Post on 05-Jan-2016
Survey of 3G and LTE
Agenda
Introduction of Telecommunication Wireless Generation 1G / 2G/ 3G and 4G GSM Architecture Call Path Mobile to Mobile 3G Requirement LTE
Introduction of Telecommunication
What is Telecommunication ? Telecommunication means to change
information into electronic signals for remote transmission and switching.
Fast Deployment
Saving Transmission cost.
Easy and Fast Access.
Frequency
The frequency of a radio wave is the number of
timesthat the wave oscillates per second."
FM Radio : 100 MHz Approx. Television : 300 MHz Approx. Mobile Networks : 300 – 2000 MHz Approx.
An MS Communicate with a BTS by transmitting and receiving radio waves, which consist of electromagnetic energy.
Bandwidth In electronic communication, bandwidth is the
width of the range (or band) of frequencies that an electronic signal uses on a given transmission medium.
In this usage, bandwidth is expressed in terms of the difference between the highest-frequency signal component and the lowest-frequency signal component.
Bandwidth = Highest freq – Lowest Freq
Channels A Channel is a frequency or set of frequency which can be
allocated for the transmission and reception of information. Types Of Communication Channels.
GSM Frequency Concepts
What is Multiple Access
Simultaneous private use of a transmission medium by multiple independent users is called Multiple Access.
Advantages Of Multiple Access
• Increased capacity• Reduced capital requirement• Decreased per user expense
FDMA, TDMA & CDMA FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) Each user on a different frequency A channel is a frequency TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) Each user on a different window period in time slot. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) Each user uses the same frequency all the time but
mixed with different distinguished code patterns.
Cellular Generation
Wireless Access Evolution & Background
New ServicesNew Services
EfficiencyEfficiency
More Data More Data Services Services requiredrequired
Broadband
Subscribers
Voice
CoverageCoverage
MobilityMobility
Voice Voice QualityQuality
PortabilityPortability
CapacityCapacity
Data ServiceData Service
BroadbandBroadband
Network Network SimplificationSimplification
Cost of Cost of OwnershipOwnership
1st Generation Cellular System Widespread introduction in early 1980s.
Analogue modulation. FM
Frequency division multiple access. FDMA
Voice traffic only.
No inter-network roaming possible.
Insecure air interface.
Examples :
AMPS (Advance mobile Phone System, American based,800MHz)
TACS (Total Access Communications System, UK based,900MHz)
C-450 (German standard, 450MHz)
JTACS (Japanese Total Access Communications System,900MHz).
2nd Generation Cellular System Widespread introduction in 1990s.
Use digital modulation. GMSK
Variety of multiple access strategies.
More efficient use of radio spectrum.
International roaming capability.
Secure air interface.
Compatibility with ISDN.
GSM STRUCTURE
GSM Architecture Overview A GSM system is made up of three subsystems:
The mobile station (MS) The Base station subsystem (BSS) The Network and switching subsystem (NSS)
The interfaces defined between each of these sub systems include:
“A” interface between NSS and BSS “Abis” interface between BSC and BTS (Within the BSS) “Um” air interface between the BSS and the MS
BASIC GSM BLOCKS
MSC/VLRWarid
BSC
BSC
THE GSM Mobile Station (MS)The Mobile station (MS) consists of the physical equipment used by aa PLMN subscriber to connect to the network. It Comprises
Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
The SIM stores permanent and Temporary data about the mobile, the subscriber and the network, including
International Mobile subscriber Identity (IMSI) MSISDN number of subscriber Authentication key and Algorithms for authentication check.
The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)The Base Station Subsystem is the system of Base station equipments
(BTS and BSC), which is viewed by the MSC through a single A-interface
The BSS Consist of : One Base station Controller (BSC) One or more Base Transceiver (BTS)
The Purpose of BTS is to : Provide radio access to the mobile stations Manage the radio access aspects of the system
BTS Contains : Radio Transmitter/Receiver (TRX) Signal processing and Control equipment Antennas and Feeder cables
The BSC : Allocates a channel for the duration of a call Controls the power transmitted by the BTS or MS Generates the handover to another cell when required.
Base Station Subsystem
Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
Key Elements of NSS:
Mobile switching center (MSC) with: Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Authentication center (AuC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Gateway MSC (GMSC)
The Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
The Mobile services switching center is an exchange which performs all the
switching and signaling functions for mobile stations located in a geographical
area designated as the MSC area.
Functions Of MSC:
Switching calls, controlling calls .
Interface with PSTN, ISDN
Mobility management over the radio network and other networks.
Billing information.
The Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Each MSC has a VLR but a VLR may serve many MSCs.
VLR Stores data temporarily for mobiles served by the MSC.
Information stored includes :
IMSI
MSISDN
MSRN
TMSI
LAI
Supplementary service parameters.
Home Location Register (HLR)
HLR stores details of all subscribers in the network, such as:
Subscription information
Location information : MS roaming number, VLR, MSC.
MS ISDN number.
Service restrictions.
Supplementary services.
Together with the AuC, HLR checks the validity and service profile of
subscribers.
Call Path Mobile to Mobile
MSC SMSC
EIR
PSTNFixed Network
BSC
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
HLR
OMO
MSC SMSC
EIR
BSC
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
HLR
OMOPSTNFixed Network
MSC SMSC
EIR
BSC
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
HLR
OMOPSTNFixed Network
BSC HLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
OMOPSTNFixed Network
BSCBSC
Base Station ControllerBase Station Controller
The call request reaches the BSC from the The call request reaches the BSC from the BTS and is forwarded to MSC.BTS and is forwarded to MSC.
After call is established, the BSC will perform After call is established, the BSC will perform decodingdecoding of the call (in typical config.) of the call (in typical config.)
BSC HLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
OMOPSTNFixed Network
BSC HLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
OMOPSTNFixed Network
Checks A number.Checks A number. To whom is A subscriber calling?To whom is A subscriber calling?
(Checks B number)(Checks B number) Example : A subscriberExample : A subscriber has has
prepaid number.prepaid number.
MSC MSC
Mobile Switching CentreMobile Switching Centre
BSC HLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
OMOPSTNFixed Network
BSC HLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
OMOPSTNFixed Network
BSC HLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
PrePaidPrePaid
VMSVoicemail
OMOPSTNFixed Network
Does the A subscriber have Does the A subscriber have money left on his/her account?money left on his/her account?
When the call is established When the call is established and on-going the subscriber’s and on-going the subscriber’s account is decremented account is decremented accordingly.accordingly.
PrePaid NodePrePaid Node
BSCHLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
OMOPSTNFixed Network
BSCHLR
MSC SMSC
EIR
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
OMOPSTNFixed Network
BSCHLR
MSCMSC SMSC
EIR
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
OMOPSTNFixed Network
Where is the B subscriber?Where is the B subscriber? MSC interrogates in HLR.MSC interrogates in HLR.
(HLR = Home Location (HLR = Home Location Register)Register)
MSCMSC Mobile Switching CentreMobile Switching Centre
BSCHLR
MSCMSCPrePaid
VMSVoicemail
OMOPSTNFixed Network
SMSC
EIR
BSCHLR
MSCMSC
OMOPSTNFixed Network
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
SMSC
EIR
BSCHLRHLR
MSCMSC
OMOPSTNFixed Network
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
SMSC
EIR
HLR says ’I am the home of the B HLR says ’I am the home of the B subscriber and I know where he/she is subscriber and I know where he/she is right now’ (i.e. which VLR)right now’ (i.e. which VLR)
Tells this VLR ’Give me a visitor address Tells this VLR ’Give me a visitor address for this subscriber’ (Roaming Number) for this subscriber’ (Roaming Number)
HLRHLRHome Location Register
BSCHLRHLR
MSCMSC
OMOPSTNFixed Network
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
SMSC
EIR
BSCHLRHLR
MSCMSC
OMOPSTNFixed Network
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
SMSC
EIR
BSCHLRHLR
MSCMSC
OMOPSTNFixed Network
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
SMSC
EIR
Hosting MSC/VLR returns Hosting MSC/VLR returns TEMPORARILY assigned TEMPORARILY assigned visitor/roaming address for B-visitor/roaming address for B-subscriber to HLR.subscriber to HLR.
MSCMSC
Mobile Switching CentreMobile Switching Centre
BSCHLRHLR
MSCMSC
OMOPSTNFixed Network
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
SMSC
EIR
BSCHLRHLR
MSCMSC
OMOPSTNFixed Network
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
SMSC
EIR
BSCHLRHLR
MSCMSC
OMOPSTNFixed Network
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
SMSC
EIR
’’Thanks for the visitor address!’Thanks for the visitor address!’ ’’I will send this address to the I will send this address to the
MSC that requested for it.’ MSC that requested for it.’
HLRHLRHome Location Register
BSCHLRHLR
MSCMSC
OMOPSTNFixed Network
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
SMSC
EIR
BSCHLRHLR
MSCMSC
OMOPSTNFixed Network
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
SMSC
EIR
BSCHLRHLR
MSCMSC
OMOPSTNFixed Network
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
SMSC
EIR
BSCHLRHLR
MSCMSC
OMOPSTNFixed Network
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
SMSC
EIR
BSC now sends a PAGING MESSAGE to all the BTSs that BSC now sends a PAGING MESSAGE to all the BTSs that it covers/controls.it covers/controls.
Carrys PAGING RESPONSE from called MS back to MSC.Carrys PAGING RESPONSE from called MS back to MSC. Allocates a RADIO channel through a BTS with best Allocates a RADIO channel through a BTS with best
available and allowable SIGNAL STRENGTH for called available and allowable SIGNAL STRENGTH for called MS.MS.
Performs SPEECH CODING when call is established.Performs SPEECH CODING when call is established.
BSCBSC
Base Station ControllerBase Station Controller
BSCHLRHLR
MSCMSC
OMOPSTNFixed Network
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
SMSC
EIR
BSCHLRHLR
MSCMSC
OMOPSTNFixed Network
PrePaid
VMSVoicemail
SMSC
EIR
GSM to 3G Steps
Why we need 3G?Or
3G is enough for us?
Secretes of Upgrades
Maximize----Spectrum Efficiency FDMA/TDMA/CDMA/OFDMA Power Efficiency-------Battery
Minimize ----Complexity ----Cost
3G Release Timeline
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Rel 99 Rel 4 Rel 5 Rel 6 Rel 7
2007
WCDMA
2008
MSC Split
HSDPA HSPA+HSUPA
Rel 8
LTE
Migration Stages
3G Requirement
New ServicesNew Services
EfficiencyEfficiency
More Data Services requiredMore Data Services required
Steps towards 3G
1- Backbone Roll Out (Packet Network)
All the backend traffic transfer on IP (Packets) /Passport/ATM/MPBN
2- Data Network
3- Core Network
4- RAN Network
1-Backbone Roll Out (Packet Network)
2-Data Network Migration
3-Core Network Migration
Classic MSC(Control and Switching)
Classical MSC Architecture(old name: Non-Layered Mobile Core Network/
’Monolitic’ Architecture)
TDM
MSC
MSC
MSC MSC
MSC MSC
MSC Server(Control)
Mobile Media Gateway(Switching)
Mobile Softswitch Solution (old name: Layered Mobile Core Network
Architecture)
IP/ATM/TDM
Control Layer
MSC-S
MGw
MSC-S
MGw
MGw MGw
MGw MGw
2G Towards 3G Networks
GGSN
IP networks
SGSN
IuGb
2G 3G
BSC
BTS
RNC
Node B
HLR
PCRFGr
Gi
Iur
Gx
Only PS Domain shown
Gn Gn
•Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) - to manage Quality of Service (QoS) aspects
GGSN
IP networks
SGSN
Iu CPGb
2G 3G
BSC
BTS
RNC
Node B
HLR/HSS
PCRF
Iu UP
Gr
Gi
Iur
Gx
Only PS Domain shown
Gn
Optimizing the 3G/HSPA payload plane for Broadband traffic
HSPA (Higher Speed Packet Access)
10 Mb/s
Requirement of LTE
BroadbandBroadband
Network SimplificationNetwork Simplification
Cost of OwnershipCost of Ownership
LTE (Long Term Evolution)
LTE focus is on: enhancement of the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) optimisation of the UTRAN architecture
With HSPA (downlink and uplink), UTRA will remain highly competitive for several years
LTE project aims to ensure the continued competitiveness of the 3GPP technologies for the future
LTE Requirements (1)
Reduced cost per bit Improve spectrum efficiency ( e.g. 2-4 x Rel6) Reduce cost of backhaul (transmission in UTRAN)
Increased service provisioning – more services at lower cost with better user experience
Focus on delivery of services utilising ”IP” Reduce setup time and round trip time Increase the support of QoS for the various types of services
(e.g. Voice over IP) Increase “cell edge bit rate” whilst maintaining same site
locations as deployed today Increase peak bit rate (e.g. above 100Mbps DL and above
50Mbps UL) Enhance the bit rate for MBMS (e.g. 1-3 Mbps) Allow for reasonable terminal power consumption
LTE Requirements (2)
Flexibility of use of existing and new frequency bands Allow to deploy in wider and smaller bandwidths than 5 MHz
( e.g. ranging from 1.25 to 20MHz)
Allow variable duplex technology within bands as well as between bands
Non-contiguous spectrum allocations to one UE should not be precluded
LTE Architecture
PDN GWServing GW
MME
S1-MME S1-U
LTE
IP networks
eNodeB
SGSN
Iu CPGb
2G 3G
S3
BSC
BTS
RNC
Node B
HLR/HSS
PCRF
Iu UP
S11
Gr
S10
S6a
SGi
X2
Iur
S7
Non-3GPP access
S2a/b
S4PDN GW
Serving GW
”Gateway”
MMESGSN
”Mobility Server”
PCRF
HLR/HSS
”HLR/HSS”
EPC
eNode B
RBS
OSS
PA/DU Core & IMS
PA/DU Radio
3G- R’993G- R’99HSPAHSPA
HSPA EvolutionHSPA Evolution
LTELTE
2002 2005 2008/2009 2009
384 kbps 3.6 Mbps 21/28/42 Mbps ~150 MbpsPeak rate
2007
7/14 Mbps
Mobile broadband speed evolution
LTE EvolutionLTE Evolution
2013
1 Gbps
Target
ABBREVIATIONS
MSC – Mobile Switching center BSC – Base station controller BTS – Base Transceiver station TRX – Transceiver MS - Mobile Station OMC – Operation and Maintenance Center PSTN – Public Switched Telephone Network BSS – Base Station Subsystem HLR – Home Location Register VLR – Visitor Location Register AuC – Authentication Center EIR – Equipment Identity Register
References
http://www.3gpp.org/ http://www.radio-electronics.com http://www.ericsson.com/technology/whitepap
ers/lte_overview.pdf http://www.ngmn.org/
Thank you