Post on 13-Apr-2017
SWAMPEDMapping and Measuring Food Access in Cleveland
Md Rumi ShamminOberlin College (OC)
Paul BoehnleinWestern Reserve Land Conservancy (WRLC)
Mimi Stern (OC ‘16)
Isabella McKnight (OC ‘15)
http://www.aristotledesigngroup.com/
Prologue ...Healthy Food Access ↦ Urban Sustainability
Food Access ↔ Food Justice
Food Swamps ⇎ Food Desert
Study Area - Cleveland, Ohio
socialjusticefund.org
Food Swamp definedproximity, prevalence & affordability of unhealthy foods inundating more desirable food options
❏ Unhealthy - fast food, liquor stores ...❏ Healthy - supermarkets, grocery stores, farmer’s markets ...
www.neofoodweb.orgwksu.org www.cleveland.comwww.ideastream.org
Questions We Asked ...➢ Do some neighborhoods have overabundance of
undesirable food sources relative to the presence of desirable sources in Cleveland?
➢ Are neighborhoods in food swamps correlated with demographic characteristics such as race and income?
➢ What can we learn about food access, food justice and related policies from this analysis?
Methods We Used ...➢ Create a database of food sources➢ Create a database of homes➢ Organize demographic data for homes➢ Spatial analysis using GIS to measure proximity and access
○ Network analysis was used instead of linear distances
➢ Compare results across neighborhoods (block groups)➢ Explore policy implications of findings
Census Reporter
Proximity to Healthy Food ...Paired Samples Test
Paired Differences t df Sig.
(2-tailed
)Mean Std.
Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
FIVE_CLOSEST_
AVERAGE_UNHEALTHY_FEET -
FIVE_CLOSEST_
AVERAGE_HEALTHY_FEET
-3197.19893 2034.51765 5.88880 -3208.74087 -3185.65699 -542.929 119362 .000
No Food within Walking Distance ...
Quarter Mile = 47%
Half Mile = 11.7%
1 Mile = 0.06%
Total # of homes = 119,363
http://getinmymouf.com/2014/07/10-reasons-not-to-live-in-the-burbs-if-you-enjoy-good-food/
Inundation Explained ...
Inundation = #unhealthy/#healthy
5 = Extreme = >84 = High = 6 - 83 = Moderate = 4 - 62 = Low = 2 - 41 = Very low = 0 - 2
http://www.canadianunderwriter.ca/insurance/report-documents-populations-businesses-in-california-tsunami-inundation-zone-1002169060/
1 2 3 4 5Inundation categories (1 = Very low; 5 = Extreme)
Inundation
Correlations
I PERCENT_AFRICAN_
AMERICAN_mean
PERCENT_
WHITE_mean
PERCENT_
HISPANIC_mean
PERCENT_
OTHER_mean
INUNDATION Pearson
Correlation
1 -.007 -.013 .312** -.088
Sig.
(2-tailed)
.886 .789 .000 .061
N 459 459 459 459 459
Food SWAMP Explained ...
Extreme poor, extreme inundation
High low-income, high inundation
Moderate not low-income, high inundation
Low low-income, low inundation
Very Low not low-income, very low inundation
Income Categories
5 = Poor (<$20,500)4 = Low income ($20,500 - $37,800)3 = Lower middle income ($37,800 - $79,300)2 = Upper middle income ($79,300 - $120,800)1 = High income (>$120,800)
SWAMPED
ANOVAR squared = 0.15
Unstandardized
Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 7.505 3.922 1.914 .056
PERBLACKBYWHITE .006 .010 .041 .619 .536
PERCENT_AFRICAN_AMERICAN
_mean
.049 .040 .311 1.221 .223
PERCENT_WHITE_mean -.011 .040 -.063 -.271 .786
PERCENT_HISPANIC_mean .192 .028 .440 6.819 .000
PERCENT_OTHER_mean .046 .067 .040 .685 .493
a. Dependent Variable: SWAMP
SWAMPED Population: by Race
SWAMPED Total% AA% W% H% O% # of Blocks
Very low 12.8% 9.6% 17.3% 11.0% 12.2% 59
Low 40.4% 39.2% 41.1% 34.6% 46.0% 180
Moderate 21.8% 22.9% 20.5% 21.1% 19.4% 99
High 20.4% 24.0% 16.4% 23.3% 16.7% 94
Extreme 4.6% 4.3% 4.6% 10.0% 5.7% 25
Moderate - Extreme 46.8% 51.2% 41.6% 54.4% 41.8% 218
Racial Profile of Cleveland
Racial Profile of Cleveland
Racial Profile of Cleveland
Racial Profile of Cleveland
Income & Poverty in Cleveland
Income & Poverty in Cleveland
Income & Poverty in Cleveland
Inundation
SWAMPED
Conclusions ...➢ In Cleveland, homes have unhealthy food sources
closer on average compared to healthy food sources.
➢ Higher percentages of African American and Hispanic populations are SWAMPED.
Conclusions ...➢ Low-income minority populations in urban areas are
often subject to housing and spatial segregation.
➢ According to the CDC, low-income and low-access characteristics are correlated with obesity, diabetes, some cancers, mental illness, heart disease, high cholesterol, and mortality rates.
Conclusions ...➢ Policy efforts need to be spatially calibrated to improve
access to healthy food and advance food justice.
Questions?student.unsw.edu.au