 * h . , ~ f J ~ . ' ~ : ,,. '., '- - - . E 5 - k i d a c a l a o k o y : ~ . !? ci ,:. j, ,- 7 , - . . i .. kciya? E s a r u i rarax;11 o ko;:~.. ." :;.,21 <: T J ; ~ ; ~ : ; : , - ~ ~ . T X ~ ; ; J , ~ < ~ ; : $ !<(-:T,~;I.?
., . , , ;; ~,-? j. - 3 7-,' E inadua val.r:~-levt: (j i::>ya. : . q ~ A . b ; ~ - ~ ~ ~ L ~ ~ . ~ ; ~ , ~ ; ~ ~ ~ j . ;.,::>;:;a? , , , ~ (., .- .:, .:* . ? <- E a cakacaka r, , . ; . :- .),:., ~.~;1--c~c3,2cj ,c ;a j~~i~ , : J : . :3 . ia :~; ;z? - , - E s a rnamaca. o 'Icyn. i l
, - I , , , ., A , I. > .$ \J ;j,;c 21 .- ;;, 2.; :: -1 ;; ,?. $, ; - :, 1;;:; 8, r?
VI. Expa.nsic-,r~.
Cue -
na gone t i k o vak a- e r a lalai
na nodra i sulu
VIb . Cue -
n a v a l e 0
e rawa n i
vaka- - t a k a
n e i Jone
v e i au
VIc .
Cue -
n a kBkana sFi vak a- - t a k a t i k o
o koya
e v a l e n i k u r o
k: r a g a ni o v a k a - r a i c a n a v a l e . 5 rawa n i o v a k a - r a i t a k a n a
v a l e , E rawa n i o v a k a - r a i t a k a n a
va l e n e i J o n e . E rawa n i o v a k a - r a i t a k a v e i au
n a v a l e n e i J o n e .
Sen tence --
E k a t a k a t a n a k s k a n a * E Z Z k z t a k a t a na kzkana. E sZ v 2 - k a t a k a t a n a kzkana . E sla v z - k a t a k a t a t a k a n a kzkana . E zS, v"5-katakatataka t i k o n a
kZkx-ia. E s5 v?i-katakata.taka t i k o na
>lakana o k c y a . E s Z v Z - k a t a k a t a t a k a t i k o n a
icakana o koyn e v a l e nl k u r o .
V I I . Supplementary d i a l o g u e .
a. vaka-dodonutaka ' t o s t r a , i g h t e n , t o r e c t i f y '
A : E dad-onu mo yaco You s h o u l d a r r i v e here b e f o r e mai k i kE n i bera sFx. n a ono.
B : 0 k i l a vaka -cam? l - 1 ~ ~ d o you know?
A : E r a u t a gg e r u a na I t only t a k e s two h o u r s . A s aua n a kena kena soon as y o u ' r e f i n i s h e d , dcdE. N i o s u k a cone s t r a i g h t h c r e . ga, vaka-dodonu sara m a i .
B: S 5 v i n a k a , metu O.K., l e t me c o r r e c t my watch vaka-dodonut aka first. mada n a noqu ka loko .
VIIb. - vaka + b a s e + one s y l l a b l e s u f f i x
A : Curu mai mo vaka- Ccme i n and r e s t f o r a w h i l e , cegu mada.
I3: S Z v inaka , au s a Thank you, I'll f i n i s h this vaka-ot i a mada f i r s t . oqz.
A : Au na qa i vaka- 1'11 wake up Sam t o f i n i s h it. yadra t i Samu m e vaka-ot l a .
E: I a , sE v i n a k a . O , i i . , t h a n k you .
P.: 9ua v e i i k o n a b i l o Have a cup of t e a ? tI?
U: Sega , v a k a - s r n a i t a F\Ju, Just f i l l me up a y l ~ i s c , o f gi5 mai e dua na water. b i l o wai.
VIIc . vaka-evei
A : E v e i beka a u rawa Where can I change my noney? n i v e i s a u t a k a k i n a n a noqu i l a v o ?
B: E n a v a l e n i vo la - A t t h a t o f f i c e . vo1.a oy5.
A : E vaka-evei n a i Iiow about t h e bus s c h e d u l e vaka-rau n i c i c i h e r e ? n i b a s i e kg?
B : E dau t e k i v u e n a They s t a r t a t six and keen ono k a r a v e i - c i c i y a k i t i k o
r u n n i n g t i l l l e t e e v e n i n g .
me yacova na y a k a v i b o g i .
A : O i , sz. v i n a k a vaka-- Oh, t h a n k you v e r y much. Are l e v u . E vaka-evei t h e r e any e n t e r t a i n m e n t e bau t u e k e e s o p l a c e s here? n a vanua n i v e i - vaka-maraut a k i ?
B : 10, e bau v i c a t o k a . Yes, q u i t e a few.
A : S Z v i n a k a , a s s 8 Very well, I w i l l go and have l a 1 k i v e i s a u t aka my money changed and t h e n mada n a noqu i p l a n my move l a t e r . l a v o q a i rnacala vaka-mglua n a noqu v e i t o s o y a k i .
B: 10, v i n a k a . Qai O.K. See you l a t e r . l a k o .
I V I I I . Ta lanoa .
Na n o d r a vaka -cakacaka tak i na lewe nl vanua.
E n a mua n i y a b a k i 1960, e 5, t e k i v u t a u y a v u t a k a k i n a na M a t a n i t h ko V i t i e dua n a s a s a g a . Oq6 e b a l e t a . na nodra vaka -cakacaka tak i vaka-lewe l e v u n a lewe n i vanua e V i t i . E a t o v o l e a n a Matan i tE me vaka-vurea e vuqa na g a u n i s a l a n i kune cakacaka .
E 5 vaka-b ib i t a l r a k i n a n a Matani tG n a n o d r a t a u r i v a k i n a lewe n i vanua' e V i t i e n a ve icakaca l ia k a Z i dau vaka-i- t a v i g;Ii k i n a e l i u n a vGlag1. E dua na Matani t i i k a ve ivuke vaka-levu e n a s a s a g a oqTj n a Matani t i i ko Niu S i l a d i . E n a nodrau v e i d i n a d i n a t i ko V i t f k e i n a Matan i t i i k a rawa n i s o l i ve ivuke e n a s a s a g a oq8, e r a a v a k a - v u l i c i k a vaka - rau tak i k i n a o i r a k a d i g i t a k i .
E V i t i e 5 vaka-yacor i t a l e g5 k i n a e dua n a i wase n i v e i v a k a - v u l i c i vaka oq5. E d a i d a i sZ l a u r a i S a r a n a vua n i sasaga oqc e na v e i t a b a n i cakacaka me vak5 n a cakacaka vaka-dau n i w a l e s i e na i rCr5 n i waqavuka, caka- caka e n a b a q e , t a b a n a nF bokobuka k e i n a vuqa t a l e .
Q u e s t i o n and A n s w e ~ .
1. Na cava e 2 t a u y a v u t a k a n a Matani t t i ko V i t i e na y a b a k i 1960?
E Z t a u y a v u t a k a na Matan i tE ko V i t i e n a y a b a k i 1960 n a n a s a s a g a t a k i n i n o d r a vaka -cakacaka tak i vaka- l e v u n a lewe n i vanua e V i t i ,
2 . Na m a t a q a l i cakacaka cava e 5 n a k i t i me ra vaka- c a k a c a k a t a k i k i n a n a lcwe n i vZnua?
Na m a t a q a l i cakacaka k a .Z dau v a k a - i - t a v i gB k i n a e l i u n a v c l a g i .
C 3. Na m a t a q a l i ve ivukc cava e 3 s o l i ~ na i1atanitf.I o Niu S i l a d i e na vuku nl. sr:.sz~a oqd?
E ii veivuke n a Matanj tG c) i J iu f i l a d i . e n a n o d r a vaka- v u l i c i k a v a k a - r z u t a k i na lewe n i vanus k a ra 5 d i g i t a k i ycmi e V i t i .
4 . Na cava s Z vua n i sasaca o:l5? E daida . i s Z ra v a k a - i - t a v i na lewe i V i t i e n a v e i c a k a -
caka vaka dau n i w s l e s i , cakacaka e n a baqe ke2 na v i c a t a l e .
IX. Vocabulary .
aua b i l o b okobuka
d i g i t a k i drarnu kadresu
k i d a c a l a
kus a m'2duZ
rnanurnanu
n a k i t i qau
t ausavu t aka v i i - g ~ d ~ t aka v5- gat 2 v5-gaunat aka vZ-golea v5-gunuva vaka-b at ab a t at aka vaka-b e r Z vaka- cakacaka t a k i vaka- ce guy a vaka- da ro y a
vaka-dinat a
vaka-i-t a v i
c5o;c:n, s e l e c t e d dri;rr ( E r i g l . ) p a s s i v e form o f dresukag pe:.rt,
t o r n z of' c l o t h e s , s a i l s , e t c . ; va-kadresu taka ' t e a r ' ---
?ronder, be s u r p r i s e d ; v E - k i d a c a l a t a k a -- " u r p r l ~ e onef
be q u i c k , h a s t e n ashamed, b a s h f u l ; vaka-rnZdu5taka
' c a u s e shame t o t g e n z r a l naze f o r an ima l s and
b l rds ; manumanu yava i vZ ' animal3 ; rnanurnanu vu-bi r d
i n t e n d e d , p l anned mine ( t o e a t ) ; ( = k e q u ) It i s
used whereve r t h e ke- n o s s e s s i v e i s r e q u i
effort , a t recE; temp
a q a u l e v i ? m y s t ; sasagzt a k i ' at -
rcund- show someone around sharpen tirne, r e g u l a t e ca.uze t o t u r n t he head to ~ i v e a d r i n k t o c o o l , make c o l d ca:;se t o d e l a y employed rnakc t o r e s t p r e v e n t , p o s t p o n e , c a u s e n o t
t o h sppen r e c o g n i z e as t r u e and s o b e l i e v e ,
f u l f i l l , obey employed, h o l d i n g a p o s i t i o n
vaka-le.vut aka.
vaka-lolomat aka vaka-mamacat zka vaka-msraut a k a vaka-mat e a vaka-mzvoat a k a v8-kami a vaka-rarawat aka
vak a- r e r e a vaka-rorogot a k a vaka-savasavat aka v a k a - s z n a i t a vaka-s uas u a t a k a vaka-kat a k a t a t a k a vaka-y a c o r i vaka-y a l i a vaka- vure a
vii-kelea ve icakacaka v e i c i c i y a k f v e i d i n a d i n a t i v e i t a b a v e i t o s o y a k i v e i vaka-ma-raut a k i v e i v a k a - v u l i c i vuqa wzlesi
lxlcr-c .-*PC. ,L,- t h e ~lirrrrber cr sf ze of a thiitl:
1 7 1 it ,., L , L ~ miserable dr : i I v ~ ) make happy , d e l i g h t ~ u t t u aeath, kill wound , damace feed, graze ndxc unhappy , t o r t u r e , used. f a r
b ~ d y or s o u l f'rii-r?!t?n r e p o r t zr t h i n g cle;ns.?, n c i f ' y fill eiri
wet C V . 1 heat , wara up b r ~ i ~ : - b . t to p 3 8 S , f ~ l k < ~ i z i 2 I r s t * a Yf,hilig, waste atray L ~ U Z ~ ? to s p r i n g up , inrrr;i:;, corie
1.: t*;Jt lrh
t ; z ' L r ~ ci; a s t o p , anchox* Ccf a b o a t ) :oba, t y p e s cf work
: \ Jo lL t :?x2~u.r.ienl , ;,ckr?csw ledgvent 9 1 ' 9 1 1 6 ! ' ~ ~ , G C = ' P . ? ~ ? ~ ! ~ Z E C S r"z1r110~ :.ccveyl c n t s e n t u r a t ? inmen t tau,-;"lt , t r a i n e d ;";!!any , nttmepous ra5: 0 , t e kephone , wirc l .ess (hni-I. , )