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Studies to support the development of sea basin cooperation
in the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Ionian, and Black Sea
CONTRACT NUMBER
MARE/2012/07 - REF. NO 1 - 2
METHODOLOGY FOR
IDENTIFYING AND ESTIMATING
MARITIME ACTIVITIES USING
NACE AND OTHER DATA
Rev. October 2013
EUNETMAR Study to support the development of sea-basin cooperation in the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Ionian, and Black sea
Methodology for identifying and estimating maritime activities using NACE and other data
Rev. October 2013
2
Content
0. SUMMARY TABLE ......................................................................... 3
1. Other sectors ............................................................................... 6
1.1 Shipbuilding and ship repair .................................................................................. 6 1.2 Construction of water projects ............................................................................. 7
2. Maritime transport ...................................................................... 8
2.1 Deep-sea shipping ................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Short-sea shipping (incl. Ro-Ro) ............................................................................ 8 2.3 Passenger ferry services ........................................................................................ 8 2.4 Inland waterway transport .................................................................................... 8
3. Food, nutrition, health and eco-system services ........................ 20
3.1 Fish for human consumption .............................................................................. 20 3.2 Fishing for animal feeding ................................................................................... 20 3.3 Marine aquatic products ..................................................................................... 26 3.4 Blue biotechnology .............................................................................................. 28 3.5 Agriculture on saline soils ................................................................................... 28
4. Energy and raw materials ........................................................... 34
4.1 Offshore oil and gas............................................................................................. 34 4.2 Offshore wind ...................................................................................................... 49 4.3 Ocean renewable energy .................................................................................... 51 4.4 Carbon capture and storage ................................................................................ 53 4.5 Aggregates mining ............................................................................................... 54 4.6 Marine minerals mining ...................................................................................... 60 4.7 Securing fresh water supply (desalination) ......................................................... 61
5. Leisure, working and living ......................................................... 63
5.1 Coastal tourism ................................................................................................... 63 5.2 Yachting and marinas .......................................................................................... 68 5.3 Cruise tourism ..................................................................................................... 69
6. Coastal protection ...................................................................... 72
6.1 Traceability and security of goods supply chains ................................................ 72 6.2 Preventing salt water intrusion ........................................................................... 72 6.3 Protection of habitats.......................................................................................... 72
7. Maritime monitoring and surveillance ....................................... 77
7.1 Traceability and security of goods supply chains ................................................ 77 7.2 Prevent and protect against illegal movement of people and goods ................. 77 7.3 Environmental monitoring .................................................................................. 77
EUNETMAR Study to support the development of sea-basin cooperation in the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Ionian, and Black sea
Methodology for identifying and estimating maritime activities using NACE and other data
Rev. October 2013
3
0. SUMMARY TABLE
Function Maritime activity
Private (pr)/public-
funded activity (pf)
Short description allocation of NACE rev.2 / other classification Main keys to allocation
0. Other sectors
0.1 Shipbuilding and ship repair
Pr Building and repair of merchant vessels and leisure boats; building, repair and maintenance of floating structures
C 30.11 Building of ships and floating structures C 30.12 Building of pleasure and sporting boats C 33.15 Repair and maintenance of ships and boats
Totally allocated to 0.1 Shipbuilding and ship repair
0.2 Water projects Pr/Pf Construction of civil engineering projects both coastal and inland, as waterways, harbour and river works, marinas, locks, dykes and dams.
F 42.91 Construction of water projects Totally allocated to 0.1 Water projects
1. Maritime transport and shipbuilding
1.1 Deep-sea shipping Pr International freight transport operated by large vessels on intercontinental routes (both liner or tramp services ).
H 50.20 Sea and coastal freight water transport H 52.10 Warehousing and storage H 52.22 Service activities incidental to water
transportation H 52.24 Cargo handling N 77.34 Renting and leasing of water transport
equipment
- 50.20: allocated between 1.1 and 1.2;
- 52.22 and 77.34: allocated according to the share of 1.1 on 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 4.3.
- 52.10 and 52.24: the maritime share only has been allocated according to the share of 1.1 on 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 4.3
1.2 Short-sea shipping (incl. Ro-Ro)
Pr
National or international freight transport over relatively short distances. Short-sea shipping in the EU takes place between EU ports and between EU and neighbouring countries (Med and Black Sea, Baltic and EEA countries) . Ro-Ro segment (ships for wheeled cargos) is also included
H 50.20 Sea and coastal freight water transport H 52.10 Warehousing and storage H 52.22 Service activities incidental to water
transportation H 52.24 Cargo handling N 77.34 Renting and leasing of water transport
equipment
- 50.20: allocated between 1.1 and 1.2;
- 52.22 and 77.34: allocated according to the share of 1.2 on 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 4.3.
- 52.10 and 52.24: the maritime share only has been allocated according to the share of 1.2 on 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 4.3.
1.3 Passenger ferry services
Pr National or international transport of passengers on fixed routes. Often it is combined with Ro-Ro.
H 50.10 Sea and coastal passenger water transport H 52.10 Warehousing and storage H 52.22 Service activities incidental to water
transportation H 52.24 Cargo handling N 77.34 Renting and leasing of water transport
equipment
- 50.10: allocated between 1.3 and 4.3;
- 52.22 and 77.34: allocated according to the share of 1.3 on 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 4.3.
- 52.10 and 52.24: the maritime share only has been allocated according to the share of 1.3 on 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 4.3.
1.4 Inland waterway transport
Pr Freight transport on inland waterways. H 50.40 Inland freight water transport
- 50.40: totally allocated to 1.4;
- 52.22 and 77.34: allocated according to the share of 1.4 on 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 4.3.
- 52.10 and 52.24: the maritime share only has been allocated according to the share of 1.4 on 1.1, 1.2,
EUNETMAR Study to support the development of sea-basin cooperation in the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Ionian, and Black sea
Methodology for identifying and estimating maritime activities using NACE and other data
Rev. October 2013
4
Function Maritime activity
Private (pr)/public-
funded activity (pf)
Short description allocation of NACE rev.2 / other classification Main keys to allocation
1.3, 1.4 and 4.3.
2. Food, nutrition, health and eco-system services
2.1 Fish for human consumption
Pr Catching, processing and selling (both wholesale and retail) of fishery products fit for human consumption
A 03.11 Marine fishing A 03.12 Freshwater fishing G 46.38 Wholesale of other food, including fish,
crustaceans and molluscs G 47.23 Retail sale of fish, crustaceans and molluscs
in specialised stores G 47.11 Retail sale in non-specialised stores with
food, beverages or tobacco predominating C 10.20 Fish processing
- 03.11 and 03.12: only the share for human consumption has been allocated;
- 46.38 and 47.32: totally allocated to fish for human consumption;
- 47.11: only the share of fish has been allocated to 2.1;
- 10.20: only the share for human consumption has been allocated to 2.1
2.2 Fish for animal feeding
Pr Catching and processing of fishery products unfit for human consumption and used for animal feeding and agriculture
A 03.11 Marine fishing A 03.12 Freshwater fishing C 10.20 Fish processing
03.11, 03.12 and 10.20: only the share for non food use has been allocated to 2.2
2.3 Marine aquaculture Pr Farming of aquatic organism in marine and brackish water, mainly for human consumption
A 03.21 Marine aquaculture Totally allocated to 2.3
2.4 Blue biotechnology Pr
All possible technology applications to marine living organisms, including food, nutrition, health, environment enhancement, but also cosmetics, processing technologies, industrial applications, energy production.
It is not possible to allocate to any NACE or other classifications
2.5 Agriculture on saline soils
Pr Agriculture on saline, sodic and potentially salt affected soils
20000 GVA of agriculture and farming LFR_PERS Total number of persons employed as
Regular Labour force
Allocated to 2.5 according the % of agriculture surfaces on saline soil on the total agricultural area at NUTS 2 level .
3. Energy and raw materials
3.1 Offshore oil and gas Pr Extraction of marine fossil fuels from offshore fields. Support activities for offshore extractions are also included
B 06.10 Extraction of crude petroleum B 06.20 Extraction of natural gas B 09.10 Support activities for petroleum and natural
gas extraction
Totally allocated to 3.1
3.2 Offshore wind Pr Exploitation of offshore wind energy for producing electricity
No correlation to any NACE
3.3 Ocean renewable energy
Pr
Offshore exploitation of renewable energy resources (excluding wind) which includes: tides, waves, biomass, osmosis and ocean thermal energy conversion
No correlation to any NACE
3.4 Carbon capture and storage
Pr Capture, transport and storage of CO2 originating from large fuel power plants and depositing it in underground geological formations.
No correlation to any NACE
3.5 Aggregates mining (sand, gravel, etc.)
Pr Extraction of marine aggregates (sands and gravels) from the seabed
B 08.12 Operation of gravel and sand pits; mining of clays and kaolin
B 09.90 Supporting activities for other mining and quarrying
Allocated according to the quantity of marine aggregates extracted in each Country
3.6 Marine minerals mining
Pr Deep-sea mining of minerals such as polymetallic nodules, manganese crusts and sulfide deposits
No correlation to any NACE
3.7 Securing fresh water Pr Desalination of sea water for fresh water usage E 36.00 Water collection, treatment and supply Allocated to 3.7 according to the share of seawater and
EUNETMAR Study to support the development of sea-basin cooperation in the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Ionian, and Black sea
Methodology for identifying and estimating maritime activities using NACE and other data
Rev. October 2013
5
Function Maritime activity
Private (pr)/public-
funded activity (pf)
Short description allocation of NACE rev.2 / other classification Main keys to allocation
supply (desalination) (agriculture and consumption) brackish water desalination on the total expenditure for water collection, treatment and supply
4. Leisure, working and living
4.1 Coastal tourism Pr Tourist and recreational economic activities related to the sea and located in coastal areas
I 55.10 Hotels and similar accommodation I 55.20 Holiday and other short-stay accommodation I 55.30 Camping grounds, recreational vehicle parks
and trailer parks I 55.90 Other accommodation
55.10, 55.20, 55.30 and 55.90: allocated to MEA 4.1 according to the share of nights spent in coastal NUTS 3
4.2 Yachting and marinas Pr Services related to recreational shipping (yachting, sailing, etc.) and marinas related services
No correlation to any NACE
4.3 Cruise tourism Pr It is a form of travelling, involving an all-inclusive holyday on a cruise ship according to a specific itinerary in which the ship calls at different ports.
H 50.10 Sea and coastal passenger water transport H 52.10 Warehousing and storage H 52.22 Service activities incidental to water
transportation H 52.24 Cargo handling N 77.34 Renting and leasing of water transport
equipment
- 50.10: allocated between 1.3 and 4.3;
- 52.22 and 77.34: allocated according to the share of 4.3 on 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 4.3.
- 52.10 and 52.24: the maritime share only has been allocated according to the share of 4.3 on 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 4.3.
4.4 Working Not applicable
4.5 Living Not applicable
5. Coastal protection
5.1 Protection against flooding and erosion
Pf Monitoring, maintaining and protecting coasts against flooding and erosions GF05 Environmental protection (COFOG)
Public expenditure partially allocated to MEA 5.1 according to the share of annual expenditure in coastal protection over the total environmental protection (EUROSTAT COFOG)
5.2 Preventing salt water intrusion
Pf Adoption of measures focused at preventing salt water intrusion into freshwater aquifers
No correlation to any NACE
5.3 Protection of habitats Pf Protection of natural habitats in coastal areas (excluding marine protected areas)
GF0504 Protection of biodiversity and landscape (COFOG)
Public expenditure partially allocated to MEA 5,3 according the % of regional/national coastal internal protected area over the total regional/national internal protected area
6. Maritime monitoring and surveillance
6.1 Traceability and security of goods supply chains
Pf
Organizations, systems, practices, equipments and services used for surveillance (security and safety) purposes in the field of maritime transportation
No correlation to any NACE
6.2 Prevent and protect against illegal movement of people and goods
Pf
Monitoring and surveillance of the coastal borders using a variety of services, technologies and dedicated equipment for preventing against illegal movements of goods and people
No correlation to any NACE
6.3 Environmental monitoring
Pf Monitoring of environmental assets No correlation to any NACE
EUNETMAR Study to support the development of sea-basin cooperation in the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Ionian, and Black sea
Methodology for identifying and estimating maritime activities using NACE and other data
Rev. October 2013
6
1. Other sectors
Shipbuilding and ship repair 1.1
Identification of the sectors
The following codes (NACE Rev. 2) are proposed to be included in the shipbuilding sector:
NACE rev. 1.1 NACE rev. 2
Shipbuilding 35.1 Building and repairing of ships and
boats
30.11 Building of ships and boats 33.15 Repair and maintenance of ships
and boats
30.12 Building of pleasure and sporting boats
NACE rev. 2 “38.31 Dismantling of wrecks” is not included here since it includes all types of wrecks (cars, computers, televisions etc.) and given that dismantling of ships basically takes places outside the EU, it is proposed not to include this item.
Data availability
These data are available in EUROSTAT at the following links:
code Descr
EUROSTAT position
Shipbuilding
C 30.11 Building of ships and boats
Link
C 33.15 Repair and maintenance of ships and boats
C 30.12 Building of pleasure and sporting boats
Methodology for managing data
No specific data management procedure is requested. GVA and Number of persons employed of “Shipbuilding and ship repair” will be reported as the sum of these 2 NACE codes.
Key to allocate to different sea basins
For the purpose of our analysis, it is needed to split shipbuilding activities by sea basin for Spain, France, Germany, Denmark and UK.
This task will be carried out by Country experts, which will allocate GVA and number of persons employed according to the number of shipbuilding yards located in the related sea basin.
EUNETMAR Study to support the development of sea-basin cooperation in the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Ionian, and Black sea
Methodology for identifying and estimating maritime activities using NACE and other data
Rev. October 2013
7
Construction of water projects 1.2
Identification of the sector
For this sector, a specific NACE code is available in the classification:
NACE rev. 1.1 NACE rev. 2
Water projects 45.24 Construction of water projects 42.91 Construction of water projects
It includes the construction of waterways, harbour and river works, pleasure ports (marinas), dams and dykes. Also activities such as dredging of waterways are included. These can be relevant to a multitude of MEAs.
Data availability
Code (rev. 2)
Descr EUROSTAT
position
Water projects F42.91 Construction of water projects Link
Methodology for managing data
No specific procedure for managing data is needed.
Key to allocate to different sea basins
This NACE code is not available at NUTS 2 level in EUROSTAT. For allocating this item to different sea basins, the contribution of the Country expert is needed, which should explore the availability of this information in National statistics for France, Spain, Germany, Denmark and UK.
EUNETMAR Study to support the development of sea-basin cooperation in the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Ionian, and Black sea
Methodology for identifying and estimating maritime activities using NACE and other data
Rev. October 2013
8
2. Maritime transport
Deep-sea shipping 2.1
Short-sea shipping (incl. Ro-Ro) 2.2
Passenger ferry services 2.3
Inland waterway transport 2.4
Identification of the sectors of the sub-function’s value chain
Contrary to NACE rev 1.1 (used by ECORYS) and according to NACE rev. 2, these four activities and their related value chains can be associated to sectors as follows:
Sub-functions NACE rev. 2
Deep-sea shipping 50.20 Sea and coastal freight water transport Short-sea shipping
Passenger ferry services 50.10 Sea and coastal passenger
water transport
Inland waterway transport 50.40 Inland freight water
transport
It has to be taken into account that NACE 50.10 “Sea and coastal passenger water transport” encompasses both passenger ferry services and cruise passenger. In the following section, a specific methodology for deducing cruise from this NACE is described.
On the other hand, this only covers a part of the value chain, as activities such as “shipbuilding” and “port services”, should also be included.
Since shipbuilding will be dealt as a separate activity, only port services will be taken into account in this computation.
Therefore, we assume that deep-sea, short-sea and passenger ferry services will be considered as “water transport”. The following correlation between sub-functions and NACE activities (both rev. 1.1 and rev 2) is proposed:
EUNETMAR Study to support the development of sea-basin cooperation in the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Ionian, and Black sea
Methodology for identifying and estimating maritime activities using NACE and other data
Rev. October 2013
9
Table 1 - Water transport : Identification of the sector (1)
Sub-functions NACE rev. 1.1 NACE rev. 2
WATER TRANSPORT
Deep-sea shipping
61.10 Sea and coastal water transport
50.20 Sea and coastal freight water transport Short-sea shipping
Passenger ferry services 50.10 Sea and coastal
passenger water transport
Inland water transport 61.20 Inland water transport
50.40 Inland freight water transport
Besides the items reported above used by ECORYS, according to IFREMER-EUROSTAT study1, it is proposed to add the following items:
Table 2 - Water transport : Identification of the sector (2)
Sub-functions NACE rev. 1.1 NACE rev. 2
WATER TRANSPORT
Deep-sea shipping
71.22 Renting of water transport equipment
77.34 Renting and leasing of water transport equipment
Short-sea shipping
Passenger ferry services
Inland freight water transport
“Port services” should be added to these activities. Contrarily to ECORYS’ methodology, it is proposed to add NACE rev. 2 “52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation”. Since this NACE code encompasses services to cruise as well as to other ships, it is proposed to break this code down between cruise and all other ships as described in detail in the following section.
Specifically as regards “52.24 Cargo handling” and “52.10 Warehousing and storage”, given that these covers also other non-maritime sectors, Country experts should identify at Country level the share of maritime activities. This information is available at Country level (e.g. for Italy 50% of Cargo handling relates to maritime aspects and the same percentage can be applied to “warehousing and storage”). If this information is not available in the related Country, the Country experts should assess the share of cargo handling and warehousing to be allocated to maritime. Only this share will be taken into account in the final computation.
Finally, the following correlation between sub-functions and NACE activities (both rev. 1.1 and rev 2) is proposed:
1 Study in the field of maritime policy “Approach towards an Integrated Maritime Policy Database”
EUNETMAR Study to support the development of sea-basin cooperation in the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Ionian, and Black sea
Methodology for identifying and estimating maritime activities using NACE and other data
Rev. October 2013
10
Table 3 - Port services : Identification of the sectors
NACE rev. 1.1 NACE rev. 2
Port services
63.22 Other supporting water transport activities related to water transport of passengers, animals or freight
63.11 Cargo handling
63.12 Storage and warehousing
52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation activities related to water transport of passengers, animals or freight
52.24 Cargo handling 52.10 Warehousing and storage
Data availability
All data are available in EUROSTAT database (Structural Business Statistics). Basic data needed which should be downloaded for the purpose of our analysis are:
- Number of persons employed - Value added at factor costs
In the table below you will find all NACE activities needed for building the analysis. In the last column, you will also find bookmarks of queries already set up in EUROSTAT. All variables have been selected, you only need to chance the geographic parameter, according to your use.
Table 4 - Summary of NACE to be used for the analysis
code Descr Comments
EUROSTAT position
Water transport
H 50.20 Sea and coastal freight water transport
This code will be totally allocated to water transport
Link
H 5010 Sea and coastal passenger water transport
Shares of passenger ferry services and cruise needs to be calculated
H 5040 Inland freight water transport
N 77.34 Renting and leasing of water transport equipment
This code will be split between 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 4.3
Port services
H 52.24
Cargo handling
Only the maritime activities should be included in the computation. % shares related to maritime activities should be identified by Country experts at Country level
Link
H 52.10 Warehousing and storage
H 52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation
This code will be split between 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 4.3
Methodology for managing data
STEP 1
EUNETMAR Study to support the development of sea-basin cooperation in the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Ionian, and Black sea
Methodology for identifying and estimating maritime activities using NACE and other data
Rev. October 2013
11
In line with Table 4, “Number of persons employed” and “Value added at factor costs” will be collected for all the items and summed up. By doing so, the exact sizes of (i) Deep-sea shipping, (ii) Short-sea shipping (incl. Ro-Ro), (iii) Passenger ferry services and (iv) inland water transport are calculated as a total, including also important transversal activities as “Port services”.
Of course, at present, only 3 years are available in EUROSTAT database, since NACE rev.2 has been adopted only in 2008.
Below an example for Italy is proposed:
Table 5 - Value added at factor costs- Example for Italy – million euros
NACE_R2 NACE_R2(L)/TIME 2008 2009 2010 Comments
Water transport
H5020 Sea and coastal freight water transport 1.470,60 735,2 2.052,10
H5010 Sea and coastal passenger water transport 1.576,90 1.838,70 1.544,70 Total (also including cruise)
H5040 Inland water transport 20,4 16,8 24
N7734 Renting and leasing of water transport equipment 14,1 44,3 113,3
Total (also including cruise)
Port services
H5222 Service activities incidental to water transportation
814 780,1 885,1 Total (also including cruise)
H5224 Cargo handling 3.045,00 2.910,00 3.392,20
Total, including also other non-maritime activities
H5210 Warehousing and storage 1.186,30 1.092,60 1.302,50
Total, including also other non-maritime activities
TOTAL 10.609,60 9.095,90 10.783,50
Table 6 - Number of persons employed - Example for Italy –units
NACE_R2 NACE_R2(L)/TIME 2008 2009 2010 Comments
Water transport
H5020 Sea and coastal freight water transport 11.556 11.870 12.887
H5010 Sea and coastal passenger water transport 13.548 16.837 14.341 Total (also including
cruise)
H5040 Inland water transport 615 558 591
N7734 Renting and leasing of water transport equipment 2.954 2.701 2.601 Total (also including
cruise)
Port services
H5222 Service activities incidental to water transportation 12.806 12.953 12.967 Total (also including
cruise)
H5224 Cargo handling 140.810 125.251 125.085 Total, including also other non-maritime
activities
H5210 Warehousing and storage 23.170 22.453 18.797 Total, including also other non-maritime
activities
TOTAL 252.507 235.524 226.286
STEP 2
This task will split “Sea and coastal freight water transport” in “Deep-sea shipping” (DSS) and “short-sea shipping” (SSS). Of course, number of persons employed and value added are not available for DSS and SSS, but EUROSTAT provides freight volumes (gross weight) for both.
EUNETMAR Study to support the development of sea-basin cooperation in the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Ionian, and Black sea
Methodology for identifying and estimating maritime activities using NACE and other data
Rev. October 2013
12
Table 7 - Shares of different transport modalities (Example for Italy)
PAR_MAR/TIME 2008 2009 2010
Short Sea Shipping 75,2% 78,6% 76,9%
Link Deep Sea Shipping 22,5% 20,5% 22,2%
Unknown 2,3% 0,9% 0,9%
N.B. the item “Unknown” stays for “other seaborne cargo”, which will be added to “Deep-sea shipping”. Only for Cyprus, where “unknown” is around 60%, these figures need to be checked at MS level.
Table 8 - Shares of different transport modalities 2 (Example for Italy)
PAR_MAR/TIME 2008 2009 2010
Short Sea Shipping 75,2% 78,6% 76,9%
Deep Sea Shipping 24,8% 21,4% 23,1%
STEP 3
Resulting percentages will be applied to GVA and Number of persons employed of NACE H5020 “Sea and coastal freight water transport”, as follows:
Table 9 – GVA: Allocation of 50.20 to Short Sea shipping and Deep Sea Shipping for 2008 - 2009 - 2010 (Example for Italy) - million euro
2008 2009 2010
% GVA % GVA % GVA
Short Sea Shipping 75,20% 1105,89 78,60% 577,87 76,90% 1578,06
Deep Sea Shipping 24,80% 364,71 21,40% 157,33 23,10% 474,04
Sea and coastal freight water transport 100,00% 1470,6 100,00% 735,2 100,00% 2052,1
Table 10 – NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED: Allocation of 50.20 to Short Sea shipping and Deep Sea Shipping for 2008 - 2009 - 2010 (Example for Italy) - units
2008 2009 2010
% Number of persons
employed % Number of persons
employed % Number of persons
employed
Short Sea Shipping 75,20
% 8.690,11 78,60
% 9.329,82 76,90
% 9.910,10
Deep Sea Shipping 24,80
% 2.865,89 21,40
% 2.540,18 23,10
% 2.976,90
Sea and coastal freight water transport
100,00% 11.556,00
100,00% 11.870,00
100,00% 12.887
These are not final figures for Deep sea and short sea shipping, since also “Port services” activities should be added.
STEP 4
EUNETMAR Study to support the development of sea-basin cooperation in the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Ionian, and Black sea
Methodology for identifying and estimating maritime activities using NACE and other data
Rev. October 2013
13
5 sectors need to be managed in order to achieve only needed figures, namely:
A. Sea and coastal passenger water transport (50.10) B. Service activities incidental to water transportation (52.22) C. Renting and leasing of water transport equipment D. Cargo handling (52.24) E. Warehousing and storage (52.10)
A. Sea and coastal passenger water transport (50.10)
Since this item includes also cruise passenger transport, we need to deduce this share. The share of passenger ferry services will be deducted by using the number of passengers statistics available in EUROSTAT (last year available will be taken into account). Table below provides example for Italy:
Descr Comments
1.000 passenger % share EUROSTAT
position
Passengers (excluding cruise passengers) transported to/from main ports
Excluding cruise 40.998 50% Link
Country level - Passengers embarked and disembarked in all ports
Ferry + cruise 81.895 100% Link
Therefore 50% of GVA and Number of persons employed of 50.10 will be allocated to passenger ferry services. Remaining 50% will be allocated to cruise (sub-function 4.3)
B. Service activities incidental to water transportation (52.22)
This sector is deemed relevant to 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 4.3. Therefore it needs to be split:
- Proposed first to split between passenger (including cruise), freight and inland using the value added. Tables below specifies % shares which will be used
Table 11 - Value added shares - Italy - million of euros
NACE_R2
NACE_R2(L)/TIME 2008 %
shares 2009
% shares
2010 %
shares Commen
ts
H5020 Sea and coastal freight water transport
1.470,60
48% 735,2 28% 2.052,1
0 57%
H5010 Sea and coastal passenger water transport
1.576,90
51% 1.838,7
0 71%
1.544,70
43%
Total (also
including cruise)
H5040 Inland water transport 20,4 1% 16,8 1% 24 1%
TOTAL 3.067,9
0 100%
2.590,70
100% 3.620,8
0 100%
EUNETMAR Study to support the development of sea-basin cooperation in the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Ionian, and Black sea
Methodology for identifying and estimating maritime activities using NACE and other data
Rev. October 2013
14
Table 12 - Number of persons employed shares - Italy - unit
NACE_R2
NACE_R2(L)/TIME 2008 % shares 2009 %
shares 2010
% shares
Comments
H5020 Sea and coastal freight water transport
11.556 45% 11.870 41% 12.887 46%
H5010 Sea and coastal passenger water transport
13.548 53% 16.837 58% 14.341 52%
Total (also
including cruise)
H5040 Inland water transport 615 2% 558 2% 591 2%
TOTAL 25.719,00 100% 29.265,00 100% 27.819,00 100%
- Therefore, these % shares will be applied to 52.22 code
Table 13 – VALUE ADDED: Allocation of 52.22 to 50.10 (including cruise), 50.20 and 50.40
NACE Descr Allocation to 2008 2009 2010
52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation
50.20 Sea and coastal freight water transport
390,72 218,43 504,51
50.10 Sea and coastal passenger water transport
415,14 553,87 380,59
50.40 Inland water transport 8,14 7,80 8,85
TOTAL 814,00 780,10 893,95
Table 14 - NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED - Allocation of 52.22 to 50.10 (including cruise), 50.20 and 50.40
NACE Descr Allocation to 2008 2009 2010
52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation
50.20 Sea and coastal freight water transport
5.762,70 5.253,79 5.964,82
50.10 Sea and coastal passenger water transport
6.787,18 7.452,24 6.742,84
50.40 Inland water transport 256,12 246,98 259,34
TOTAL 12.806,00 12.953,00 12.967,00
The share of Inland water transport directly will be aggregated to the related MEA 1.4 Inland waterway transport.
- Then within freight split on the basis of cargo (as in STEP 3 above)
Table 15 - VALUE ADDED: allocation of 50.20 (referred to 52.22) to Deepsea and Shortsea shipping - million of euros - example of Italy
NACE Descr Allocation to 2008 2009 2010
52.22
Service activities incidental to water transportation
Short sea shipping 293,82 75% 171,69 79% 387,97 77%
Deep sea shipping 96,90 25% 46,74 21% 116,54 23%
50.20 Sea and coastal freight water transport
390,72 100% 218,43 100% 504,51 100%
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Table 16 - NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED - allocation of 50.20 (referred to 52.22) to Deepsea and Shortsea shipping - UNIT - example of Italy
NACE Descr Allocation to 2008 2009 2010
52.22
Service activities incidental to water transportation
Short sea shipping 4.333,55 75% 4.174,23 79% 4.586,95 77%
Deep sea shipping 1.429,15 25% 1.136,50 21% 1.377,87 23%
50.20 Sea and coastal freight water transport
5.762,70 100% 5.310,73 100% 5.964,82 100%
- And split passenger between ferries and cruise (as in step 4.A above)
Table 17 - VALUE ADDED: allocation of 50.10 (referred to 52.22) to Passenger ferry services and cruise tourism - million of euros - example of Italy
NACE Descr Allocation to 2008 2009 2010
52.22
Service activities incidental to water transportation
Passenger ferry services
207,57 50%
276,94 50%
190,30
50%
Cruise tourism
207,57 50%
276,94
50%
190,30 50%
50.10 Sea and coastal passenger water transport 415,14 100% 553,87 100% 380,59 100%
Table 18 - NUMBER OF PERSONS EMPLOYED: allocation of 50.10 (referred to 52.22) to Passenger ferry services and cruise tourism - UNIT- example of Italy
N.B. These figures related to 52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation will be added at the end of the computation (STEP 5)
C. Renting and leasing of water transport equipment (N 77.34)
The same methodology described for 52.22 above applies also for N 77.34.
N.B. These figures related to 77.34 Renting and leasing of water transport equipment will be added at the end of the computation (STEP 5)
D. Cargo handling (52.24) E. Warehousing and storage (52.10)
These items need to be split between maritime and non-maritime. In Italy, 50% of cargo handling is linked to maritime activities (source: ISTAT). The same percentage will be applied to NACE 52.10.
NACE Descr Allocation to 2008 2009 2010
52.22
Service activities incidental to water transportation
Passenger ferry services
3.393,59 50%
3.726,12 50%
3.371,42 50%
Cruise tourism
3.393,59 50%
3.726,12 50%
3.371,42 50%
50.10 Sea and coastal passenger water transport
6.787,18 100% 7.452,24 100% 6.742,84 100%
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For the maritime shares of these two items, the same methodology described for 52.22 above applies also for these 2
N.B. These figures related to 52.24 Cargo handling and 52.10 Warehousing and storage will be added at the end of the computation (STEP 5)
STEP 5
The following table summarises the final figures of the (i) Deep-sea shipping; (ii) Short-sea shipping (incl. Ro-Ro) (iii) Passenger ferry services and (iv) Inland water transport:
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Table 19 - GVA for Deep Sea Shipping, Short Sea shipping, Passenger ferry services and Inland water transport for 2008 - 2009 - 2010 (Example for Italy) - million euro
MEA MEA descr NACE 2008 2009 2010 Comment
1.1 Deep Sea Shipping
50.20 Sea and coastal freight water transport
1.470,60 735,2 474,04 only the share related to deepsea shipping has been included
52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation
96,90 46,74 116,54 only the share related to deepsea shipping has been included
77.34 Renting and leasing of water transport equipment
1,69 2,60484 14,85 only the share related to deepsea shipping has been included
52.24 Cargo handling 182,70 85,554 222,36 The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to deep sea shipping
52.10 Warehousing and storage
71,18 32,12244 85,38 The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to deep sea shipping
TOTAL 1.823,07 902,22 2.491,23
1.2
Short Sea Shipping (incl. Ro-
Ro))
50.20 Sea and coastal freight water transport
1.105,89 577,87 1.578,06 only the share related to shortsea shipping has been included
52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation
293,82 171,69 387,97 only the share related to shortsea shipping has been included
77.34 Renting and leasing of water transport equipment
5,08 9,80 49,73 only the share related to shortsea shipping has been included
52.24 Cargo handling 548,10 321,85 744,42 The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to shortsea shipping
52.10 Warehousing and storage
213,53 120,84 285,83 The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to shortsea shipping
TOTAL 2.166,42 1.202,05 3.046,01
1.3 Passenger
ferry services
50.10 Sea and coastal passenger water transport
788,45 919,35 772,35 only the share related to ferry services has been included
52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation
207,57 276,94 190,30 only the share related to ferry services has been included
77.34 Renting and leasing of water transport equipment
3,60 15,73 24,36 only the share related to ferry services has been included
52.24 Cargo handling 388,24 516,53 364,66
The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to passenger ferry services
52.10 Warehousing and storage
151,25 193,94 140,02
The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to passenger ferry services
TOTAL 1.539,11 1.922,48 1.491,69
1.4 Inland
waterway transport
50.40 Inland water transport
20,4 16,8 24 the entire NACE code is reported
52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation
8,14 7,80 8,85 only the share related to Inland water transport has been included
77.34 Renting and leasing of water transport equipment
0,14 0,44 1,13 only the share related to Inland water transport has been included
52.24 Cargo handling 15,23 14,55 16,96
The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to Inland water transport
52.10 Warehousing and storage
5,93 5,46 6,51
The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to Inland water transport
TOTAL 49,84 45,06 57,46
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Table 20 – Number of persons employed for Deep Sea Shipping, Short Sea shipping and Passenger ferry services for 2008 - 2009 - 2010 (Example for Italy) - units
MEA MEA descr NACE 2008 2009 2010 Comment
1.1 Deep Sea Shipping
50.20 Sea and coastal freight water transport
2.865,89 2.540,18 2.976,90 only the share related to deepsea shipping has been included
52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation
1.429,15 1.136,50 1.377,87 only the share related to deepsea shipping has been included
77.34 Renting and leasing of water transport equipment
332,33 232,5561 275,19 only the share related to deepsea shipping has been included
52.24 Cargo handling 7.920,56 5392,05555 6.617,00 The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to deep sea shipping
52.10 Warehousing and storage 1.303,31 966,60165 994,36 The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to deep sea shipping
TOTAL 13.851,24 10.267,89 12.241,31
1.2
Short Sea Shipping (incl. Ro-
Ro))
50.20 Sea and coastal freight water transport
8.690,11 9.329,82 9.910,10 only the share related to shortsea shipping has been included
52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation
4.333,55 4.174,23 4.586,95 only the share related to shortsea shipping has been included
77.34 Renting and leasing of water transport equipment
996,98 874,85 921,27 only the share related to shortsea shipping has been included
52.24 Cargo handling 23.761,69 20.284,40 22.152,55 The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to shortsea shipping
52.10 Warehousing and storage 3.909,94 3.636,26 3.328,95 The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to shortsea shipping
TOTAL 41.692,26 38.299,57 40.899,83
1.3 Passenger
ferry services
50.10 Sea and coastal passenger water transport
6.774,00 8.418,50 7.170,50 only the share related to ferry services has been included
52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation
3.393,59 3.726,12 3.371,42 only the share related to ferry services has been included
77.34 Renting and leasing of water transport equipment
782,81 783,29 676,26 only the share related to ferry services has been included
52.24 Cargo handling 18.657,33 18.161,40 16.261,05 The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to passenger ferry services
52.10 Warehousing and storage 3.070,03 3.255,69 2.443,61 The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to passenger ferry services
TOTAL 32.677,75 34.344,99 29.922,84
1.4 Inland
waterway transport
50.40 Inland water transport 615 558 591 the entire NACE code is reported
52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation
256,12 246,98 259,34 only the share related to Inland water transport has been included
77.34 Renting and leasing of water transport equipment
59,08 54,02 52,02 only the share related to Inland water transport has been included
52.24 Cargo handling 1.408,10 1.252,51 1.250,85 The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to Inland water transport
52.10 Warehousing and storage 231,70 224,53 187,97 The share related to maritime activities has been included and only related to Inland water transport
TOTAL 2.570,00 2.336,04 2.341,18
Key to allocate between sea basins
1.1 Deepsea shipping
1.2 Shortsea shipping
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In order to allocate these 2 sub-functions to different sea basins for DK-DE-FR-ES-UK, it is proposed to calculate the weight of each maritime NUTS 2 over the national total in terms freight volumes. Data about maritime transport of freight by NUTS 2 regions are available in EUROSTAT (Link, please select only the geographic parameter). Shares of each NUTS 2 will be applied to the national total (GVA and number of persons employed) of 1.1 and 1.2, previously calculated.
For the allocation of NUTS 2 to different sea basins, please see this Link.
1.3 Passenger ferry services
The same approach proposed for 1.1 and 1.2 is proposed to be followed. Data by NUTS 2 are available at the following Link (only the geographic parameter needs to be selected). It has to be taken into account that passengers reported in this section regard only ferry services (excluding cruise tourism), despite it is not mentioned.
1.4 Inland waterway transport
The following allocation is proposed
- For Germany, 1.4 will be totally allocated to the North-sea; - For UK it will be allocated to the North-sea. - For France, Country experts will investigate national sources (i.e. Voies navigable de
France, VNF) in order to achieve the share of different sea-basins. If no results can be obtained, 100% will be assigned to Northsea & English Channel;
- For Spain,it will be totally attributed to the Mediterranean.
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3. Food, nutrition, health and eco-system services
Fish for human consumption 3.1
Fishing for animal feeding 3.2
Identification of the sectors of the MEA’s value chain
In each of these two MEA, according to the Blue Growth study methodology, 2 types of activities are included:
- Fishing activities - Fish processing
Data available at EU level do not distinguish fishing activities between human consumption and non-food use, neither for fishing and processing.
Only for fish processing it is possible to estimate GVA and employment according to the two different uses of products (food use vs non-food use).
In order to split NACE rev. 2 code C 10.20 (Fish processing) in fit and unfit for human consumption, it is suggested to make use of Prodcom data for total value of sold production. In Prodcom statistics products are identified by an 8-digit code. Below are reported all relevant codes for processed fish production, divided between food use and non-food use. The first four digits are the classification of the producing enterprise given by the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE) and the first six correspond to the CPA. The remaining digits specify the product in more detail.
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Table 21 – List of PRODCOM processed fish
fit for human consumption
10201100 Fresh or chilled fish fillets and other fish meat without bones
10201200 Fresh or chilled fish livers and roes
10201330 Frozen whole salt water fish
10201360 Frozen whole fresh water fish
10201400 Frozen fish fillets
10201500 Frozen fish meat without bones (excluding fillets)
10201600 Frozen fish livers and roes
10202100 Fish fillets, dried, salted or in brine, but not smoked
10202200 Flours, meals and pellets of fish, fit for human consumption; fish livers and roes, dried, smoked, salted or in brine
10202350 Dried fish, whether or not salted; fish, salted but not dried; fish in brine (excluding fillets, smoked, heads, tails and maws)
10202425 Smoked Pacific, Atlantic and Danube salmon (including fillets, excluding heads, tails and maws)
10202455 Smoked herrings (including fillets, excluding heads, tails and maws)
10202485 Smoked fish (excluding herrings, Pacific, Atlantic and Danube salmon), including fillets, excluding head, tails and maws
10202510 Prepared or preserved salmon, whole or in pieces (excluding minced products and prepared meals and dishes)
10202520 Prepared or preserved herrings, whole or in pieces (excluding minced products and prepared meals and dishes)
10202530 Prepared or preserved sardines, sardinella, brisling and sprats, whole or in pieces (excluding minced products and prepared meals and dishes)
10202540 Prepared or preserved tuna, skipjack and Atlantic bonito, whole or in pieces (excluding minced products and prepared meals and dishes)
10202550 Prepared or preserved mackerel, whole or in pieces (excluding minced products and prepared meals and dishes)
10202560 Prepared or preserved anchovies, whole or in pieces (excluding minced products and prepared meals and dishes)
10202570 Fish fillets in batter or breadcrumbs including fish fingers (excluding prepared meals and dishes)
10202580 Other prepared or preserved fish, whole or in pieces (excluding minced products and prepared meals and dishes)
10202590 Prepared or preserved fish (excluding whole or in pieces and prepared meals and dishes)
10202630 Caviar (sturgeon roe)
10202660 Caviar substitutes
10203100 Frozen crustaceans, frozen flours, meals and pellets of crustaceans, fit for human consumption
10203200 Molluscs (scallops, mussels, cuttle fish, squid and octopus), frozen, dried, smoked, salted or in brine
10203400 Prepared or preserved crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates (excluding chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine, crustaceans, in shell, cooked by steaming or boiling) (excluding prepared meals and dishes)
10204250 Fish heads, tails and maws, other edible fish offal: dried, salted or in brine, smoked
10851200 Prepared meals and dishes based on fish, crustaceans and molluscs
unfit for human consumption
10204100 Flours, meals and pellets of fish or of crustaceans, molluscs or other aquatic invertebrates, unfit for human consumption
10204200 Inedible fish products (including fish waste; excluding whalebone and whalebone hair, coral and similar materials, shells and cuttle-bone, unworked or simply prepared/natural sponges)
Other codes related to fish processed products could be sorted out (e.g. 10411200 - Fats and oils and their fractions of fish or marine mammals) which could be allocated to non-food use products. Actually, this type of products are mainly used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors and not for the production of fish feed. Other items which include mixed edible products from different origins will not be taken into account.
Data availability
Data needed for the purpose of our analysis (GVA and Number of persons employed) will be collected for the historical period of 2008-2009-2010, from the following sources:
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Table 22 – Sources of data for “Fishing” and “Fish processing”
NACE rev 2 Activity Indicator source Reference
A 03.11 A 03.12
Fishing
Gross Value added The 2012 Annual Economic Report on the EU Fishing Fleet (STECF-12-10)
Link
Example for Italy: Table 5.11.2, pag. 187
Number of persons employed (Total employed)
Example for Italy: Table 5.11.1, pag. 183
C 10.20 Fish processing
Gross Value added (value added at factor costs) EUROSTAT SBS Link
Number of persons employed
Prodcom code Activity Indicator Source
From code 10201100 to
code 10203400
Fish processing fit for human consumption
Value of sold production Eurostat Prodcom
Link
Codes 10204100 10204200
Fish processing unfit for human consumption
Value of sold production Eurostat Prodcom
A value chain approach would imply the computation of two further NACE codes (46.38 Wholesale of other food, including fish, crustaceans and molluscs and 47.23 Retail sale of fish, crustaceans and molluscs in specialised stores). Despite Wholesale may include also other items different than fish, we assume that wholesale of fish products constitutes the total of the NACE codes.
Table 23 - Sources of data for wholesale and retail of fish for Human consumption
NACE rev 2 Activity Indicator source
46.38
Wholesale of other food, including fish, crustaceans and molluscs
Gross Value added
EUROSTAT SBS Link
Number of persons employed
47.23
Retail sale of fish, crustaceans and molluscs in specialised stores
Gross Value added (value added at factor costs)
Number of persons employed
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Methodology for managing data
Step 1
First task is to calculate the % weight of each use (fit and unfit for human consumption) on the total value of sold processed production.
Table 24 – Total sold value of fish processing fit and unfit for human consumption for 2008 - 2009 - 2010 (Example for Italy) - million euro
PRCCODE 2008 2009 2010
10201100 41.0 35.4 39.9
10201200 0.2 0.1 0.1
10201330 179.9 145.7 165.7
10201360 0.0 0.0 0.0
10201400 14.4 9.0 11.8
10201500 7.6 4.2 8.4
10201600 23.4 0.0 0.0
10202100 49.0 52.7 75.7
10202200 0.0 0.0 0.0
10202300 40.4 23.8 26.9
10202420 26.5 30.2 29.3
10202450 0.0 0.0 0.0
10202480 7.1 8.0 7.9
10202510 18.8 19.8 17.9
10202520 0.0 0.0 0.0
10202530 21.8 10.5 11.2
10202540 401.5 422.1 448.8
10202550 4.0 3.8 6.5
10202560 55.9 89.3 68.0
10202570 2.8 8.4 9.4
10202580 80.0 42.5 41.3
10202590 59.8 44.6 54.2
10202630 0.0 0.0 0.0
10202660 0.0 0.0 0.0
10203100 10.5 6.3 6.1
10203200 70.3 57.9 82.3
10203300 19.0 0.0 0.0
10203400 154.8 96.8 110.7
Total for human consumption 1 288.9 1 111.3 1 221.9
10204100 0.0 0.0 0.0
10204200 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total not for human consumption 0.0 0.0 0.0
Total 1 288.9 1 111.3 1 221.9
% fit for human consumption 100 100 100
% unfit for human consumption 0 0 0
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Step 2
In that way it will be possible to assign that percentages (food use and non-food use) to the GVA and employment SBS data for C 1020 activity. In the example of Italy there is no activity of fishing processing for animal feeding, so the 100% of value of sold production is for human consumption.
Step 3
Preliminary figures needed for analysing the two sub-function “Fish for human consumption” and “fishing for animal feeding” will derive by summing up “fishing activities” and weighted “fish processing”, both for GVA and Number of persons employed, as showed in the tables below:
Table 25 - GVA for Fishing and for fish processing (for human consumption and animal feeding) for 2008 - 2009 - 2010 (Example for Italy) - million euro
2008 2009 2010
Sub-function 2.1 Fishing 579,6 763 652,9
Fish processing fit for human consumption
270,1 295,8 298,2
Sub-function 2.2 Fish processing unfit for human consumption (animal feeding)
0 0 0
Table 26 – Number of persons employed for Fish Fishing and for fish processing (for human consumption and animal feeding) for 2008 - 2009 - 2010 (Example for Italy) - units
2008 2009 2010
Sub-function 2.1 Fishing 29.349 28.967 28.982,36
Fish processing fit for human consumption
5.962 5.343 5.615
Sub-function 2.2 Fish processing unfit for human consumption (animal feeding)
0 0 0
Step 4
GVA and Number of persons employed for Wholesale (NACE rev.2 46.38) and Retail (NACE rev.2 47.23) have been excluded from the computation above, given that only fish products for human consumption are sold at these stages.
Table 27 - GVA for Wholesale and retail for 2008 - 2009 - 2010 (Example for Italy) - million euro
2008 2009 2010
46.38 Wholesale of other food, including fish, crustaceans and molluscs 1.434,0 1.271,2 1.534,9
47.32 Retail sale of fish, crustaceans and molluscs in specialised stores 118,4 173,3 138,3
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Table 28 – Number of persons employed for Wholesale and retail for 2008 - 2009 - 2010 (Example for Italy) - units
2008 2009 2010
46.38 Wholesale of other food, including fish, crustaceans and molluscs 33.847 33.807 34.288
47.32 Retail sale of fish, crustaceans and molluscs in specialised stores 11.224 11.258 11.418
Step 5
Figures for wholesale and retail will be added to sub-function 2.1 (fish for human consumption). The final figures will be as follows:
Table 29 - GVA for Fishing and for fish processing (for human consumption and animal feeding) for 2008 - 2009 - 2010 (Example for Italy) - million euro
2008 2009 2010
Sub-function 2.1 Fish fit for human consumption 2.402,10 2.503,30 2.624,30
Sub-function 2.2 Fish unfit for human consumption (animal feeding)
0 0 0
Table 30 – Number of persons employed for Fish Fishing and for fish processing (for human consumption and animal feeding) for 2008 - 2009 - 2010 (Example for Italy) - units
2008 2009 2010
Sub-function 2.1 Fish fit for human consumption 80.382 79.375 80.303
Sub-function 2.2 Fish unfit for human consumption (animal feeding)
0 0 0
Key to allocate between sea basins
Since data on fish landings are available at sea basin level through several sources, it is proposed to use these as a proxy.
The need for allocating data between different sea basins concerns to 5 Member States: Denmark, France, Germany, Spain, and the UK.
As regards Denmark, France and the UK, it is proposed to use the data available through the European Market Observatory of Fisheries and Aquaculture products (EUMOFA, link). According to the EUMOFA, landings can be allocated as follows:
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Value (euro) - 2012
% Volume (tonnes) - 2012 %
Denmark
Baltic Sea 34.571.726,69 11,09% 33.373,81 13,38%
North Sea 277.214.734,86 88,91% 216.055,13 86,62%
TOT. 311.786.461,55
249.428,94
France
Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast
349.923.610,42 55,76% 98.443,27 47,48%
Celtic Seas 174.532.753,18 27,81% 68.189,90 32,89%
Mediterranean 32.184.971,14 5,13% 8.632,43 4,16%
North Sea 70.870.462,13 11,29% 32.078,08 15,47%
TOT. 627.511.796,87
207.343,67
United Kingdom
Celtic Seas 333.843.963,44 45,11% 169.725,68 36,74%
North Sea 406.205.999,99 54,89% 292.227,73 63,26%
TOT. 740.049.963,43
461.953,41
“Celtic Seas” and “Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast” are names used for the EUMOFA’s purposes, but can be entirely attributed to the Atlantic Sea.
The year of reference is 2012, but it is reasonable to assume that the proportion of landings between sea basins is similar in the previous years. If necessary, a query can be executed via the Observatory’s website to collect data for another year.
Value is recommended, as it is more related to the economic dimension of fisheries.
As regards Spain and France, data are not available via the EUMOFA. Sector reports and statistical institute, however, report fish landings broken down by sea basins:
Germany: the report Die Hochsee- und Küstenfischerei in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (2001), published by BLE, report fish landings by Länder. It should be easy to separate Baltic from North Sea Länders, and assign the respective shares. The only problem is with Schleswig-Holstein which borders on both the Baltic and the North Sea. It is suggested that the country expert investigate whether it is possible to have further specification at Länder level.
Spain: data on landings are available via the statistical institutes of the Autonomous Communities. It turns out that on a total of 392.008.056,86 kg landed in Spain in 2010, 85.732.162,06 (21,87%) were landed in Mediterranean ports, while 306.275.894,80 (78,13%) were landed in Atlantic ports. These data do not consider fish landed in the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla. It is estimated that these landings would not alter the above proportion significantly. Data on value are landings were not available for all the autonomous communities, however, once again, the proportion is likely to remain the same.
Marine aquatic products 3.3
Identification of the sectors of the sub-function’s value chain
A specific NACE code is available for this sub-function: 03.21 Marine aquaculture, but no data are available in EUROSTAT SBS.
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Data availability
No data are available in EUROSTAT database.
The following source of data is proposed to be used.
NACE rev
2 Activity Indicator source Reference
03.21 Marine aquaculture
Gross Value added JRC Technical report, An Approach Towards European Aquaculture Performance Indicators
Link Specific data can be requested to COGEA
Number of persons employed
Methodology for managing data
In the JRC report, GVA and persons employed are available for: freshwater, marine and shellfish farming. For the purpose of our analysis, marine and shellfish farming will be summed up.
Key to allocate between sea basins
A study published by the European Parliament in 2007 (with 2005 data) “Regional dependency on fisheries” report aquaculture production broken down by Member State and sea basin. The situation for our country of interest is as follows:
Value added (mln Euro) - 2005 %
Spain
Mediterranean 93,8 43,09%
Atlantic 123,9 56,91%
TOT. 217,7
Germany
Baltic 0,8 53,33%
North Sea 0,7 46,67%
TOT. 1,5
France
Mediterranean 31,3 9,73%
Atlantic 290,3 90,27%
TOT. 321,6
United Kingdom
Atlantic 187,4 82,05%
North Sea 41,0 17,95%
TOT. 228,4
As regards Denmark, information by region is available on the “Fiskeristatistisk Årbog” (link) a publication issued by a Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Aquaculture production is broken down by region, and it is proposed that the country expert attributes each region to a sea basin.
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Blue biotechnology 3.4
Identification of the sectors of the sub-function’s value chain
Blue biotechnology is an “umbrella term” that covers all possible applications of technology and science to living organisms of the sea. It is therefore very difficult to define the limits of the sector, especially taking into account that it affects several different fields, e.g.:
Foods
Nutraceuticals
Medicine
Healthcare
Cosmetics
Research tools
Processing technology
New energy sources
Agriculture
Industry
Food safety
Environment enhancement
It is not possible to establish direct links to NACE codes.
Data availability
No data are available through EUROSTAT or other international sources. A revision of industry codings should be undertaken in order to take into account the weight of blue biotechnology of each of the above sectors. At present it is impossible to find a single source providing data by MS on the GVA and employment in the blue biotechnology sector, nor does it seem realistic to calculate reliable proxies.
The only possible solution is to investigate whether specific studies and/or reports exist at the national level, with data on GVA and employment, or with some useful proxies.
Agriculture on saline soils 3.5
Identification of the sectors of the sub-function’s value chain
Statistics on GVA and employment derive from EUROSTAT and do not distinguish between agriculture on saline soils and agriculture on not saline soils.
According to EAA 97 Rev.1.1 classification, the GVA of agriculture and farming is calculated at basic prices for the 2005 – 2010 period.
The total number of persons employed as Regular Labour force is available on EUROSTAT statistics on Structure of holdings for three years: 2005, 2007 and 2010.
Saline soils are defined in the Saline and Sodic Soils Map (JRC, see this link) that shows the distribution of saline, sodic and potentially salt affected areas within the European Union.
To estimate GVA and employment of agriculture on saline soils, first of all the % of agriculture surfaces on saline soil on the total agricultural area at NUTS 2 level has been calculated by using GIS environment. In this way, landlocked regions have been excluded.
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For this purpose, two geographical datasets have been used.
The first one is the Corine Land Cover dataset, referred to 2006 or 2000 (only for Greece), both updated in 2012 and available on the EEA website:
http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/clc-2006-vector-data-version-2
http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/corine-land-cover-2000-clc2000-seamless-vector-database-4
For our purposes we need to merge together areas of the following classes of agricultural land cover:
2.1 Arable land
2.1.1 Non-irrigated arable land
2.1.2 Permanently irrigated land
2.1.3 Rice fields
2.2 Permanent crops
2.2.1 Vineyards
2.2.2 Fruit trees and berry plantations
2.2.3 Olive groves
2.3 Pastures 2.3.1 Pastures
2.4 Heterogeneous agricultural areas
2.4.1 Annual crops associated with permanent crops
2.4.2 Complex cultivation patterns
2.4.3 Land principally occupied by agriculture, with significant areas of natural vegetation
2.4.4 Agro-forestry areas
The second geographical dataset is the “Saline and Sodic Soils Map” published by the JRC on November 2009 and available, upon request, on the European Soil Portal:
http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/library/themes/salinization/data.html
The accuracy of input data only allows the designation of salt affected areas with a limited level of reliability (e.g. < 50 or > 50% of the area)
For our purposes areas of the following classes of soil salinisation have been merged:
1 - Saline > 50% of the area
2 - Sodic > 50% of the area
3 - Saline > 50% of the area
4 - Sodic < 50% of the area
5 - Potentially salt affected soils.
In GIS we overlapped and intersected the layer of saline areas with the layer of agricultural areas. In this way, the agricultural saline areas layer by region has been achieved.
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The percentage of agricultural saline area on the total agricultural area will be applied to estimate its fix contribution on the total agriculture GVA and the employment for years 2005, 2007,2010 and for coastal regions.
Regional % of agriculture on saline soils for all NUTS2 level regions with salinization problems have been provided.
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Table 31 – Coefficient for saline soil agriculture calculation (GIS elaborations on EEA and JRC geographical datasets)
Regions
Total agricultural Saline soils area (1000 ha)
Agricultural area Regional % of saline
area (1000 ha) on saline soils (1000 ha) agricultural area
BG33 986.9 9.3 4.8 0.48
BG34 1029.8 182.8 115.9 11.25
CY00 438.8 15.1 9.5 2.16
DE50 14.7 0.01 0.003 0.02
DE60 23.1 0.3 0.021 0.09
DE93 1027.4 2.5 0.1 0.01
DE94 1187.3 4.7 0.1 0.01
DEF0 1225.9 8.6 0.6 0.05
DK03 969.3 0.01 0.001 0
EL12 985.6 67.8 57.4 5.8
EL14 618.1 188.5 149.7 24.2
EL21 229.7 74.5 45.2 19.7
EL22 113.2 0.4 0 0.0
EL23 479.9 187 121.5 25.3
EL24 511.0 90.1 70.7 13.8
EL25 578.5 24.5 22.1 3.8
EL30 114.3 17.1 9.6 8.4
EL41 148.0 6.3 3.3 2.2
EL43 332.2 38.2 31.4 9.4
ES21 223.4 2.8 1.7 0.75
ES51 1263.3 667.8 444.7 35.2
ES52 1040.4 923.9 471.4 45.31
ES53 285 216.5 153.1 53.71
ES61 4859.9 2149.7 1325.2 27.27
ES62 646.7 744.3 458.5 70.9
FR23 906.7 32.9 16 1.76
FR25 1539.9 20.7 18.8 1.22
FR51 2712.5 153.9 123.2 4.54
FR52 2195.9 34.7 31.2 1.42
FR53 2077.7 126.8 96.5 4.65
FR61 1953.9 54.5 23.9 1.22
FR81 1027.7 141.1 83.5 8.13
FR82 748.3 137 37 4.94
FR83 101.1 66 29.7 29.41
ITF4 1605.2 70.6 41.8 2.6
ITF6 733.7 24 18.1 2.46
ITG1 1757.7 46 37 2.11
ITG2 1045.9 117.1 60 5.74
ITH3 1048.1 189.6 157.3 15.01
ITH4 307.4 1.1 0.4 0.14
ITH5 1514 170.3 149.4 9.87
PT11 930.7 2.1 0.6 0.06
PT15 200 60.3 24.6 12.29
PT16 1014.7 131.3 57.6 5.68
PT17 129 31.7 19.2 14.89
PT18 1922.6 180.3 95.3 4.96
RO22 2283.3 1634.6 1089.3 47.71
SI02 204.4 4 2.3 1.15
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In the table above:
- Only NUTS 2 presenting saline soils have been included; - Only littoral NUTS 2 have been reported.
Data availability
Data regarding GVA and persons employed are available in EUROSTAT database (Economic Account of Agriculture and Structure of agricultural holdings). Basic data needed which should be downloaded for the purpose of our analysis are:
- Gross Value added at basic prices - Number of persons employed
Eurostat code
Descr EUROSTAT
position
Agriculture
20000 Gross Value Added At Basic Prices at regional NUTS 2 level
Link
LFR_PERS Regular Labour force (persons) at regional NUTS 2 level
Link
Methodology for managing data
Coefficients reported in Table 31 should be then applied to data collected on EUROSTAT database for GVA and persons employed in agriculture and farming to obtain GVA and employment in saline agricultural areas.
In tables below data for Italian regions before the coefficient calculation:
Table 32 - GVA of agriculture and farming for 2005-2010 (Example for Italy) - million euro
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
ITH3 Veneto 2 284.1 2 100.6 2 312.8 2 223.2 2 033.4 2 068.0
ITH4 Friuli-Venezia Giulia 384.2 383.8 451.3 376.5 295.0 309.6
ITH5 Emilia-Romagna 2 638.9 2 742.7 2 774.8 2 828.8 2 480.9 2 537.1
ITF4 Puglia 2 308.7 2 082.0 1 949.7 2 099.4 1 721.5 1 795.8
ITF6 Calabria 1 460.6 1 334.5 1 367.6 1 103.3 1 062.7 997.3
ITG1 Sicilia 2 718.4 2 622.8 2 552.7 2 668.9 2 514.7 2 505.8
ITG2 Sardegna 876.8 875.1 865.2 883.8 845.0 779.8
Table 33 – Number of persons employed in agriculture and farming for 2005 - 2007 - 2010 (Example for Italy) - units
2005 2007 2010
ITH3 Veneto 275 550 272 370 255 890
ITH4 Friuli-Venezia Giulia 49 000 54 520 48 140
ITH5 Emilia-Romagna 167 950 174 540 170 660
ITF4 Puglia 442 530 441 930 559 070
ITF6 Calabria 229 480 222 880 280 110
ITG1 Sicilia 421 890 387 290 429 770
ITG2 Sardegna 119 650 121 650 120 490
GVA and Number of persons employed by NUTS 2 for agriculture on saline soils are reported below:
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Table 34 - GVA of agriculture and farming on saline soils for 2005-2010 at NUTS 2 level (Example for Italy) - million euro
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
ITH3 Veneto 342,84 315,30 347,15 333,70 305,21 310,41
ITH4 Friuli-Venezia Giulia 0,54 0,54 0,63 0,53 0,41 0,43
ITH5 Emilia-Romagna 260,46 270,70 273,87 279,20 244,86 250,41
ITF4 Puglia 60,03 54,13 50,69 54,58 44,76 46,69
ITF6 Calabria 35,93 32,83 33,64 27,14 26,14 24,53
ITG1 Sicilia 57,36 55,34 53,86 56,31 53,06 52,87
ITG2 Sardegna 50,33 50,23 49,66 50,73 48,50 44,76
Table 35 – Number of persons employed of agriculture and farming on saline soils for 2005-2010 at NUTS 2 level (Example for Italy) - unit
2005 2007 2010
ITH3 Veneto 41360,06 40882,74 38409,09
ITH4 Friuli-Venezia Giulia 68,60 76,33 67,40
ITH5 Emilia-Romagna 16576,67 17227,10 16844,14
ITF4 Puglia 11505,78 11490,18 14535,82
ITF6 Calabria 5645,21 5482,85 6890,71
ITG1 Sicilia 8901,88 8171,82 9068,15
ITG2 Sardegna 6867,91 6982,71 6916,13
Finally, the national total:
Table 36 - GVA of agriculture and farming on saline soils for 2005-2010 (Example for Italy) - million euro
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
807,49 779,07 809,5 802,19 722,94 730,1
Table 37 – Number of persons employed of agriculture and farming on saline soils for 2005-2010 (Example for Italy) - unit
2005 2007 2010
90926,11 90313,73 92731,44
Key to allocate between sea basins
The methodology proposed above provides data at NUTS 2 level.
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4. Energy and raw materials
Offshore oil and gas 4.1
Definition of the Maritime Economic Activity This MEA covers offshore extraction and processing of fossil fuels (hydrocarbons). The MEA
consists of two main segments:
Crude oil production.
Natural gas production.
Description of the value chain The value chain of the offshore oil and natural gas MEA is illustrated in Error! Reference source
not found., which is based on Ecorys (2012)2 and supplementary information relating to the
sector3.
Figure 1 Offshore oil and gas: simplified visualisation of value chain
Principal maritime (offshore) value-added generating activities
The (upstream) offshore oil and gas value chain consists of the following main activities:
2Ecorys (2012), ‘Blue Growth: Scenarios and Drivers for Sustainable Growth from Oceans, Seas and Coasts’,
together with the accompanying ‘Maritime Sub-Function Profile Report: Offshore oil and naturals gas (3.1)’. 3Oil & Gas UK (2012), ‘Economic Report 2012 ‘; Ernst and Young (2012), ‘Review of the UK oilfield services
industry 2012’.
ExplorationField
developmentProduction / operations
TransportationRefining and
further processing
Distribution
Decommissioning
Platforms
Exploration / research vessels
Pipelines Tankers
Supplies and operational
services
Maritime / Oil & Gas Services
Specialised service providers and contractorsSpecialised equipment and materials suppliers
Engineering and project managementBuilding of ships and structures (e.g. rigs and
platforms)
Support Services
Facilities management / cateringTransport (sea, air)
Logistics / warehousingHealth, safety, medical services
Financial and legal services
Material inputs and infrastructure
Service providers and suppliers
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Exploration: covering activities such as acquisition/analysis of seismic data, and
production drilling;
Field development: covering activities such as engineering, and fabrication and
installation of rigs, platforms, etc.;
Production and operation (exploitation): covering activities to bring oil and gas to the
surface
Processing: primarily concerned with offshore processing of raw natural gas to attain
‘pipeline quality’ (i.e. 'cleaning' of raw natural gas to remove water, impurities,
hydrocarbons, etc.)
Transportation: covering offshore to onshore transportation via pipeline or ship (e.g.
shuttle tankers)
In addition, the offshore component of value chain can be taken to include:
Decommissioning: covering activities to decommission offshore oil and gas
infrastructure.
Downstream (non-maritime) value-added generating activities
The above mentioned (upstream) activities, integrate into the overall oil and gas value chain, that
encompasses (downstream) activities such as:
Transportation and storage (onshore);
Refining and further processing using oil and gas as a feedstock (e.g. petrol refining);
Energy supply (e.g. gas supply, electricity generation);
Transformation of oil and gas products used as intermediate inputs in a wide range of
industrial sectors;
Distribution and marketing.
Supporting suppliers and service providers The (upstream) offshore oil and gas production activities also rely on a wide range of suppliers of
goods and services, with varying degrees of specialisation towards the oil and gas sector and,
more specifically, to offshore oil and gas extraction and processing. In general terms, these can be
sub-divided into two main categories:
1. Specialist suppliers of ‘Maritime’ / ‘Oil & Gas’ equipment, materials and services.
Primarily this covers the supply of specialised products and services to the offshore oil
and gas sector. Typically this would cover products and services provided by the main
contractors and specialist service providers (e.g. consultancies) of the operators of
offshore oil and gas facilities.
2. Suppliers of other supporting services. Primarily this covers other types of ‘external’
services supplied to the operators of offshore oil and gas facilities. This includes ‘out-
sourced’ services (e.g. facilities management, catering, transport, logistics, etc.) and other
specialist and professional services (e.g. financial, legal, etc.)
Linking the value chain components to NACE sectors Table 55 provides an overview of the NACE codes that relevant for principal maritime (offshore)
value-added generating activities of the oil and gas sector; a more detailed description is given in
Error! Reference source not found..
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As indicated above, the offshore oil and gas sector also encompasses or makes use of a wide
range of specialised and non-specialised suppliers of equipment, materials and services. A priori,
it is difficult to identify the relative importance of these ‘supporting’ activities within the overall
value chain of the offshore oil and gas sector. This may require a more in-depth assessment of the
value (and supply) chain of the offshore oil and gas sector in order to establish the most
important economic activities that are linked to the sector. An alternative approach may be to
make use of (national) Input-Output Tables (or Supply and Use Tables); such an approach is
investigated in the Annex 2. Based on such analysis – undertaken for the UK –NACE codes that
may be of particular relevance in the context of the ‘supporting’ activities in the overall value
chain of the offshore oil and gas sector are indicated in Error! Reference source not found..
Table 38 Overview of main NACE codes for principal value-added generating activities (VGA) of the offshore oil and gas
sector
NACE Rev. 2 code – Economic activity Type Corresponding MEA value
chain components (VGA)
Comments
06.10 Extraction of crude petroleum S Production / operations Requires a separation between offshore
and onshore activities
06.20 Extraction of natural gas S Production / operations
Processing (offshore)
Requires a separation between offshore
and onshore activities
09.10 Support activities for petroleum and
natural gas extraction
S Exploration
Decommissioning
Requires a separation between offshore
and onshore activities
30.11 Building of ships and floating structures P Field development Disregarded but addressed as a separate
sector outside of MEA
33.15 Repair and maintenance of ships and boats P Field development Disregarded but addressed as a separate
sector outside of MEA
49.50 Transport via pipelines T Transportation Disregard here but address as part of the
indirect effects estimate using I/O tables
(only for selected countries – Ecorys)
50.20 Sea and coastal water transport P Transportation Disregarded here but assigned fully to
MEAs 1.1 and 1.2
71.12 Engineering activities and related technical
consultancy
T Exploration Disregard here but address as part of the
indirect effects estimate using I/O tables
(only for selected countries – Ecorys)
38.31 Dismantling of wrecks T Decommissioning Disregard since a lot in this sector is non-
maritime. Requires identification of part
of ‘offshore oil and gas’ in total.
May be relevant for some other MEAs
Many other sectors are also of (some) relevance to the offshore oil and gas industry. These are
listed below. For the purposes of estimating the direct economic size of this MEA, they are
disregarded, mainly because they are considered indirect and because it is hardly possible to
define which share of each would relate to this MEA. Instead, as an add-on analysis (only for
selected countries led by Ecorys), Input-Output analyses will be tested to estimate indirect effects
related to offshore oil and gas.
See annex 2 for an elaboration on I/O analysis.
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Table 39 Overview of main NACE codes for ‘supporting’ value-added generating activities (VGA) of the offshore oil and gas
sector (all disregarded in the estimation)
NACE Rev. 2 code – Economic activity Type Comments
Parts of 20: Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products T
Parts of 25: Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment T
Parts of 28: Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c. T
Parts of 33: Repair and installation of machinery and equipment Specifically:
33.15 Repair and maintenance of ships and
boats
Parts of 41: Construction of buildings T
Parts of 42: Civil engineering T
Parts of 43: Specialised construction activities T
Parts of 49: Land transport and transport via pipelines T Covering transport services (e.g. 49.20 Freight
rail transport) not already covered elsewhere
(cf. 49.50, 50.20). Propose to disregard.
Parts of 64: Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding T Relevant to a multitude of sectors, including
largely non-maritime. Propose to disregard.
Parts of 69: Legal and accounting activities T Covers both 69.10 Legal activities and 69.20
Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing
activities; tax consultancy. Relevant to a
multitude of sectors, including largely non-
maritime. Propose to disregard.
Parts of 71: Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and analysis T Relevant to a multitude of sectors, including
largely non-maritime. Propose to disregard.
Parts of 72: Scientific research and development Relevant to a multitude of sectors, including
largely non-maritime. Propose to disregard.
Parts of 78: Employment activities T Relevant to a multitude of sectors, including
largely non-maritime. Propose to disregard.
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Table 40 Details of correspondence between principal maritime (offshore) value-added generating activities (VGA) and NACE codes
Value Chain Component (VGA)
Corresponding NACE Codes
NACE code: scope and definitions Type M / non-M
split
Comment MEA split
Comment
Exploration 09.10 Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction
09.10 includes:
exploration services in connection with petroleum or gas extraction; e.g. traditional prospecting methods, such as making geological observations at prospective sites.
directional drilling and redrilling; “spudding in”; derrick erection in situ, repairing and dismantling; cementing oil and gas well casings; pumping of wells; plugging and abandoning wells etc.
test drilling in connection with petroleum or gas extraction
S Yes Requires an indicator of the relative share of offshore to onshore oil and gas extraction [Key M-NM3: See Annex 1]
No
71.12 Engineering activities and related technical consultancy
71.12 includes:
geophysical, geologic and seismic surveying
T Yes Difficult to evaluate possible use of engineering and technical consultancy by maritime (versus non-maritime) activities – disregarded (part of I/O analysis)
Yes Difficult to evaluate possible use of engineering and technical consultancy across a wide range of MEAs – disregarded (part of I/O analysis)
Field development
30.11 Building of ships and floating structures
30.11 includes building of ships (except vessels for sports or recreation) and the construction of floating structures:
construction of drilling platforms, floating or submersible
P No Yes Disregarded but assessed as a separate sector outside MEAs
33.15 Repair and maintenance of ships and boats
33.15 includes:
repair and routine maintenance of ships
P No Yes Disregarded but assessed as a separate sector outside MEAs
Production / operations
06.10 Extraction of crude petroleum
06.10 includes:
extraction of crude petroleum oils
processes to obtain crude oils: decantation, desalting, dehydration, stabilisation etc
S Yes Requires an indicator of the relative share of offshore to onshore oil extraction [Key M-NM1: See Annex 1]
No
06.20 Extraction of natural gas
06.20 includes:
production of crude gaseous hydrocarbon (natural gas)
S Yes Requires an indicator of the relative share of offshore to onshore natural gas extraction [Key M-NM2: See Annex 1]
No
Processing (offshore)
06.20 Extraction of natural gas
06.20 includes:
extraction of condensates
draining and separation of liquid hydrocarbon fractions
gas desulphurisation
S Yes Requires an indicator of the relative share of offshore to onshore natural gas extraction [Key M-NM2: See Annex 1]
No
Transportation 49.50 Transport via pipelines
49.50 includes:
transport of gases, liquids, water, slurry and other commodities via pipelines
T Yes To be determined:
How important is offshore to onshore transportation via pipeline?
Is offshore to onshore transportation via pipeline captured under NACE 49.50 (is it subsumed under 06.10 and 06.20)?
– disregarded (part of I/O analysis)
No
NB: not clear if this activity code covers offshore transport via pipeline
50.20 Sea and coastal water transport
50.20 includes:
transport of freight over seas and coastal waters
transport by towing or pushing of barges, oil rigs etc.
P No Yes Disregarded here. Assigned to MEAs 1.1 deepsea and 1.2 shortsea
Decommissioning
09.10 Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction
09.10 includes:
directional drilling and redrilling; “spudding in”; derrick erection in situ, repairing and dismantling; cementing oil and gas well casings; pumping of wells; plugging and abandoning wells etc.
S Yes Requires an indicator of the relative share of offshore to onshore oil and gas extraction [Key M-NM3: See Annex 1]
No
38.31 Dismantling of wrecks
38.31 includes:
This class includes dismantling of wrecks of any type (automobiles, ships, computers, televisions and other equipment) for materials recovery
T Yes Difficult to evaluate possible share of maritime (versus non-maritime) related recovery activities. Therefore disregarded.
Yes Difficult to evaluate possible share of oil and gas related recovery activities (vis-à-vis other MEAs). Disregarded
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Key to allocate NACE data to maritime vs non-maritime Ecorys (2012) notes that more than 80% of European crude oil and natural gas
production is offshore; for crude oil an estimated (turnover) share of 80-90% is indicated
and for natural gas the corresponding figure is 45-65%. It appears that these shares have
been applied to overall value added and employment in the EU oil and gas sector so as
to provide estimates for the offshore (maritime) segment.
Available Eurostat data (e.g. SBS data for GVA and employment; Energy indicators for
production of crude oil and natural gas) do not distinguish between onshore and
offshore components of the oil and gas sector.
Two options for estimating the offshore components of employment and GVA in the oil
and gas sectors (cf. NACE 06.10, 06.20, 09.10) seem possible:
1. Top-down: apply indicators based on the share of offshore production (e.g.
production volumes) in total production by country to Eurostat (or national)
estimates of employment and GVA in the oil and gas sectors. Such an approach
is outlined in Annex 1.
2. Bottom-up: investigate possible industry/national sources of information on
employment and GVA in the oil and gas sectors.4
Given that EU offshore oil and gas activities are largely concentrated in a few MS, a
country by country approach focussed on the MS with the most important oil and gas
sectors should be feasible. Moreover, it is probably advisable to use such an approach –
at least for the main oil and gas producing countries – to support analysis based on ‘top-
down’ approach.
NACE Rev. 2 code –
Economic activity
Key for maritime/ non-maritime (indicative) Comments
06.10 Extraction of crude
petroleum
N-NM1 Share of offshore in total production of
crude petroleum by country
See main text
Note: Initial identification of data source(s)
providing indicators of offshore to onshore
activity (e.g. production) is described in Annex
1.
06.20 Extraction of
natural gas
N-NM2 Share of offshore in total production of
natural gas by country
See main text
Note: Idem.
09.10 Support activities
for petroleum and natural
gas extraction
N-NM3 Share (weighted) of offshore production in
total production of crude petroleum and
natural gas by country
See main text
Note: Idem.
1 Key to allocate between sea basins
For the largest oil & gas producing countries, the locations of work are generally known
(example UK is mainly North Sea). The allocation could thus be based on expert
opinions. The UK publishes for instance a map on offshore concessions, see
4For example: Oil & Gas UK (2013) ‘2012 UKCS Workforce Demographics Report’, available at:
http://www.oilandgasuk.co.uk/cmsfiles/modules/publications/pdfs/EM011.pdf
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https://www.gov.uk/oil-and-gas-offshore-maps-and-gis-shapefiles. Country experts
should check if similar information can be found in their countries (for those bordering
multiple sea basins only).
Annex 1: Estimation of offshore component of oil and gas extraction
Data availability: offshore oil and gas production
Available Eurostat data (e.g. SBS data for GVA and employment; Energy indicators for production of crude
oil and natural gas) do not distinguish between onshore and offshore components of the oil and gas sector.
However, some estimates on the size of offshore production are provided by European Commission JRC (EU
Offshore Authorities Group)5, which makes reference to individual country information indicating the
relative size of offshore to onshore oil and gas production, namely:
UK: DECC (Department of Energy & Climate Change) at: https://www.gov.uk/oil-and-gas-uk-field-data
Netherlands: NL – Oil and Gas Portal at: http://www.nlog.nl/en/production/production.html
Italy: UNMIG (Ministry for Economic Development) at:
http://unmig.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/unmig/produzione/produzione.asp
Denmark: Danish Energy Agency “Oil and Gas production” report at:
http://www.ens.dk/Documents/Netboghandel%20-
%20publikationer/2012/Oil_and_gas_production_in_Denmark_2011%20(2).pdf
For other countries with offshore activities, the EU Offshore Authorities Group indicates that it uses the
assumption that approximately 50% of the primary production of crude oil and 50% of the primary
production of natural gas occurs offshore6. Following this approach, Error! Reference source not
found. provides estimates of the offshore production share (EOPS) by country; supplementary data tables
for the UK, Netherlands and Italy are provided at the end of this Annex (see Error! Reference source
not found. to Error! Reference source not found.)
5 See: http://euoag.jrc.ec.europa.eu/node/63
6 This assertion does not seem to be strictly true, as an attempt to recalculate the Offshore
Authorities Group estimates using Eurostat data results in estimates of the offshore that do not correspond to 50%, notably for Germany and France.
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Table 41 Estimated share of offshore production in total oil and gas production by country (2011)
Total primary production of oil and
gas1
Estimated offshore production share
(EOPS) Estimated offshore production
Petroleum
products
Natural
Gas Total
Petroleum
products
Natural
Gas Total
Petroleum
products
Natural
Gas Total
TOE TOE TOE N-NM1 N-NM2 N-NM3 TOE TOE TOE
United
Kingdom2
52,834 40,759 93,593 98% 100% 99% 51,777 40,759 92,536
Netherlands3 1,840 57,742 59,582 84% 30% 32% 1,546 17,323 18,868
Denmark5 11,250 6,321 17,571 100% 100% 100% 11,250 6,321 17,571
Germany5
3,973 10,893 14,866 34% 50% 46% 1,351 5,447 6,797
Romania5 4,368 8,667 13,035 48% 50% 49% 2,097 4,334 6,430
Italy4 5,886 6,920 12,806 11% 73% 45% 647 5,052 5,699
Poland5
685 3,850 4,535 50% 50% 50% 343 1,925 2,268
France5 1,154 506 1,660 40% 50% 43% 462 253 715
Bulgaria5 22 351 373 50% 50% 50% 11 176 187
Ireland5 0 284 284 : 50% 50% : 142 142
Spain5
101 45 146 50% 50% 50% 51 23 73
Lithuania5 116 0 116 50% : 50% 58 : 58
Greece5 99 6 105 50% 50% 50% 50 3 53
Notes and sources:
1 Primary production: Eurostat Energy Statistics
2 UK EOPS: based on UK Department of Energy and Climate Change
3 NL EOPS: based on NL Ministry of Economics (Oil & Gas Portal)
4 Italy EOPS: based on Ministry of Economic Development – Direction General for Mineral Resources and Energy
5Other countries EOPS: based on European Commission JRC (EU Offshore Authorities Group)
Estimation of offshore shares of oil and gas extraction
Using the aforementioned sources, the following approach is proposed to provide a baseline estimate of the
share of offshore production in total oil and gas extraction:
For UK, Netherlands and Italy, national sources are available to estimate production shares for oil
(petroleum products) and natural gas separately (see Error! Reference source not found. to
Error! Reference source not found.). To estimate an aggregate share for oil and gas
production, a weighted average of the offshore shares for oil extraction and gas extraction requires a
suitable weighting factor. Error! Reference source not found. uses the annual total primary
production in TOE (tonnes of oil equivalent) from as the basis for the weighting factor.
For Denmark, 100% of extraction activity is assumed to be offshore (all years)
For Germany and France, 45% of extraction is assumed to be offshore (all years), based on EU Offshore
Authorities Group estimates (see Error! Reference source not found.)
For all other countries, following EU Offshore Authorities Group, 50% of extraction is assumed to be
offshore (all years).
The validity of the above assumptions should be verified at a national level.
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Table 42 Calculation of aggregate (oil plus natural gas) production shares: UK, NL and IT
Breakdown of primary production (1000 TOE)1 Estimated offshore production share
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010
UK2
Petroleum products 73,725 54% 70,186 57% 63,977 55% 98% 98% 98%
Natural gas 62,699 46% 53,748 43% 51,468 45% 100% 100% 100%
Total 136,424 123,934 115,445 99% 99% 99%
Netherlands3
Petroleum products 2,581 4% 2,221 4% 1,840 3% 88% 83% 78%
Natural gas 59,893 96% 56,410 96% 63,432 97% 32% 32% 26%
Total 62,474 58,631 65,272 34% 34% 27%
Italy4
Petroleum products 6,096 45% 5,246 44% 5,971 46% 10% 12% 14%
Natural gas 7,580 55% 6,563 56% 6,885 54% 75% 75% 74%
Total 13,676 11,809 12,856 46% 47% 46%
Notes and sources:
1 Primary production: Eurostat Energy Statistics
2 UK EOPS: based on UK Department of Energy and Climate Change
3 NL EOPS: based on NL Ministry of Economics (Oil & Gas Portal)
4 Italy EOPS: based on Ministry of Economic Development – Direction General for Mineral Resources and Energy
Data availability: value added and employment
As described in the main text, the main 4-digit NACE codes relevant for the oil and gas
sector are:
06.10 Extraction of crude petroleum.
06.20 Extraction of natural gas.
09.10 Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction.
For both value added (V12150 - Value added at factor cost) and emloyment (V16110 -
Number of persons employed) the Eurostat Structural Business statistics (SBS), most
countries only report data on oil and gas production at a 2-digit NACE level (cf. B 06 -
Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas). For supporting activities the situation is
mixed, with some countries reporting data at a NACE 4-digit level, while for others data
is reported only at the 2-digit NACE level (cf. B 09 - Mining support service activities).
Estimation of value added and employment from offshore oil and gas extraction
Using the above mentioned offshore production shares (EOPS) to provide a key for
allocating between offshore and onshore activities7, the following estimates can be
derived from SBS data:8
Error! Reference source not found.: Value added (at factor cost) from offshore
extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas (NACE B06).
Error! Reference source not found.: Employment in the offshore extraction of
crude petroleum and natural gas (NACE B06).9
7The same ‘keys’ are applied for both value added and employment.
8On the basis of EU Offshore Authorities Group estimates of total EU offshore oil and gas
production, the countries for which Eurostat data are available are believed to account for around 95% of total EU offshore production. 9 For the UK and Netherlands, for years for which data is available at a NACE 4-digit level, a
seperation is made between petroleum extraction and natural gas extraction.
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Error! Reference source not found.: Value added (at factor cost) from support
activities for offshore petroleum and natural gas extraction.10
Error! Reference source not found.: Employment in support activities for
offshore petroleum and natural gas extraction.11
Aggregating across extraction activities and supporting activities the total value added of
the ‘core’ offshore oil and gas activities is estimated at around € 42 billion and total
employment around 70 thousand.12 These estimates can be compared to estimates
reported in the Blue Growth Study (Ecorys 2012) of € 107-133 billion13 and 25-50
thousand.
Next steps
Country experts to check:
Identify further national sources providing data on offshore and onshore
production; particularly for larger producers (e.g. Germany, Romania, and Poland)
and those where Eurostat data are not available.
Verify/compare with other (national) sources of information on offshore oil and gas
industry.
Table 43 Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas (NACE B06): estimated value-added of offshore
production (2008-10)
Total industry value added at factor
cost
(EUR million)1
Estimated offshore production share
Estimated offshore value added at
factor cost
(EUR million)
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010
UK 38,591.3 21,213.2 26,294.0 99% 99% 99% 38,205.4 21,001.1 26,031.1
Denmark 8,192.5 4,898.5 5,854.8 100% 8,192.5 4,898.5 5,854.8
Netherlands 7,175.7 8,592.7 8,608.9 34% 34% 27% 2,439.7 2,921.5 2,324.4
Italy 4,329.5 3,869.5 4,353.8 46% 47% 46% 1,991.6 1,818.7 2,002.7
Germany 1,623.5 1,101.4 1,168.0 45% 730.6 495.6 525.6
France 449.7 324.1 367.4 45% 202.4 145.8 165.3
Spain 40.0 28.5 38.9 50% 20.0 14.3 19.5
Lithuania 42.4 26.3 36.1 50% 21.2 13.2 18.1
Bulgaria -10.6 6.9 11.3 50% -5.3 3.5 5.7
Poland2
0.7 0.4 : 50% 0.4 0.2 0.2
TOTAL of
above
51,798.4 31,312.3 36,947.3
Notes and sources:
1 Source: Eurostat SBS (code V12150 - Value added at factor cost)
2 Poland offshore estimate for 2010 based on data for 2009
10
Although it is necessary for many countries to resort to the use of data for ‘Mining support service activities’ (B09), it appears that in those countries with an important oil and gas industry that ‘Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction’ (B0910) accounts for the overwhelming majority of support activities. 11
Idem. 12
Concerning employment, it appears that Romania reports level of employment in oil and gas extraction that is disproportionate to its level of production and this has a large impact on the overall EU employment estimate. 13
Note: it appears that the Blue Growth Study estimates are based on turnover data and not on value added.
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Table 44 Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas (NACE B06): estimated employment in offshore
production (2008-10)
Total industry employment (Number
of persons employed)1
Estimated offshore production
share
Estimated offshore employment
(Number of persons employed)
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010
Romania 38,538 35,475 30,546 50% 19,269 17,738 15,273
UK2,5
13,405 : 15,300 99% 99% [99%] 13,271 14,172 15,072
of which: oil : : 14,819 : : 98% : : 14,592
of which: gas : : 481 : : 100% : : 480
Italy 13,047 12,769 12,116 46% 47% 46% 6,002 6,001 5,573
Germany 3,544 3,696 3,754 45% 1,595 1,663 1,689
Netherlands5 3,075 3,133 3,173 [40%] [40%] [34%] 1,228 1,249 1,087
of which: oil 461 495 522 88% 83% 78% 404 412 406
of which: gas 2,614 2,638 2,651 32% 32% 26% 825 837 681
Denmark 444 523 566 100% 444 523 566
France3
: : 814 45% 366 366 366
Lithuania 351 304 252 50% 176 152 126
Spain 215 231 242 50% 108 116 121
Bulgaria4 44 : 37 50% 22 20 19
Poland 28 35 : 50% 14 18 18
TOTAL of above 42,494 42,017 39,910
Notes and sources:
1 Source: Eurostat SBS (code V16110 - Number of persons employed)
2 UK offshore estimate for 2009calculated as mid-point between data for 2008 and 2010.
3 France offshore estimate for 2008 and 2009 based on data for 2010
4 Bulgaria offshore estimate for 2009 calculated as mid-point between data for 2008 and 2010
5 For UK in 2010 and Netherlands (all years) the estimated offshore production share is derived from the outcome of the employment
calculations for the sub-components ‘oil’ and ‘natural gas’
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Table 45 Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction (NACE B091): estimated value-added of
offshore production (2008-10)
Total industry value added at factor
cost
(EUR million)1
Estimated offshore production
share
Estimated offshore value added at
factor cost
(EUR million)
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010
UK 3,409.2 2,935.5 3,750.9 99% 99% 99% 3,375.1 2,906.1 3,713.4
Netherlands2 1,459.0 814.1 842.4 34% 34% 27% 496.1 276.8 227.4
Denmark3 186.3 262.5 249.4 100% 186.3 262.5 249.4
Germany2
248.7 255.1 211.0 45% 111.9 114.8 95.0
Romania4 693.0 143.9 175.7 50% 346.5 72.0 87.9
Italy3,7 : : 182.6 46% 47% 46% 84.0 84.0 84.0
Poland 102.3 121.3 160.0 50% 51.2 60.7 80.0
France5 51.6 -32.4 72.3 45% 23.2 -14.6 32.5
Spain6 32.3 34.0 36.4 50% 16.2 17.0 18.2
Lithuania 0.0 0.0 0.0 50% 0.0 0.0 0.0
Bulgaria8
0.2 -0.2 : 50% 0.1 -0.1 0.0
TOTAL of
above 4,690.5 3,779.2 4,587.8
Notes and sources:
1 Source: Eurostat SBS (code V12150 - Value added at factor cost)
2 Data refer to ‘Mining support service activities’ (B09)
3 Data for 2010 refer to ‘Mining support service activities’ (B09)
4 Data for 2009 refer to ‘Mining support service activities’ (B09)
5 Data for 2008 refer to ‘Mining support service activities’ (B09)
6 Data for 2008 and 2009 refer to ‘Mining support service activities’ (B09)
7 Italy offshore estimate for 2008 and 2009 based on data for 2010
8 Bulgaria offshore estimate for 2010 set to zero
Table 46 Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction (NACE B091): estimated employment in
offshore production (2008-10)
Total industry employment
(Number of persons employed)1
Estimated offshore production
share
Estimated offshore employment
(Number of persons employed)
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010
UK 18,489 17,360 22,879 99% 99% 99% 18,304 17,186 22,538
Romania 9,882 7,337 6,267 50% 4,941 3,669 3,134
Denmark2 1,716 1,967 2,098 100% 1,716 1,967 2,098
Poland 2,181 3,096 4,082 50% 1,091 1,548 2,041
Germany3
3,522 2,779 2,862 45% 1,585 1,251 1,288
Netherlands2 2,270 2,774 2,663 34% 34% 27% 772 943 719
Italy2,5
: : 1,616 46% 47% 46% 743 743 743
Spain4 224 247 310 50% 112 124 155
France6 : : 110 45% 50 50 50
Bulgaria7 : 10 14 50% 5 5 7
Lithuania 0 0 0 50% 0 0 0
TOTAL of above 29,318 27,485 32,773
Notes and sources:
1 Source: Eurostat SBS (code V16110 - Number of persons employed)
2 Data for 2010 refer to ‘Mining support service activities’ (B09)
3 Data refer to ‘Mining support service activities’ (B09)
4 Data for 2008 and 2009 refer to ‘Mining support service activities’ (B09)
5 Italy offshore estimate for 2008 and 2009 based on data for 2010
6 France offshore estimate for 2008 and 2009 based on data for 2010
7 Bulgaria offshore estimate for 2008 based on data for 2009
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Supplementary data on offshore oil and gas production (UK, NL and IT)
Table 47 UK: Crude Oil Production '000 Tonnes (M3*Reported Density) Per Year (UK Share)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Ave 2008-
2010
Total Crude Oil From Offshore Fields 65,235,302 62,517,694 58,860,379 62,204,458
Total Crude Oil From Land Fields 1,239,929 1,167,743 916,152 1,107,941
Total 66,475,231 63,685,437 59,776,531 63,312,400
Offshore share 98% 98% 98% 98%
Source: https://www.gov.uk/oil-and-gas-uk-field-data#page-navigation
Table 48 UK: Gross gas production in million cubic metres
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Ave 2008-
2011
Total Offshore 74,840 62,939 59,592 47,762 61,283
Total Onshore 97 93 92 28 78
Total 74,937 63,032 59,684 47,790 61,361
Offshore share 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Source: https://www.gov.uk/oil-and-gas-uk-field-data#page-navigation
Table 49 NL: OIL PRODUCTION in 1 000 Sm3
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Ave 2008-
2010
Continental Shelf (offshore) 1841.1 1295.7 981.7 1372.8
Rijswijk* (onshore) 261.3 260 280.6 267.3
Total 2102.4 1555.7 1262.3 1640.1
Offshore share 88% 83% 78% 84%
Source: http://www.nlog.nl/en/production/production.html
Table 50 NL: GAS PRODUCTION in million Sm3
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Ave 2008-
2010
Continental Shelf (offshore) 25224.3 23393.1 22080.2 23565.9
Rijswijk* (onshore) 54734.2 50339.2 63825.9 56299.8
Total 79958.5 73732.3 85906.1 79865.6
Offshore share 32% 32% 26% 30%
Source: http://www.nlog.nl/en/production/production.html
Table 51 IT: Oil and petrol production in 1 000 tonnes
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Ave 2008-
2012
Total Offshore 535 526 695 640 474 574
Total Onshore 4,708 4,047 4,410 4,669 4,923 4,551
Total 5,243 4,573 5,106 5,309 5,396 5,125
Offshore share 10% 12% 14% 12% 9% 11%
Source: http://unmig.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/unmig/produzione/produzione.asp
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Table 52 IT: Gas production in million Sm3
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Ave 2008-
2012
Total Offshore 6,815 5,919 6,110 5,997 6,034 6,175
Total Onshore 2,256 1,990 2,155 2,341 2,476 2,244
Total 9,070 7,909 8,265 8,339 8,511 8,419
Offshore share 75% 75% 74% 72% 71% 73%
Source: http://unmig.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/unmig/produzione/produzione.asp
Table 53 Breakdown of demand (intermediate consumption + GFCF) by product type: ranked by share in total
use of the sector ‘Extraction Of Crude Petroleum And Natural Gas & Mining Of Metal Ores’
Rank Code Description Value
(GBP
million)
Share on total
demand by sector
Share of total
demand for
product
1 06 & 07 Extraction Of Crude Petroleum And Natural Gas &
Mining Of Metal Ores 4908 30.8% 7.7%
2 25OTHER Fabricated metal products, excl. machinery and
equipment and weapons & ammunition - 25.1-
3/25.5-9
1865 11.7% 5.4%
3 9 Mining support services 1634 10.2% 31.7%
4 41 Buildings and building construction works 764 4.8% 0.7%
5 43 Specialised construction works 594 3.7% 0.9%
6 64 Financial services, except insurance and pension
funding 592 3.7% 0.5%
7 71 Architectural and engineering services; technical
testing and analysis services 534 3.3% 1.4%
8 69.1 Legal services 490 3.1% 1.8%
9 50 Water transport services 452 2.8% 2.8%
10 49.1-2 Rail transport services 336 2.1% 3.3%
11 42 Constructions and construction works for civil
engineering 293 1.8% 0.8%
12 28 Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 267 1.7% 0.5%
13 78 Employment services 247 1.5% 0.7%
14 33OTHER Rest of repair; Installation - 33.11-14/17/19/20 236 1.5% 2.0%
15 19 Coke and refined petroleum products 191 1.2% 0.5%
16 35.2-3 Gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains;
steam and air conditioning supply 188 1.2% 0.6%
17 69.2 Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing services;
tax consulting services 181 1.1% 1.4%
18 62 Computer programming, consultancy and related
services 181 1.1% 0.3%
19 77 Rental and leasing services 172 1.1% 0.6%
20 72 Scientific research and development services 141 0.9% 1.0%
Other 1693 10.6%
TOTAL 15959 100%
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Table 54 Breakdown of demand (intermediate consumption + GFCF) by product type: ranked by share of the
sector ‘Extraction Of Crude Petroleum And Natural Gas & Mining Of Metal Ores’ in total demand for
the product
Rank Code Description Value
(GBP
million)
Share on total
demand by sector
Share of total
demand for
product
1 9 Mining support services 1634 10.2% 31.7%
2 33.15 Repair and maintenance of ships and boats 119 0.7% 23.6%
3 06 & 07 Extraction Of Crude Petroleum And Natural Gas &
Mining Of Metal Ores 4908 30.8% 7.7%
4 25OTHER Fabricated metal products, excl. machinery and
equipment and weapons & ammunition - 25.1-
3/25.5-9
1865 11.7% 5.4%
5 49.1-2 Rail transport services 336 2.1% 3.3%
6 50 Water transport services 452 2.8% 2.8%
7 33OTHER Rest of repair; Installation - 33.11-14/17/19/20 236 1.5% 2.0%
8 69.1 Legal services 490 3.1% 1.8%
9 20A Industrial gases, inorganics and fertilisers (all
inorganic chemicals) - 20.11/13/15 129 0.8% 1.6%
10 33.16 Repair and maintenance of aircraft and spacecraft 36 0.2% 1.6%
11 69.2 Accounting, bookkeeping and auditing services;
tax consulting services 181 1.1% 1.4%
12 71 Architectural and engineering services; technical
testing and analysis services 534 3.3% 1.4%
13 72 Scientific research and development services 141 0.9% 1.0%
14 43 Specialised construction works 594 3.7% 0.9%
15 42 Constructions and construction works for civil
engineering 293 1.8% 0.8%
16 41 Buildings and building construction works 764 4.8% 0.7%
17 78 Employment services 247 1.5% 0.7%
18 30.1 Ships and boats 34 0.2% 0.6%
19 77 Rental and leasing services 172 1.1% 0.6%
20 35.2-3 Gas; distribution of gaseous fuels through mains;
steam and air conditioning supply 188 1.2% 0.6%
Other 2606 16.3%
TOTAL 15959 100.0%
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Offshore wind 4.2
Definition of the Maritime Economic Activity Offshore wind energy refers to wind farms in marine waters, and the conversion of wind energy into electricity. The advantage of constructing these parks offshore is that the wind speeds are higher, and that there is less competition for space with other user functions than on land (though competition is far from absent). Additionally, the more uniform wind speeds mean less wear and tear for the turbines. On the other hand, the offshore environment is harsher and more difficult than on land, due to the high wind speeds, waves and the salty environment. This increases the relative risks, as well as the costs of exploring and developing the necessary technology.14 So far, offshore wind is the cheapest, and most mature of the offshore renewable energy technologies. It has been the front-runner since the 1990s. Various types of foundations have been developed to cope with the differing water depths and seabed conditions that these offshore wind farms have to cope with.15 Although offshore wind energy is the most developed of the offshore renewable technologies, it is still an industry in its infancy. There are enough facets which are as yet undiscovered, making it an intriguing and potentially profitable area for new ventures.16
Description of the value chain In the value chain, all relevant elements and activities in the whole sector of offshore wind energy are depicted. The value chain as portrayed in the sub-function report, roughly coincides with the life-cycle of the technology:
Figure2General value chain for offshore wind energy Research,
development &
demonstration
Energy
conversion
technology
Environmental
impact
Electricity
consumption
Electricity
transmission and
distribution
Pilot project
Feasibility &
impact
assessment
Oceanography
Environmental
impact
assessment
Financial
feasibilty study
Risk analysis
Project planning
Planning
(technical/
engineering)
Finance
Insurance
Legislative
issues
Power purchase
agreement
Permitting
Project design
Offshore design
Mechanical
design
Electric system
design
Hydrodynamic
design
Onshore
infrastructure
design
Control &
monitoring set-
up
Manufacture
Resource
management
Offshore support
structure
Energy coupling
system
Electric system
designPower
generation
equipment
Transmission
and distribution
equipment
Control &
monitoring
equipment
Installation
Cable placement
Transportation
Energy coupling
system
On- and offshore
assembly and
construction
Operation
Repairs
Integrity
management
Health, safety
and environment
management
Controlling &
monitoring
Evaluation
Sales
Decommission
Disassembly
Transportation
Waste
management
Environmental
restoration
Monitoring
Source: Ecorys (2011): Maritime Sub-Function Profile Offshore Wind Energy
Given the still limited capacity we propose to focus on the core VGAs of the MEA:
Production of parts
Construction
o Grid
o Power plant
Operation
14
Ecorys (2011): Maritime Sub-Function Profile Offshore Wind Energy 15
Ecorys (2011): Maritime Sub-Function Profile Offshore Wind Energy 16
Ecorys (2011): Maritime Sub-Function Profile Offshore Wind Energy
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Linking the value chain components to NACE sectors Linking VGAs and NACE codes for offshore wind energy is very difficult. There are no
NACE codes explicitly covering offshore wind. Codes like28.11 Manufacture of engines
and turbines, except aircraft, vehicle and cycle engines definitely cover also the
production of turbines for offshore wind energy farms, but the share is unknown.
Similiarfor42.22 Construction of utility projects for electricity and telecommunications
which includes the construction of offshore wind farms and35.11 Production of
electricity, 35.12 Transmission of electricity, 35.13 distribution of electricity, 35.14 Trade
of electricity, which includes trade of offshore wind energy. Furthermore the activity is
limited to few countries and key players. Therefore we propose not to use NACE sectors
and make heroic assumptions on what part could be considered related to offshore
wind, but to rely on alternative data sources, including EU wide studies on the sector
that contain estimates including the above mentioned value chain components.
Key to allocate data to maritime vs non-maritime We are aware of the fact that a lot of available studies and estimates include both
offshore and onshore wind activities. Therefore it is well likely that we have to
distinguish between onshore wind and offshore wind. For this we propose to use data
published by the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA)
http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/statistics/Wind_in_power_an
nual_statistics_2012.pdf on the amount of capacity (onshore/offshore). The key to
estimate offshore wind proposed is the share of offshore wind (of total wind energy
capacity) in a certain country.
Key to allocate between sea basins So far the capacity is limited and mainly focused on certain areas. We therefore propose
to make this allocation based on the expertise of country experts.
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Ocean renewable energy 4.3
Definition of the Maritime Economic Activity The MEA ocean renewable energy represents not one single technology. It consists of four types of technologies which are split in various sub-technologies. The four types are: wave, tidal, OTEC, osmotic. Given the low maturity of the development of this MEA, it does not yet exist in a large scale. Nevertheless, for the wave and tidal sector, a large number of devices are under development across Europe. So far, no particular design has emerged as clear front runner for large scale commercial development. The various technologies are at different stages of development with some prototypes currently being tested at full scale and commercial projects expected in the near future. For OTEC and osmotic power, a limited number of projects are currently being developed with again no clear technological development in sight. 17
Description of the value chain What we presented as a value chain in the sub-function report should be better defined as a life-cycle:
Research,
development &
demonstration
Energy
conversion
technology
Environmental
impact
Electricity
consumption
Electricity
transmission and
distribution
Pilot project
Feasibility &
impact
assessment
Oceanography
Environmental
impact
assessment
Financial
feasibilty study
Risk analysis
Project planning
Planning
(technical/
engineering)
Finance
Insurance
Legislative
issues
Power purchase
agreement
Permitting
Project design
Offshore design
Mechanical
design
Electric system
design
Hydrodynamic
design
Onshore
infrastructure
design
Control &
monitoring set-
up
Manufacture
Resource
management
Offshore support
structure
Energy coupling
system
Electric system
designPower
generation
equipment
Transmission
and distribution
equipment
Control &
monitoring
equipment
Installation
Cable placement
Transportation
Energy coupling
system
On- and offshore
assembly and
construction
Operation
Repairs
Integrity
management
Health, safety
and environment
management
Controlling &
monitoring
Evaluation
Sales
Decommission
Disassembly
Transportation
Waste
management
Environmental
restoration
Monitoring
Source: Maritime Sub-Function Profile Report 3.3 "Ocean Renewable Energy Sources"
Given the early stage of the development we suggest to focus on four core VGAs of this MEA:
R&D
Production of parts
Construction
o Grid
o Power plant
Operation
Linking the value chain components to NACE sectors Linking VGAs and NACE codes for ocean renewable energy is very difficult. There are no
NACE codes explicitly covering ocean renewable energy. Codes like 28.11 Manufacture
of engines and turbines, except aircraft, vehicle and cycle engines definitely cover also
the production of turbines for ocean renewable energy power plants, but the share is
unknown. Similar for 42.22 Construction of utility projects for electricity and
17
Ecorys (2011): Maritime Sub-Function Profile Report 3.3 "Ocean Renewable Energy Sources"
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telecommunications which includes the construction of ocean renewable energy power
plants and 35.11 Production of electricity, 35.12 Transmission of electricity, 35.13
distribution of electricity, 35.14 Trade of electricity, which includes production of ocean
renewable energy. Furthermore the activity is limited to few countries and key players.
Therefore instead of trying to mechanically calculate what would be the part of these
sectors relevant to Ocean Renewable Energy, we propose to rely on alternative sources
outside Eurostat.
Key to allocate NACE data to maritime vs non-maritime Ocean energy is per definition maritime.
Key to allocate NACE data to MEAs In the case that data sources provide information on Ocean energy also including other
energy sectors (offshore, e.g. wind, or onshore), a split may be needed. To define the
share of codes we propose to assume that in the long run for employment and GVA all
electricity sources can be seen as similarly profitable and similarly labour intensive (even
though we are aware of the fact that in the short run, due to the different stages of
maturity, this is not the case). We can therefore use the installed capacity of MW as a
proxy to calculate the share for specific energy sources. Eurostat provides data on ”
Infrastructure - electricity - annual data [nrg_113a]”. There is a indicator “Electrical
capacity, main activity producers - Tide, wave and ocean”. Using the share of this
indicator from the total can be used as an indicator of the share of employment and
GVA for the given NACE codes.
Data needed is not always complete and will need to be completed by national sources
or associations.
Key to allocate between sea basins Ocean renewable energy is so far limited to very few sites. It can therefore be allocated
to the sea basins according to its installation location based on national data or expert
opinions.
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Carbon capture and storage 4.4
Definition of the Maritime Economic Activity Carbon capture and storage is a technology to capture and store CO2 released during
the burning of fossil fuels, or as a result of industrial processes such as making cement,
steel or in the chemical industry. There is already considerable experience with injecting
carbon dioxide deep underground for storage at a number of industrial-scale CCS
projects.18
The purpose of this technology is to mitigate the contribution to Climate change of
carbon intensive industries.
Description of the value chain CCS is still in its development stage. There are many reasons to expect it to become a
successful technology, but so far it has not been put in place in many occasions. The
core parts of the value chain for CCS consist of the production of the CCS technology,
the installation and the maintenance.
Linking the value chain components to NACE sectors As the technology is so immature, it is practically impossible to allocate it to NACE codes.
Therefore estimates will need to rely on European or national sector related sources or
on bottom-up specific studies (as per the BG study).
18
CSS Association: http://www.ccsassociation.org
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Aggregates mining 4.5
Definition of the Maritime Economic Activity This MEA covers extraction of marine aggregates (sands and gravels) from the seabed.
Description of the value chain The value chain of the marine aggregates MEA is not described in Ecorys (2012)19.
Essentially the value chain consists of:
Extraction of marine aggregates (dredging)
Processing of aggregates (e.g. at wharfs)
Downstream activities:
o Manufacture of products (e.g. concrete)
o Final demand (e.g. construction sector)
Ancillary services:
o Exploration services
o Shipbuilding and repair
o Transport services
Linking the value chain components to NACE sectors Table 55 provides an overview of the NACE codes that relevant for principal maritime
(offshore) value-added generating activities of the marine aggregates sector.
Table 55 Overview of main NACE codes for principal value-added generating activities (VGA) of the offshore oil and gas sector
NACE Rev. 2 code – Economic
activity
Type Corresponding MEA
value chain
components (VGA)
Comments
08.12Operation of gravel and sand
pits; mining of clays and kaolin
S Production /
operations
Requires a separation between offshore and
onshore activities
09.90Supporting activities for other
mining and quarrying
S Production /
operations
Processing (offshore)
Requires a separation between offshore and
onshore activities and between gravel &
sand vs other mining sectors.
30.11 Building of ships and floating
structures
P Ancillary Disregarded but assessed as a separate
sector outside MEAs
33.15 Repair and maintenance of ships and boats
P Ancillary Disregarded but assessed as a separate
sector outside MEAs
50.20 Sea and coastal water
transport
P Ancillary Disregarded here but assigned fully to MEA
1.1 deep-sea and 1.2 short-sea
71.12 Engineering activities and
related technical consultancy
T Ancillary Disregarded here
38.31 Dismantling of wrecks T Decommissioning Disregarded as largely non-maritime and
not possible to identify relevant share
(assumed very small)
19
Ecorys (2012), ‘Blue Growth: Scenarios and Drivers for Sustainable Growth from Oceans, Seas and Coasts’, together with the accompanying ‘Maritime Sub-Function Profile Report: Offshore oil and naturals gas (3.1)’.
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Key to allocate NACE data to maritime vs non-maritime
Ecorys (2012)20 notes that Eurostat data for this MEA are incomplete. The study provides an estimate of GVA of € 0.6 billion and employment of 4.3 thousand (based on extrapolation from UK data).
Data on the volume of marine aggregate extraction exist from various sources:
UEPG21: ‘Best estimates of aggregates production data by country’. UEPG indicate that marine aggregates account for 2% of total European aggregates production. Data for individual countries and corresponding shares of total production volumes are shown in Table 56. This source has also been applied previously by COGEA for analysing the sector in Italy and Slovenia.
ICES22: ‘Summary data on national aggregate extraction’ available in the annual reports of the ‘Working Group on the Effects of Extraction of Marine Sediments on the Marine Ecosystem’. See, for example, Table 57.
Various national sources.
Table 56 Marine aggregates production by country (main EU countries with marine aggregate extraction activities)
Marine aggregates
(million tonnes)
Total aggregates
(million tonnes)
Marine share of total
aggregates production
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010
Belgium 4 3 8 72 78 82 6% 4% 10%
Denmark 5 9 9 58 44 49 9% 20% 18%
France 7 6 6 432 376 365 2% 2% 2%
Germany 11 5 9 563 555 535 2% 1% 2%
Netherlands 54 45 17 124 113 76 44% 40% 22%
UK 12 10 10 243 197 226 5% 5% 4%
Total of above 93 78 59 1,492 1,363 1,333 6% 6% 4%
Other EU27 : : : 1,593 1,425 1,453 : : :
Total EU27 93 78 59 3,085 2,788 2,786 3% 3% 2%
Source: UEPG (http://www.uepg.eu/statistics/estimates-of-production-data)
20
Ecorys (2012), ‘Blue Growth: Scenarios and Drivers for Sustainable Growth from Oceans, Seas and Coasts’, Annex 1: maritime economic activities data. 21
Union Européenne des Producteurs de Granulats (European Aggregates Association). Production statistics available at http://www.uepg.eu/statistics/estimates-of-production-data 22
International Council for Exploration of the Sea.
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Table 57 Marine aggregates production by type (use), country and marine area (2010) in 1000 M3
Construction / Industrial aggregates
Beach replenishment
Construction fill / land reclamation
Non aggregate
Total extracted
Aggregate exported
Belgium 1,841 336 0 0 2,176 N/d
Denmark (HELCOM)
1,500 100 6,400
1
2,200
250 Denmark (OSPAR)
1,200 2,300 800 4,300
France (OSPAR)
7,231 0 0 481 7,712 0
France (Med)
0 N/d N/d 0 N/d N/d
Gernany (HELCOM)
1,533 986 0 N/d 2,522 N/d
Germany (OSPAR)
60 834 N/d N/d 895 N/d
Lithuania N/d 110 N/d N/d 110 N/d
Netherlands
2,800 22,050 97,683 227 122,532 2,222
Portugal (OSPAR)
134 0 0 0 134 0
Spain (OSPAR)
0 207 0 0 207 0
Spain (Med)
0 965 0 0 965 0
UK (OSPAR) 5,987 450 135 0 9,700 3,128
Source: ICES (2011)23
One problem is that the NACE category (08.12) covers not only operation of gravel and sand pits (including dredging of sand and gravel) but ‘mining of clays and kaolin’. There appears to be no available data source that provides comparable data on production of ‘sand and gravel’ and ‘clays and kaolin’.24 Nonetheless, it appears that production of ‘clays and kaolin’ accounts for only a very small proportion of NACE 08.12. Hence we propose to keep the entire sector.
It is even more problematic to develop an indicator of the share of supporting activities for other mining and quarrying (NACE 09.90) that may be related to marine aggregates.
23
ICES WGEXT Report 2011, downloaded from : http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00134/24571/22600.pdf 24
Some comparative data on kaolin production volumes is available from euromines (see: http://www.euromines.org/mineral/Kaolin) based on data from the Austrian Federal Ministry for Economy, Family and Youth (see the publication World Mining Data, available at: http://www.en.bmwfj.gv.at/Energy/MineralRawMaterials/Seiten/default.aspx).
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Specifically, NACE 09.90 covers all supporting activities to mining and quarrying, except for those activities related to petroleum and natural gas extraction (i.e. NACE 09.90 also covers activities related to mining/quarrying of coal, metal ores, and ornamental and building stone). No key to allocate between maritime versus non-maritime is proposed for this NACE code. The key to allocate between 08.12 sand and gravel vs other mining sectors will be based on the total GVA of these sectors (onshore and offshore together). For this, we use the data for the following NACE sectors related to mining:
05.10 Mining of hard coal
05.20 Mining of lignite
07.10 Mining of iron ores
07.21 Mining of non-ferrous metal ores
08.12 Operation of gravel and sand pits; mining of clays and kaolin
08.93 Extraction of salt
Baseline estimation of maritime share of ‘Operation of gravel and sand pits etc.’ (NACE 08.12)
Applying the marine share estimates (see Table 56) to Eurostat data for the sector ‘Operation of gravel and sand pits’ (NACE 08.12), Table 58 and Table 59 provide baseline estimates for value added and employment in the marine aggregates sector. For the covered countries, these calculations indicate a total value added of only circa € 110 million and a total employment of circa 1.4 thousand.
The above estimates are lower than those from the Blue Growth Study (Ecorys 2012). However, considering that UEPG estimate that the combined turnover of the European Aggregates sector is around € 20 billion, then this would suggest that the turnover of the marine aggregates sector – representing 2% of supply –amounts to around € 400 million. Further, based on Eurostat estimates25, the share of gross value added in industry turnover for the industry (NACE 08.12) is around 30 to 40%. This suggests a value added figure for the marine aggregates sector of around € 140 million, which is not that far from the estimated figure in Table 58.
25
Average for DE, DE, DK, NL, UK.
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Table 58 Operation of gravel and sand pits etc (NACE B08.12): estimated value-added of offshore production (2008-10)
Total industry value added at factor cost (EUR million)
1
Estimated offshore (marine) share
2
Estimated offshore value added at factor cost (EUR million)
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010
Belgium3
: 86.2 95.1 6% 4% 10% 3 3 9
Denmark 101.1 74.2 51.3 9% 20% 18% 9 15 9
France 1740.3 1753.6 1734.2 2% 2% 2% 28 28 29
Germany 1219.7 950.6 1090.8 2% 1% 2% 24 9 18
Netherlands4
: : : 44% 40% 22% 45 34 18
UK 647.2 448.6 520.4 5% 5% 4% 32 23 23
Total of above
141 111 106
1. Source: Eurostat SBS (code V12150 - Value added at factor cost)
2. Based on estimated share of total aggregates production (see Table 56, above)
3. Belgium offshore estimate for 2008 based on data for 2009
4. Netherlands offshore estimate calculated under the assumption of average value added per
person employed of € 100 thousand for 2008 and € 92 thousand for 2009 and 2010. These
amount reflect the ‘typical’ (average) value added per person employed found for BE, DK, DE
and UK.
Table 59 Operation of gravel and sand pits etc (NACE B08.12): employment in offshore production (2008-10)
Total industry employment (Number of persons employed)
1
Estimated offshore (marine) share
2
Estimated offshore employment (Number of persons employed)
2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010
Belgium3
: 545 640 6% 4% 10% 21 21 62
Denmark 826 729 546 9% 20% 18% 71 149 100
France4
: : 19,595 2% 2% 2% 322 322 322
Germany 16,911 15,501 16,252 2% 1% 2% 330 140 273
Netherlands4
1,030 918 852 44% 40% 22% 449 366 191
UK 10,152 : 9,206 5% 5% 4% 501 454 407
Total of above
1,695 1,452 1,356
1. Source: Eurostat SBS (code V16110 - Number of persons employed)
2. Based on estimated share of total aggregates production (see Table 56, above)
3. Belgium offshore estimate for 2008 based on data for 2009
4. France offshore estimate for 2008 and 2009 based on data for 2010
5. UK offshore estimate for 2009 calculated as mid-point between data for 2008 and 2010.
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Key to allocate between sea basins ICES (see above) provides data broken down by main sea basins for the countries
bordering multiple sea basins (see table 3 above). Country experts should verify these
data with statistics at a national level.
Cross-checks with other sources Compare results with estimates from sector sources at European or national level
providing data on offshore and onshore production; particularly for larger producers
(and those where Eurostat data are not available). For example:
o UK: British Marine Producers Association (http://www.bmapa.org/) ; The
Crown Estates (http://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/); DEFRA
(http://chartingprogress.defra.gov.uk/chapter-5-productiveseas)26
o BE: Belgian Ministry of Economies
(http://economie.fgov.be/en/entreprises/particular_domains/Marine_sand
_and_gravel_extraction/); MUMM
(http://www.mumm.ac.be/EN/Management/Sea-based/sandgravel.php)
Verify/compare baseline estimates with other (national) sources of information on
marine aggregates.
26
See, also, the productive seas feeder report for mineral extraction (http://chartingprogress.defra.gov.uk/feeder/Section_3.8_Mineral_Extraction.pdf)
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Marine minerals mining 4.6
Definition of the Maritime Economic Activity Marine mineral resources in this paper are (based on the BG study) understood as all
raw materials found on and under the seabed, excluding fossil fuels (oil, gas and
methane hydrates), phosphorates, and renewable energy sources such as seafloor hot-
springs. We also exclude aggregate mineral resources such as sand, gravel and crushed
rock which are part of MEA 3.5 Aggregates mining.27
The deposits of marine minerals can be divided into three categories: (1) polymetallic
sulphurs, (2) ferromanagenese crusts,(3) (ferro)manganese nodules, and (4) rare earth
elements and yttrium, and. They differ in composition, shape and location.28
Description of the value chain
Figure 3 Value-chain of deep-sea mining
Source: Based on Birney et al. (2006)
The value-chain of deep-sea mining as described in the sub-function report consists of four main steps:
1. In the Exploration phase, different techniques for locating and testing ore
content and quality is carried out through locating, sampling and drilling,
2. In the Extraction phase, ROVs, cutters and risers are used to carry the ore from
the bottom up to the surface,
3. In the Transportation phase, shipping and ship-building is in focus; and finally,
4. In the Processing phase, the extraction of minerals in plants is carried out. Here
also the site plays a key role. 29
Linking the value chain components to NACE sectors
Linking VGAs of marine minerals mining to NACE codes is very difficult as the sector is still very small and not defined by single NACE codes. We therefore propose not to rely on NACE codes but on European or national data if available, and (most likely) on sector studies or investigations that need to be identified by the country experts.
27
Ecorys (2011): Blue Growth Scenarios and Drivers for Sustainable Growth from the Oceans, Seas and Coasts “Marine mineral resources” 28
Ecorys (2011): Blue Growth Scenarios and Drivers for Sustainable Growth from the Oceans, Seas and Coasts “Marine mineral resources” 29
Ecorys (2011): Blue Growth Scenarios and Drivers for Sustainable Growth from the Oceans, Seas and Coasts “Marine mineral resources”
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Key to allocate NACE data to maritime vs non-maritime We propose to rely on national data if available or (more likely to be the case) use sector
specific studies possibly at MS level (as per BG study).
Key to allocate between sea basins If national data is available for this MEA, it might also demonstrate the geographic
location of marine minerals mining in the relevant country. If this data is not available
we propose to rely on expert opinions.
Securing fresh water supply (desalination) 4.7
Definition of the Maritime Economic Activity Traditional desalinisation processes are based on thermal processes, using vacuum
distillation (boiling of water at low pressure). A major technique used in this respect is
multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation. The principal competing technique at this moment
uses semi-permeable membranes and pressure to separate salts from water, this is
called reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis plant membrane systems use less energy than
thermal distillation. The share of the thermal market has fallen due to a growth of
membrane markets. At this moment, the market share of reverse osmosis is 61% and
that of multi stage flash distillation 26%.30
Description of the value chain Desalination has a relatively limited value chain, as it mainly involves the manufacturing of fresh water out of marine resources. This has subsequently to be distributed through regular utility companies. The biggest share in cost of the entire plant is its manufacture. The cost of converting seawater to fresh water has been influenced mainly by the energy cost and production cost. It is followed by operation and maintenance31.
Linking the value chain components to NACE sectors The MEA is of very small scale and therefore difficult to be linked to NACE sectors. There
is one code specifically mentioning “desalting of sea or ground water to produce water
as the principal product of interest”, 36.00 Water collection, treatment and supply. The
problem is that this code also covers the collection of rain water, the purification of
water for water supply purpose, the treatment of water for industrial and other
purposes, the distribution of water through mains, by trucks or other means and the
30
Ecorys (2011): lue Growth Scenarios and Drivers for Sustainable Growth from the Oceans, Seas and Coasts Maritime Sub-Function Profile “Securing Fresh Water Supply (Desalination)” 31
www.hkc22.com/waterdesalination.html, quote in Ecorys (2011): Blue Growth Scenarios and Drivers for Sustainable Growth from the Oceans, Seas and Coasts Maritime Sub-Function Profile “Securing Fresh Water Supply (Desalination)”
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operation of irrigation canals. Therefore the share of desalination is expected to be very
low.
VGA NACE code Type Comments
Construction ?
Operation 36.00 Water
collection, treatment
and supply
S Only small share is expected to
be desalination. Key needed to
define share.
Proposed to assess the share of
“Desalination” and allocate this
share to 36.00.
Transport ?
Source: Ecorys
The MEA is very small and it is very difficult to define keys to allocate certain NACE
codes to the VGAs. Potentially we could use data provided by the Global Water
Intelligence provided in the “Global Water Market 2011” report on the capacity of
desalination to calculate the share of NACE code 36.00 to estimate the amount of
persons employed and the GVA in this MEA.
In the GWM report, a specific fiche is available for each Country. Each fiche ends with a
table Market forecast data, 2007-2016, whose first section is dedicated to “Utility water
capital expenditure”. It is proposed to calculate the share of “Seawater and brackish
water desalination” over “Total drinking water utility capex” for each year in question
(2008-2009-2010) and apply these percentages to 36.00, both to GVA and Number of
persons employed.
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5. Leisure, working and living
Coastal tourism 5.1
Definition of the Maritime Economic Activity Coastal tourism includes all shore based sea related tourist and recreational activities. In
general, tourism is one of the pillars of the economy of the coastal region. However, not
all tourism can be categorised as coastal related tourism. Tourism and recreation
activities are not always confined to the coastal environment. Also, it should be pointed
out that not all tourism in coastal regions is sea related. For many recreational and
tourist activities that take place in the coastal area proximity of the sea is not a
condition.32
Tourism as such is not defined as an economic sector in statistics. Rather, use is made of
different services sectors identified under the NACE code system such as hotels and
accommodation, restaurants, transport services, tour operators, etc. We define coastal
tourism as follows: Coastal tourism covers beach-based recreation and tourism (e.g.
swimming, surfing, sun bathing), and non-beach related land-based tourism in the
coastal area (all other tourism and recreation activities that take place in the coastal
area for which the proximity of the sea is a condition).33
Description of the value chain Tourism is a broad industry as it contains attractions and transport, travel organisers and
local tourist offices. Moreover, different target groups (e.g. business travellers, leisure
tourists, etc.) are served. The tourism industry is also characterised by a geographically
dispersed value chain:
On the one hand, suppliers of tourism products and services – often SMEs – are
mainly located in the tourist destination itself.
On the other hand, the demand side consists of a very heterogeneous group of
consumers.
In between we find the intermediaries who bundle, pack and promote the tourism
product and make it available to tourists. The intermediaries are located in the tourists’
country of origin.34 In addition to the VGAs mentioned in the BG study we also see that
construction is an important but hard to quantify VGA for this sector.
Linking the value chain components to NACE sectors The following table shows the linkage between VGAs and NACE codes. As most statistics
do not distinguish between maritime tourism and non-maritime tourism, most codes are
32
Ecorys (2012): Interim Report of the Blue Growth study on Scenarios and drivers for Sustainable Growth from the Oceans, Seas and Coasts 33
Ecorys (2013): Not published Interim Report on the Study in support of Impact Assessment work for maritime and coastal tourism 34
Ecorys (2012): Interim Report of the Blue Growth study on Scenarios and drivers for Sustainable Growth from the Oceans, Seas and Coasts
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part of the secondary or tertiary category. Therefore keys to split between coastal and
non-coastal are necessary in this MEA. The keys should underline the geographic
definition of the sector.
VGA NACE code Type
Comment
Provisioning of travel
79.11 Travel agency activities S
Proposed to ignore, as it would be impossible to determine how much of the value added generated can be attributed to the geographic level of analysis.
79.12 Tour operator activities
S
Proposed to ignore, as it would be impossible to determine how much of the value added generated can be attributed to the geographic level of analysis.
79.90 Other reservation service and related activities
S
Proposed to ignore, as it would be impossible to determine how much of the value added generated can be attributed to the geographic level of analysis.
Operators (accommodation, rental, attraction services)
55.10 Hotels and similar accommodation
S Code needs to be split between maritime and non-maritime
55.20 Holiday and other short-stay accommodation
S Code needs to be split between maritime and non-maritime
55.30 Camping grounds, recreational vehicle parks and trailer parks
S Code needs to be split between maritime and non-maritime
55.90 Other accommodation S Code needs to be split between maritime and non-maritime
56.10 Restaurants and mobile food service activities
T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime
56.21 Event catering activities T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime
56.29 Other food service activities
T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime
56.30 Beverage serving activities
T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime
68.10 Buying and selling of own real estate
T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime or non- tourism
68.20 Renting and operating of own or leased real estate
T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime or non- tourism
68.31 Real estate agencies T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime or non- tourism
81.10 Combined facilities support activities
T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime or non- tourism
91.02 Museums activities T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime or non- tourism
91.03 Operation of historical sites and buildings and similar visitor attractions
T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime or non- tourism
91.04 Botanical and zoological T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime
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VGA NACE code Type
Comment
gardens and nature reserves activities
or non- tourism
93.11 Operation of sports facilities
T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime
93.12 Activities of sport clubs T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime
93.13 Fitness facilities T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime
93.19 Other sports activities T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime
93.21 Activities of amusement parks and theme parks
S Proposed to ignore as no data available on Eurostat and not primarily maritime.
93.29 Other amusement and recreation activities
S Proposed to ignore as no data available on Eurostat and not primarily maritime.
Retail tourist activities provisioning
? T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime
Transport
49.10 Passenger rail transport, interurban
T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime and non-leisure
49.31 Urban and suburban passenger land transport
T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime and non-leisure
49.32 Taxi operation T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime and non-leisure
49.39 Other passenger land transport n.e.c.
T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime and non-leisure
51.10 Passenger air transport T
Needs to be divided among all MEA within the function “Leisure, working and living”. Also large part non-maritime and non-leisure. Propose to split only between coastal tourism and cruise tourism as an estimation to yachting and marinas is not possible.
Marketing ? T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime and non-leisure
Finance ? T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime and non-leisure
IT ? T Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime and non-leisure
Retail services ? ? Proposed to ignore as majority is non-maritime and non-leisure
Construction
41 Construction of buildings T Proposed to ignore. This VGA was not part of the value chain described in the BG study. Nevertheless, the whole construction sector has an impact on employment and GVA in the function which should not be underestimated. Nevertheless it is practically impossible to find proper keys to estimate the “true” size of these indicators depending on construction activities.
42 Civil engineering T
43 Specialised construction activities
T
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While most of the above NACE codes are being disregarded, the remaining sectors still
need to be divided into maritime and non-maritime
Key to allocate NACE data to maritime vs non-maritime In the BG study, instead of using Eurostat data, we used the 2008 PRC report with
figures from 2006 as a basis for estimations on employment in coastal tourism. These
numbers might still be adaptable for estimations on the current size of the MEA, but will
lose preciseness over time, as the 2008 PRC study is not annually replicated, while it also
does not make clear the underlying data used. As the aim of the development of a
methodology for this study is to provide an approach which is replicable over a longer
time period we propose to use a key based on data regularly updated by Eurostat.
There are two potential keys to distinguish between maritime and non-maritime which
could be used across all VGAs: % of tourist nights spent in coastal NUTS-2regions
compared to the total – by MS; % of beds available in coastal NUTS-3 regions. While the
second option (% of beds) is the geographically more precise one, the first option (% of
nights spent) takes into account seasonality which has a large effect on employment in
coastal regions. We therefore propose to use % of total nights spent in coastal NUTS-2
regions in collective tourist accommodation establishments. The problem with bed
capacity is that it is stable over the year even though it does not reflect occupation rates
of beds. If e.g. July and August are fully booked and nobody arrives throughout the year,
there is only staff needed for these two month.
A possible solution could be to combine both datasets, in order to calculate the number
of nights spent at NUTS-3 level, although this is currently not available through
EUROSTAT. These can be done in three steps:
1- Collect the number of nights spent in a given NUTS-2 region (Link);
2- Collect the number of bed-places available for all the NUTS-3 regions within the
given NUTS 2 region (Link);
3- Attribute a number of nights spent at NUTS-3 level to each NUTS-2 region,
based on the respective share on beds available;
4- Aggregate resulting “nights spent at NUTS 3” only for maritime NUTS 3
E.g.:
1- Number of nights spent in “Hotels and similar establishment s” in Sicily, in 2010:
11.243.531
2- Number of bed places in “Hotels and similar establishments” in all NUTS 3
regions of Sicily:
a. Trapani: 16.026 (13,08%)
b. Palermo: 28,506 (23,26%)
c. Messina: 30,299 (24,72%)
d. Agrigento: 12,281 (10,02%)
e. Caltanissetta: 1.912 (1,56%)
f. Enna: 1.630 (0.13%)
g. Catania: 13.152 (10,73%)
h. Ragusa: 9.793 (7,99%)
i. Siracusa: 10.420 (8,50%)
TOTAL Sicily: 124.019 (100%)
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3- Assign the number of nights spent at NUTS-2 level to each NUTS-3 according to
the percentages obtained in step 2:
a. Trapani= 11.243.531 (nights spent) * 13,08% = 1.470.305,08
b. Palermo= 11.243.531 (nights spent) * 23,36% = 2.615.282,45
c. Messina= 11.243.531 (nights spent) * 24,72% = 2.779.781,20
d. Agrigento= 11.243.531 (nights spent) * 10,02 = 1.126.720,12
e. Caltanissetta= 11.243.531 (nights spent) * 1,56% = 175.416,41
f. Enna= 11.243.531 (nights spent) * 0,13% = 14.954,43
g. Catania= 11.243.531 (nights spent) * 10,73% = 1.206.630,00
h. Ragusa= 11.243.531 (nights spent) * 7,99% = 898.458,61
i. Siracusa= 11.243.531 (nights spent) * 8,50 = 955.982,71
If we aggregate data from step 3 only as regards coastal NUTS 3, we’ll have the number
of nights spent in coastal NUTS 3 of the region.
Eurostat provides a list of coastal NUTS3 regions annexed to
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Coastal_region_statist
ics in excel form “Focus on coastal regions: tables and figures” also defining sea basin
allocation of these regions. Our definition for “NUTS-2 coastal regions” is as follows:
“All NUTS-2 regions which cover at least one NUTS-3 coastal region”
Therefore:
- Landlocked NUTS 2 will not be taken into account;
- Landlocked NUTS 3 of coastal NUTS 2 will not be taken into account.
The whole operation should be repeated for every coastal NUTS 2 in the country. At the
end of it, it will be possible to determine the share of nights spent in coastal region vs
the share of night spent in the whole country. That share will be applied to the four
NACE considered to determine the weight of coastal tourism over the national total
The approach can only be followed if the required information at both NUTS-2 and
NUTS-3 level is available.
All the 4 NACE considered will be allocated to costal tourism.
Key to allocate between sea basins The methodology proposed for allocating NACE to maritime activities allows to achieve
information needed at NUTS 2 and NUTS 3 levels. EUROSTAT allocation will be taken as
reference for this purpose (Link)
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Yachting and marinas 5.2
Definition of the Maritime Economic Activity This MEA is strongly interlinked with 4.1 Coastal tourism. It can be defined as coastal
tourism including the use of yachts and other pleasure boats excluding cruise.
Description of the value chain The value chain for yachting and marinas consits of three core VGAs:
- Shipbuilding and marine equipment
- Port services and logistics
- Maritime works – constructing ports, maintaning access channels
Linking the value chain components to NACE sectors The following table provides the link between the core activities and NACE codes.
VGA NACE code Type Comments
Shipbuilding and marine
equipment
30.12 Building of pleasure and
sporting boats
P Proposed to be allocated 100 % to 0.1
Shipbuilding.
33.11 Repair and maintenance
of ships and boats P
Proposed to be allocated 100 % to 0.1
Shipbuilding.
Port services and logistics 52.22 Service activities
incidental to water
transportation
P Already included in MEAs on maritime
transport
Maritime works –
constructing ports,
maintaining access
channels
42.91 Construction of water
projects
P Already included in category ‘other sectors’
The above implies that it is considered useful to explore other sources (e.g. outside
NACE statistical data) on estimates for the overall size of the MEA. This should be done
at country level, possibly through sector organisations.
Key to allocate NACE data to maritime vs non-maritime Not applicable
Key to allocate NACE data to MEAs The availability of specific sector reports at Country level should be checked.
Key to allocate between sea basins To allocate yachting and marinas to sea basins we need to use a proxy. We propose to
either follow the approach for cruise or for coastal tourism. Probably the approach for
coastal tourism provides a better estimate than cruise, as marinas are usually not linked
to big ports for cruise ships, but to coastal touristic regions. In an ideal case, data on for
instance marina capacity or leisure boats registered per port is used. Country experts
will need to verify if such data is available.
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Cruise tourism 5.3
Definition of the Maritime Economic Activity The MEA of Cruise including port cities is defined as all activities associated to cruise
holidays, including the ships used and the facilitations at destination ports. Cruise
tourism is a form of tourism where people travel (cruise) on a ship. This can be to a
sunny destination such as the Mediterranean or the Caribbean, but also to Norway,
Alaska or Antarctica. It is a relatively luxurious form of travel. Worldwide, as well as in
Europe, in the last decade the cruise market has seen a rapid growth. The European
shipbuilding industry is dominant in the construction of these types of ships.35
Description of the value chain The following figure shows the value chain as described in the BG study
Source: Ecorys (2012) BG report
The value chain described in the figure above focuses on the core activities. A broader
definition would also include all kind of services offered on cruise ships or
manufacturing of e.g. furniture for rooms on cruise ships. Nevertheless, also the figure
above does not describe a measurable picture. We therefore define the core activities of
the cruise tourism value chain as follows:
• Provisioning of travel
• Shipbuilding and marine equipment
• Operation of ships
• Port services and logistics – operating cruise terminals, port management
• Other maritime services (bunkering, ship repair, pilotage, etc.)
• Maritime works – constructing ports, maintaining access channels36
5.3.1.1 Linking the value chain components to NACE sectors
In the following table links where possible NACE codes to the core VGAs described above.
35
Subfunction report Cruise 36
Subfunction report Cruise
framework conditions
value chain
supply/
services
cruise operations
Port infrastructure planning, (Harmonisation of) environmental regulations across sea-basins, level playing field vis-a-vis other tourism sectors, Clear implementation regimes for (new) legislation, Responsibility for
environmental consequences of cruise shipping.
onshore tourist
shipbuilding incl. marine equipment
manufacturing
R&D, design, Travel
intermediaries
Cruise port
services
port infrastructure and services
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VGA NACE code Type
Provisioning of travel 79.11 Travel agency activities
S
Proposed to ignore. Code needs to be split between
maritime and non-maritime. Code needs to be split
between coastal tourism, yachting and marinas and
cruise tourism. Propose to split only between coastal
tourism and cruise tourism as an estimation to
yachting and marinas is not possible.
79.12 Tour operator activities
S
Proposed to ignore. Code needs to be split between
maritime and non-maritime. Code needs to be split
between coastal tourism, yachting and marinas and
cruise tourism. Propose to split only between
coastal tourism and cruise tourism as an estimation
to yachting and marinas is not possible.
Shipbuilding and marine
equipment
30.11 Building of ships and floating
structures P
Code present in MEA for various functions. Needs to
be divided among all MEAs including shipping. Will
be ignored here, as it has been included in ‘other
sectors’
Operation of ships 50.10 Sea and coastal passenger water transport
P The share not allocated to 1.3 Passenger ferry services will be allocated to Cruise tourism (see MEA 1.3 for methodology)
Port services and logistics
52.22 Service activities incidental to
water transportation P
Share assigned as explained in maritime transport
(sector allocated to 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 4.3). (see
MEA 1.3).
77.34 Renting and leasing of water
transport equipment
52.24 Cargo handling
52.10 Warehousing and storage
Other maritime services
(bunkering, ship repair,
pilotage, etc.)
33.11 Repair and maintenance of
ships and boats P Proposed to ignore as included in ´other sectors´
Maritime works –
constructing ports,
maintaining access channels
?
Port services components are included in Maritime
transport. Construction of water projects is
addressed in ´other sectors´.
5.3.1.2 Key to allocate NACE data to maritime vs non-maritime
Not relevant for the selected sectors.
It is proposed to report cruise GVA and Number of persons employed as a range
between:
- Low end of the range will be constituted by code 50.10 and 52.22, only for the
share related to cruise tourism.
- High end of the range will be constituted by data originating from European
Cruise Council (ECC) figures, or – if available, estimates of the importance of the
cruise MEA at national level (to be gathered by the country experts)
Specifically as regards the high end figure of the range, this will be taken from the
following ECC reports:
- 2008: http://www.ashcroftandassociates.com/images/ECC-Report%5B3-LR%5D.pdf
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- 2009: http://www.ashcroftandassociates.com/images/Supp-EIR-2008.pdf (pag. 13
Total employment by Country)
- 2010:
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/consultations/2012_maritime_transport/euc_2_e
n.pdf
The ECC does not provide any figures for GVA, but only for persons employed. The table
below reports needed figures (direct employed in cruise):
Country 2008 2009 2010
Italy 10.500 12.300 12.469
UK 9.700 13.000 13.800
Germany 3.000 3.600 3.750
Spain 1.120 1.212 1.009
France 3.653 6.051 5.725
Norway 4.891 3.596 3.600
Greece 4.095 5.543 6.496
Finland 5.279 5.190 3.005
Portugal 3.024 3.137 3.084
Netherlands 2.039 1.521 2.360
Malta 833 1.266 1445
Denmark 1006 966 1.304
Poland 4.268 1.301 1.265
Sweden 997 1.018 1.102
Cyprus 678 526 571
In order to calculate the GVA from number of persons employed, it is proposed to
calculate a ballpark figure derived from the ratio GVA/numb of persons employed of the
low-end figure.
Key to allocate NACE data to MEAs 50.10 Sea and coastal passenger water transport covers 1.3 passenger ferry transport
and cruise tourism. The split can be made on the basis of number of passengers
transported (ferry passengers cruise passengers). Please see also MEA 1.3.
Key to allocate between sea basins We propose to use the number of cruise passengers embarked and disembarked in
NUTS2 regions to allocate cruise tourism to sea basins (see also MEA 1.3). This means
that we calculate the ratio of passengers between sea basins and allocate the data on
persons employed and GVA according to this ratio.
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6. Coastal protection
Traceability and security of goods supply chains 6.1
Preventing salt water intrusion 6.2
Protection of habitats 6.3
Definition of the Maritime Economic Activity Note: within the Blue Growth study, initially 3 MEA (or: sub-functions were defined
under the main function of Coastal protection: 5.1 Protection against flooding and
erosion, 5.2 Preventing salt water intrusion, and 5.3 Protection of habitats. In the further
elaboration process of the study however it was decided to combine the three and
assess them as one MEA named 5.1 Coastal protection. For this reason, in the remainder
of this memo as well as in the sea basin specific studies it is proposed to assess the
Coastal protection function as one MEA.
Definition of the combined MEA: in the sub-function report, this is phrased as follows:
“Coastal protection against flooding and erosion may be considered not as an economic
sub-function like other maritime sub-functions, but rather as a condition sine qua non
for the use of coastal areas and for allowing other functions to flourish. Risk of flooding
and erosion threatens the performance of other maritime functions, and may even
cause loss of life and of assets; coastal protection settles this threat.”37
Description of the value chain The value chain of this MEA was depicted (in the BG study) as follows.
While the value chain picture in fact describes the coastal protection processes, the
main economic sectors relevant tot his MEA are depicted under the supply/services
37
Ecorys (2012), Blue Growth, Maritime Sub-Function Profile Report Coastal Protection (5.1.)
framework conditions
value chain
supply/
services
coastal construction
works
Dredging and marine
service
providers
Engineering
Framework for integrated coastal protection, Technology for protection to keep pace with requirements, Public
monitoring
R&D design
engineering monitoring maintenance
Dredging vessel design
&
construction
Model basins
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Linking the value chain components to NACE sectors The value chain as depicted above only allows the linking of part of the value chain
components to NACE sectors. See below table.
Value chain component NACE Rev.2 sector(s) relevant Comments/explanation
Model basins 71.20 Technical testing and analysis This relates to almost all MEA + large part
is non-maritime
Engineering 71.12 Engineering activities and related
technical consultancy
This relates to almost all MEA + large part
is non-maritime
Vessel design & construction 30.11 Building of ships and floating
structures
This relates to almost all MEA
Construction works 42.91 Construction of water projects This relates to almost all MEA + part is
non-maritime
Dredging and marine service
providers
We assume that dredging and marine
construction companies are covered
under 42.91.
33.15 Repair and maintenance of ships
and boats
This relates to all MEA
Specific notes:
At the time of the Blue Growth study, for particular reasons the shipbuilding sector
was fully attributed to the maritime transport function, although in fact all other
functions also make use of Ships and thus require part of this function. Moreover:
the ships being built within Europe largely relate to other MEA than maritime
transport.
Other sectors providing inputs to the shipbuilding sector (supply of marine
equipment, steel etc.) were not covered in the BG study. The same applies to e.g.
services concerning implementation of machinery.<Question if we should now – if
yes then across all MEA>.
Other sectors supporting shipping activities are now either attributed to the
transport function (e.g. 52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation
contains things like pilotage, berthing, lighthouse etc. also relevant to all other MEA
using ships) or are ignored (e.g. the Tertiary sectors like financing & insurance
From the table above it is clear that none of the NACE sectors are very directly linked to
this particular MEA. Moreover a number of sectors are largely non-maritime.
In the BG study, because of these reasons, instead of estimating the shares of the
respective NACE codes relevant to this MEA, a bottom-up approach was followed, from
two angles:
Public expenses by MS for coastal protection works – this was taken from a study
made in 2009.38 Data in that study were gathered from national budgets where
expenses for coastal works were specified.
Turnover from major marine contractors. As coastal protection works are generally
performed by marine construction companies, mainly dredger firms, and this sector
is highly concentrated with 4 players dominating the market having some 80 %
38
European Commission (2009), The economics of climate change adaptation in EU coastal areas – Summary report.
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market share (Van Oord, Boskalis, DEME, Jan de Nul), figures from their annual
reports were gathered to compare with the public expenses.
These two steps have resulted in the reported estimated size of 1.0 – 5.4 bn EUR GVA.
As an elaboration of this MEA, we propose to:
1. Explore the feasibility of allocation keys (see below)
2. Alternatively continue the bottom-up analysis by repeating the BG approach for
recent years and at country level.
Another approach would make it possible to have expenditure data at least for 5.1
“Protection from flood and erosion” and 5.3 “Protection of habitats”
Protection from flood and erosion: the study “The economics of climate change
adaptation in EU coastal areas” (footnote 2) contains data on the average annual
expenditure in costal protection over a certain time span, for a certain number of
countries. In the case of Italy, for instance, one may take a time series of reference
(2008, 2009, and 2010), and multiply the average annual expenditure (258.9 million) by
three, so to have an estimated total expenditure of 776.7 million over the three years.
Subsequently, we can take data from EUROSTAT COFOG (COFOG gov_a_exp) on
environment protection (GF05) for Italy. We found out that over the same three years
Italy spent 41030 million in environment protection (which of course include a broader
range of activities).
The ratio (costal protection/environment protection * 100) between the two kinds of
expenditure over our time series says that coastal protection amounts to 2% of the
expenditure for total environment protection in Italy.
Therefore, we estimated that in 2008, 2009 and 2010 coastal expenditure was always
2% of environment protection.
A solution to estimate employment is yet to be found. However ballpark figures should
not be difficult to find. The ballpark figure of EUR 100.000 of expenditure per employee,
can be used if no other proxies are found
Key to allocate NACE data to maritime vs non-maritime Since the majority of sectors relevant to this MEA also (largely) relate to non-maritime
activities, a key is needed to estimate the maritime share.
Value chain component Key for maritime/non-maritime Comments/explanation
71.20 Technical testing and
analysis
1. Define value added generated by
specialised marine testing centres using
their annual reports
2. Calculate % of total GVA of this sector
In most countries there are only a handful
of centres active in testing ships and
equipment (e.g. in NL MARIN is virtually
the only ship testing centre; KEMA, TNO
and a few specialised universities do
component testing
71.12 Engineering activities
and related technical
consultancy
1. Gather data from at least 5 coastal
protection projects conducted in the
relevant MS (government data usually)
2. Acquire cost breakdown
It is assumed that the very majority (more
than 95%) of this sector is non-maritime.
Errors in estimating the maritime share
are easily made here. Hence the proposed
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Value chain component Key for maritime/non-maritime Comments/explanation
3. Calculate engineering share from total
costs.
4. If no recent projects can be found or no
breakdown can be obtained in the
respective MS, the average of other MS in
the same sea basin will be applied.
approach, which combines the
maritime/non-maritime and the MEA
allocation question.
30.11 Building of ships and
floating structures
Assumed 100% maritime
42.91 Construction of water
projects
Assumed 100% maritime
33.15 Repair and
maintenance of ships and
boats
Assumed 100% maritime
52.22 Service activities
incidental to water
transportation
Assumed 100% maritime
Key to allocate NACE data to MEAs All sectors relevant to this MEA are also relevant to most other MEA. Hence an
allocation between MEA is needed.
Value chain component Key for MEA share Comments/explanation
71.20 Technical testing and
analysis
Estimate % of testing activities related to
ships intended for coastal protection
works (e.g. dredging):
1. Number of tests conducted by test
centres (see previous) by type of
ship
2. Calculate % of dredging and survey
vessels
3. Multiply by % taken from below
allocation of NACE 42.91
The assumption is that the value added
and employment related to testing and
analysis of ships is proportional to the
number of tests – which is a simplification
of reality. The assumption is also that
testing of equipment is proportional to
testing of ships.
As it relates to ships relevant for other
MEA as well, the key from 42.91 is used
here as well.
71.12 Engineering activities
and related technical
consultancy
See under maritime/non-maritime above.
30.11 Building of ships and
floating structures
1. Gather shipbuilding production data
from the MS, distinguishing ship types (if
possible on the basis of output value,
otherwise measured in CGT)
2. Calculate share of dredging and survey
vessels (the types of ships relevant for
coastal protection)
3. Multiply by % taken from below
allocation of NACE 42.91
CESA (European Shipbuilding Association)
publishes annual production figures by
ship type and member state measured in
CGT (a size and complexity measure), but
not by value. Possibly national
associations do and we can use values
rather than CGT.
As dredging/marine construction vessels
are also relevant for other MEA
(construction of ports, offshore energy,
tourism facilities etc.), the share of
coastal protection needs to be estimated.
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Value chain component Key for MEA share Comments/explanation
42.91 Construction of water
projects
Estimate % of work conducted by these
ships related to coastal protection work:
from annual accounts of individual marine
contractors derive the % of turnover
related to coastal protection works.
Assumption that the % of marine
contractors overall (they usually work
worldwide) is equal to the % relevant to
the MS itself. If a MS specific figure could
be gathered, that could be used.
33.15 Repair and
maintenance of ships and
boats
Same % as under 30.11
Key to allocate between sea basins
The allocation between sea basins can be done via GIS for the MEA 5.3 Protection of the
habitats. Specifically as regards 5.1 Protection against flooding and erosions, coastline
length could be used as a proxy. However, this has to be validated case by case by
country experts, as some coastline part can be more “sensitive” than others.
For those countries bordering multiple sea basins (DE, FR, UK, ES), an allocation to sea
basins is needed. The allocation key however can be different for the various sectors, as
follows.
Value chain component Key for MEA share Comments/explanation
71.20 Technical testing and
analysis
Same as 30.11
71.12 Engineering activities
and related technical
consultancy
Same as 42.91
30.11 Building of ships and
floating structures
% employment in shipbuilding in NUTS-2
regions along the respective coasts
In most countries, shipbuilding activities
are concentrated in a limited number of
regions
42.91 Construction of water
projects
% of coastline length in the respective sea
basin
Assuming the levels of erosion/coastal
protection needs are similar across the
various coast lines.
33.15 Repair and
maintenance of ships and
boats
Same as 30.11
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7. Maritime monitoring and surveillance
Traceability and security of goods supply chains 7.1
Prevent and protect against illegal movement of people 7.2and goods
Environmental monitoring 7.3
Identification of the sectors of the MEA’s value chain
Rather than being specific and well-defined economic activities, these three MEAs are “prerequisites” that can facilitate the growth of the blue economy. For these reasons, GVA and employment data are generally not available.
No NACE codes can be directly attributed to these MEA.
The value chain approach cannot be of much help, as every attempt to build a value chain of the sector may be seen as “arbitrary”.
Data availability
A possible solution to gather some data could be to investigate at country level if any information exists via reports and data collection of Ministries (typically Environment and/or Defense), coastguards, police forces, environmental agencies, customs, etc.
We propose, however, to treat the sector as a whole, since it may be very difficult to find data for each MEA that make up Maritime monitoring and surveillance. Should country expert come up with data broken down by the three MEAs, it may be worth reconsidering the approach.
Another option could be to investigate whether national accounts have specific budget items dedicated to “Maritime monitoring and surveillance”. This worked for Italy, where a budget item attributable to the sector has been found.
As an alternative, data should be collected through interviews with selected policy makers and stakeholders. Once again, typically, it can be expected to collect some information by interviewing Ministries, coastguards, police forces, environmental agencies, etc.
Data on value added are very unlikely to be found or retrieved through interviews, however it is worth looking and asking for data on public expenditure and employment in these sectors.
EUNETMAR Study to support the development of sea-basin cooperation in the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Ionian, and Black sea
Methodology for identifying and estimating maritime activities using NACE and other data
Rev. October 2013
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Methodology for managing data
A precise methodology to manage these data cannot be defined in advance, and will vary case by case according to the data found.
In principle, it can be argued that public expenditure (which is the most likely type of data to be found) can be used as a proxy for GVA.
It is possible, however, that public expenditure for one of the above MEAs may refer to a wider set of activities, not all necessarily related to the sea (e.g. public expenditure for traceability will most certainly also include land activities). In order to calculate the share of expenditure that can be attributed to marine and maritime activities, we can apply the ratio between the aggregated GVA of maritime NUTS 3 over national GVA. The corresponding percentage can be applied as a proxy to public expenditure in order to determine how much of the expenditure address marine and maritime activities.
As regards employment, on the other hand, there are two probable scenarios:
If a figure is found, as in the case of GVA it will quite likely also include employees in land activities. Similarly to GVA, in order to calculate the share of employees in maritime activities, we can use the ratio between the number of persons employed in maritime NUTS 3 over the number of persons employed at national level. The corresponding percentage can be can be applied as a proxy to estimate how many persons employed are actually involved in maritime activities.
if a figure is not found, the ballpark figure of a GVA of EUR 100.000 per employee can be applied. In this case, by dividing GVA (or its proxy i.e. public expenditure) by 100.000 we will obtain a proxy of the number of persons employed in the sub-function.
Key to allocate between sea basins
Coastline length can be used to allocate this MEAs when a country borders on two different sea basins:
E.g. France39:
1. North Sea: 60 km (1,44% of total expenditure and employment) 2. English Channel: 1060 km (25,42% of total expenditure and employment) 3. Atlantic Ocean: 615 km (14,75% of total expenditure and employment) 4. Mediterranean Sea + Corsica: 2435 km (58,39% of total expenditure and
employment) 5. Total: 4170 km
This allocation needs to be validated by the Country experts.
For the purpose of this study, North Sea could be disregarded there’s a very limited coastline. The English Channel is attributed entirely to the Atlantic Ocean.
Similar data on coastline length are available for the other countries at national level. Country experts will in any case have to validate this proxy case by case, as it may well be that some parts of the coast are not inhabited, for instance, and therefore require lesser monitoring efforts.
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http://gcantal.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Les_cotes_francaises_-_correction.pdf