SUSTAINABILITY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ARCHITECTURE

INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABILITY

WHAT IS SUSTAINABILITY

The best-known definition of sustainability or sustainable development is the definition

by the World Commission on Environment and Development.

"forms of progress that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability

of future generations to meet their needs.―

ENVIRONMENTAL

SOCIAL ECONOMIC

THE ‘TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE’

Sustainability is about considering the social,

economic and environmental implications of

what we do with a view to minimising the

negative effects on people and quality of life,

both now and in the future.

INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABILITY

WHY SHOULD WE BE SUSTAINABLE?

ECONOMIC BENIFITS – 2ND FASTEST

GROWING ECONOMY, INNOVATION IN

CONSTRUCTION STILL NOT SATISFACTORY

SOCIAL BENEFITS – BETTER SAFER AND

HEALTHY LIVING CONDITIONS FOR EVERYONE

EVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS – REDUCE

POLLUTION, CONSERVE OUR RESOURCES

IS SOMEONE TRYING TO TELL US SOMETHING ?

- Environmental Impact of people – Noticeable

Climate Change

- Increasing Oil price per barrel

- 50% of oil resources already exploited

- 120 million barrels a day by 2025

- Highest % of CO2 in 50 years

- 30% increase in energy demand by 2025

- Less potable water actually used for drinking

and cooking

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES

KOYOTO AGREEMENT – 1997

The Kyoto protocol is an international and legally binding agreement to reduce

greenhouse gas emissions worldwide (industrialized nations). It came into force in

February 2005 after being agreed at a 1997 UN conference in Kyoto, Japan. A total of 174

nations ratified the pact to reduce the greenhouse gases emitted by developed countries

to at least 5% below 1990 levels by 2008-12.

BALI AGREEMENT – 2007

Delegates from over 180 nations, together with observers from intergovernmental and

non-governmental organizations, meet to negotiate a new pact to succeed the Kyoto

protocol, which expires in 2012

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES

INDIAN SUSTAINABILITY POLICY –

The Government of India has established a separate Financial

Institution since 1987. Indian Renewable Energy Development

Agency (IREDA) based in New Delhi.

‘RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES' will have a share of 6%

from the present level of 1.67% by the year 2012’ - Ministry for

Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES)

KERALA ENERGY POLICY –

The total electricity generation in 2001-2002 is 7142 MU from

an installed capacity of 2601.18 MW. These are projected to

reach about 23,000 Gwh and 3800 MW in 2005-06, a steep

Increase.

WIND TURBINES , THERMAL POWER STATIONS AND

MICRO HYRO POWER

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES

THE CHALLENGES TO SUSTAINABILITY IN INDIA

FINANCIAL – WHAT IS VIABLE WILL DEPEND ON PROJECTS

TECHNOLOGY AND SKILL DEFECIT

RACE AGAINST INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTION INDUSRTY

STANDARDS WITH INCREASING CLIENTS DEMANDS

LACK OF ENFORCEABLE POLICIES AND TARGETS

DRIVERS FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN INDIA

COMMITMENT TO REDUCE C02 / GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ?

SOCIAL ASPECTS – HEALTHY AND SAFE ENVIRONMENT ?

TAPPING RENEWABLE ENERGY - EXPECTED TO REACH HIGHEST

RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCER IN THE WORLD

SUSTAINABILITY IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

AVERAGE OF 48% ENERGY PRODUCED IS USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

84% OF OPERATION ENERGY - HEATING/COOLING, VENTILATION AND LIGHTING

BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY

MEASURING POWER CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS

ENERGY IS MEASURED AS POWER CONSUMED IN WATTS OR KILO WATTS PER HOUR

1 UNIT = 1 KW = 1000 W

Annual KW hours = (kilowatts x number of hours use/day x 365 days)

A 60 Watt bulb used for 50 hrs per week / 2610 hrs per year = 156.6 KWh

ELECTRICITY - PRIMARY ENERGY

NATURAL GAS – SECONDARY ENERGY

BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY

CARBON FOOTPRINT OR CARBON EMISSION

CO2 IS ONE OF THE PRIMARY CONTRIBUTOR TO

GREEN HOUSE GAS EFFECT AND GLOBAL

WARMING

73% OF GREEN HOUSE GASSES IS CO2

BUILDING ARE RATED BY THE CARBON

EMISSION IT PRODUCES DURING

CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND

MAINTENANCE THROUGH OUT ITS LIFE CYCLE

CARBON EMISSION FACTOR –

IT IS A MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF CO2 IN

KILOGRAMS, THAT IS EMITTED IN PRODUCING

1KWH OF ENERGY – Kg CO2 / KWh

Electricity = 0.43

Natural Gas = 0.19

Gasoil / Petrol = 2.68

BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY

CARBON FOOTPRINT OR CARBON EMISSION

OUR 60 W BULB CONSUMING 156.6 KWh per Annum = 156.6 X 0.43 = 67.4 Kg CO2 / Annum

AVERAGE HOUSE MONTHLY CONSUMPTION = 651 KWh = 7812 KWh annually

CARBON EMISSION = 7812 X 0.43 = 3360 Kg CO2 / Annum = 3.36 TONNES OF CO2

CARBON FOOTPRINT = 3.36 / 4 (people) = 0.84 T is your carbon foot print from building alone

<< MAN’S CARBON FOOTPRINT = 0.84 T

CAMEL’S CARBON FOOTPRINT NIL OR DOES HE CARE ? >>

BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY

THERMAL COMFORT

Thermal comfort is very difficult to define. The best that you can realistically hope to achieve is a

thermal environment which satisfies the majority of people in the workplace, or put more simply,

‘reasonable comfort’.

Environmental factors:

Air temperature

Radiant temperature

Air velocity

Humidity

Personal factors:

Clothing Insulation

Metabolic heat – User Activity

THERMAL COMFORT – STANDARD CONDITIONS

Optimum air temperature range 20-24 ° C

Radiant summer temperature of 21 – 26 ° C

Optimum humidity range 40-60%

min recommended fresh air rate 10 L/s per 10

m2

Optimum air movement 0.1-0.5 m/s (naturally

ventilated), 0.1-0.2 m/s (air-conditioned).

BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY

DEGREE DAYS –

Cooling Degree Day measures how high the average daily temperature is relative to a

reference temperature such as 18 C (or how many degrees of cooling are required).

If the average daily temperature for June 3rd is 20C then 20 - 18 = 2 deg

Therefore the result is 2 Cooling Degree Days or 2C of cooling required.

If the average temperature for June 3rd had been 10C then it is 8 heating degree

days. Cooling degree days cannot be negative.

New Delhi UK - Birmmingham

BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY

HEAT TRANSFER IN BUILDINGS

Radiant energy is responsible for between 45% and 93% of the heat transfer into, or out of a building.

BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY

THERMAL CONDUCTANCE - U VALUE

U-value is a measure of a materials ability to conduct heat. The thermal performance of windows and

walls is commonly stated in U-values.

EMISSIVITY - E VALUE

Emissivity is the ability of a surface to emit or transfer radiant energy through itself - everything has an

E-value

BUILDING ENERGY - TERMINOLOGY

THERMAL MASS

‘Thermal mass’ is the characteristics of a material to absorb heat, store it, and at a later time, release it.

Material Conductivity W/mK Vol heat capacity kJ/m3K

Water 1.9 4186

Cast concrete (dense) 1.4 2300

Granite 2.1 2154

Dense concrete block 1.8 2000

Sandstone 1.6 1800

Clay tiles 0.52 1770

Rammed earth 1.1 1675

Clay plaster 0.91 1650

Brick 0.72 1360

Dense plaster 0.05 1300

Flooring screed 0.41 1000

Plasterboard 0.17 800

Lightweight plaster 0.16 600

Lightweight concrete block 0.11 600

Fibreboard 0.06 300

Timber flooring 0.14 780

Carpet 0.07 260

Rockwool insulation 0.035 42

Fibreglass insulation 0.04 9

HOW THERMAL MASS WORKS

‘In summer, thermal mass absorbs heat that

enters the building.

In hot weather, thermal mass has a lower initial

temperature than the surrounding air and acts

as a heat sink.

By absorbing heat from the atmosphere the

internal air temperature is lowered during the

day, with the result that comfort is improved

without the need for supplementary cooling.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT USING ECOTECT

THERMAL ANALYSIS

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

A ZERO CARBON BUILDING IS ONE WHOSE NET CARBON EMISSION IS ZERO

ACHIEVEMENT THORUGH AN INTEGRATED PROCESS :-

BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN – USE PASSIVE METHODS

ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEMS

RENEWABLE ENERGY

LOW ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MATERIALS

HEALTH AND SAFTEY

PLANNING AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

IDENTIFY CLIENT ASPIRATIONS

PLANNING AT CONCEPT STAGE – ARCHITECTS/ ENGINEERS / PROJECT

MANAGERS

PAYBACK PERIOD OF INVESTMENT IN SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

ACHIEVING ENVIRONMENTAL CERTIFICATES

PARTNERING / CO WORK WITH CONTRACTOR AND SUPPLIERS

IMPLEMENT AND MONITOR

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PRINCIPLES

REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS BY DESIGN

REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS BY ENERGY

EFFICIENT SYSTEMS – COOLING, LIGHTING E.T.C

GENERATE ON SITE RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR CONSUMPTION

USE REUSABLE/ RECYCLED MATERIALS

REDUCE WASTE

REDUCE WATER CONSUMPTION

USE MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION

HEALTH AND SAFTEY

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION OF BUIDING FABRIC / MATERIALS

USE THERMAL MASS EFFICIENTLY

CREATE A THERMAL LAG WITH HEAVY MASS DURING DAY – THICK WALLS /

DENSE MATERIALS, HIGH U - VALUE

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION OF BUIDING FABRIC / MATERIALS

REDUCE RADIANT HEAT FROM THE BUILDING FABRIC USING RADIANT HEAT BARRIER

RADIANT HEAT BARIER - Radiant barriers function by reducing heat transfer by radiation.

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION OF BUIDING FABRIC / MATERIALS

GLAZED FACADE – LOW E DOUBLE / TRIPPLE GLAZED FACADE WITH HIGH U- VALUE

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION OF BUIDING FABRIC / MATERIALS

RENEWABLE MATERIALS

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

VENTILATION DESIGN – NATURAL VENTILATION

TEMPERATURE OF AIR IS THE BIGGEST FACTOR IN DETERMINING THERMAL COMFORT –

50% OF COOLING LOST FROM BUILDING IS THROUGH VENTIALTION

NATURAL VENTILATION HAS THE BENEFIT OF NO / LOW ENERGY CONUMPTION

SITE PLANNING – ORIENTATION TO DRAW IN PREVALING COOL WINDS

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

VENTILATION DESIGN – NATURAL VENTILATION

SITE PLANNING – ORIENTATION TO DRAW IN PREVALING COOL WIND

USING CUMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS ASSESMENT – FLUENT /FLOVENT SOFTWARE

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

VENTILATION DESIGN – NATURAL VENTILATION

ENABLE NATURAL VENTILATION THROUGH BUILDING INTELLIGENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

SINGLE SIDE VENTILATION

CROSS VENTILATION STACK VENTILATION

SINGLE SIDE VENTILATION

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

VENTILATION DESIGN – NATURAL VENTILATION

WIND CATHCERS - MONODRAUGHT

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

VENTILATION DESIGN – MIXED MODE VENTILATION / DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION

ATRIA

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

VENTILATION DESIGN – MIXED MODE VENTILATION / GORUND SOURCE COOLING VENTILATION

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

VENTILATION DESIGN – MIXED MODE VENTILATION

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

MECHANICAL VENTILATION NATURAL VENTILATION

MIXED MODE VENTILATION GIVES ALL THE

BENEFITS OF NATURAL VENTILATION AND

BETTER CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

SOLAR ARCHITECTURE – SOLAR SHADING DESIGN

OPTIMISE SHADING TO REDUCE SOLAR HEAT GAIN THROUGH WINDOWS AND WALLS

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

SOLAR ARCHITECTURE – SOLAR SHADING AND DAY LIGHT CONTROL USING

OPACITY OF THE GLAZED FACADE

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

SOLAR ARCHITECTURE – SOLAR SHADING AND DAY LIGHT CONTROL USING

OPACITY OF THE GLAZED FACADE USING NANOGEL INSULATION

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

SOLAR ARCHITECTURE – NATURAL DAY LIGHT SYSTEMS - SUNPIPE

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

SOLAR ARCHITECTURE – NATURAL DAY LIGHT SYSTEM S - SUNPIPE

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

SOLAR ARCHITECTURE – EVAPORATIVE COOLING – WATER WALL

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEMS – CO GENERATION SYSTEM

COMBINED SYSTEM THAT GENERATE POWER AND USE WASTE HEAT FOR ABSORPTIVE

COOLING

THE PUMP INSIDE THIS SYSTEM WORKS AT LOWER POWER THAN AIR CONDITIONING

SYSTEMS

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEMS – EVAPORATIVE COOLING

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEMS – EVAPORATIVE COOLING - HUMIDIFIERS

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEMS – EVAPORATIVE COOLING

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES

PHOTOVOLTAICS – SOLAR ENERGY

Solar panels work by converting light directly into an electric current. PV solar panels only

require day light not direct sunlight. Does not have moving parts and last 25 years.

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES

PHOTOVOLTAICS – SOLAR ENERGY

BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES

PHOTOVOLTAICS – SOLAR ENERGY

BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAICS

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES

WIND TURBINE – SOLAR ENERGY

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES

WIND TURBINE – SOLAR ENERGY

TYPES OF WIND TURBINES

HORIZONTAL AXIS – MORE EFFICIENCY

VERTICAL AXIS

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES

WIND TURBINE – BUILDING INTEGRATED

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES

GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS

SystemPrimary Energy

Efficiency (%)

CO2 emissions

(kg CO2/kWh heat)

Oil fired boiler 60 - 65 0.45 – 0.48

Gas fired boiler 70 - 80 0.26 – 0.31

Electrical heating /cooling 36 0.9

Conventional electricity + GHSP 120 - 160 0.27 – 0.20

Green electricity + GHSP 300 - 400 0.00

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

RENEWABLE ENERGY – ENERGY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES

GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS – UNDER FLOOR HEATING / COOLING

Ground Collector

4kW (minimum) COOLING for

1kW Electricity

Under Floor Cooling

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE – SUDS

Sustainable Drainage is an environmentally-friendly way of dealing with surface water runoff to avoid

problems associated with conventional drainage practice. These problems include reducing flooding

SUDS is a new approach to drainage that keeps water on site longer, prevents pollution and allows

storage and use of the water.

Reed bed water

polishing

Settlement pond

Bio-digester plant

The Water

Cycle

The Water Cycle

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE - SLOW DOWN RUN OFF RATE

PORUS PAVINGS AND GROUND COVER WATER STORE IN SMALL PONDS LANDSCAPE WATER FEATURES

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE - GREEN ROOF AND RAINWATER HARVESTING

BENEFITS OF GREEN ROOF

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE - GREEN ROOF AND RAINWATER HARVESTING

There are three main types of green roof:

— extensive: which can be extensive sedum or extensive

bio diverse

— simple intensive which can also be bio diverse

— intensive.

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

EXAMPLES – COUNCIL HOUSE 2, AUSTRALIA – GREEN STAR RATING

SOLAR SHADING DESIGN

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

EXAMPLES – COUNCIL HOUSE 2, AUSTRALIA

COOLING STRATEGY

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

EXAMPLES – COUNCIL HOUSE 2, AUSTRALIA

COOLING STRATEGY

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

EXAMPLES – COUNCIL HOUSE 2, AUSTRALIA

WATER REUSE

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

EXAMPLES – BEDDZED , UK – FIRST ZERO CARBON DEVELOPMENT

BIO CLIMATIC DESIGN

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

EXAMPLES – BEDZED , UK – FIRST ZERO CARBON DEVELOPMENT

RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENT DESING

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT METHOD / RATING

TWO MAIN ESTABLISHED ASSESMENT METHODS –

BREEAM - Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method, UK

LEED – Leadership in Energy And Environment Design

BREEAM, have been designed to assess the holistic environmental performance of

buildings. Performance is assessed against a range of categories; Energy, Transport,

Pollution, Materials, Water, Ecology and Health and Wellbeing. Credits are obtained under

each of these categories, and each credit carries a particular number of points. The result is

an environmental rating for the building on a scale of Pass, Good, Very Good or Excellent.

A LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT IS MADE STARTING FROM ACQUIRING RAW

MATERIALS TO CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION UNTIL DEMOLITION OF BUILDING

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT METHOD / RATING

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT METHOD / RATING

ACHIEVING LOW CARBON / ZERO CARBON BUILDINGS

FUTURE OF SUSTAINABILITY

NEW TARGETS

CHANGE IN CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

ACHIEVE LOWEST ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

DEVELOPE A SAFE AND HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT