Structural levels of organization:

body has many levels of organization simplest level is the chemical level (study on your own in ch.2) Atoms

o Tiny building blocks come together to form molecules

o come together to form cells

o smallest unit of living thingso basic structure of all living things

cellular level examined in chapter 3.

tissueso groups of similar cells with common functiono 4 basic typeso come together to make up…

organso complex functions become possible

organ systemo group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common

purpose organism

o made up of 11 systems o highest level of structural organization

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1. IntegumentaryA. Skin

I. waterproofs the bodyii. Cushions and protectsiii. Excretes salts and urea in perspirationiv. Help regulate body temperature

B. ReceptorsI. Painii. Pressureiii. temperature

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2. SkeletalA. bones, cartilage, ligaments and joints

i. Supports the body and provides a frameworkfor skeletal muscles to do work.

B. Has a protective function

I. skull

C. Hematopoiesis

I. formation of blood cells

D. Storage of minerals

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3. MuscularA. Have one fuction…to contract (shorten)

1. Typesa. skeletalb. cardiacc. smooth

4. NervousA. Body’s fast acting control systemB. Consists of:

1. Spinal Cord2. Brain3. Nerves4. Sensory receptors

5. Endocrine A. Body’s slow acting control systemB. Produces chemical molecules called hormones

I. released into bloodii. Travel to distant organs

C. made up of:I. Pituitary glandii. Thyroid glandiii. Parathyroid glandiv. Adrenal glandsv. thymusvi. Pancreasvii. Pinealviii. Ovaries (female)ix. Testes (male)

6. CardiovascularA. Heart and blood vessels

1. Uses blood to transport to and from tissuesa. Oxygenb. Nutrientsc. Hormonesd. Other substances

7. LymphaticA. Compliments the cardiovascular system

I. includes1. Lymphatic vessels2. Lymph nodes3. Spleen4. Tonsils

ii. Return leaked fluids to the cv systemiii. Work extensively on immunity

8. RespiratoryA. Keeps the body constantly supplied with oxygen

and removed carbon dioxideB. consists of

I. Nasal passagesii. Pharynxiii. Larynxiv. Tracheav. bronchivi. Lungs

a. contain tiny air sacks1. Alveoli2. Gasseous exhange takes

place here

9. DigestiveA. Tube running from mouth to anus

i. Includea. Oral cavityb. Esophagusc. Stomachd. Small and large intestinese. Rectum

ii. Role is to break down food and deliver products To the blood

iii. Undigested food is expelled as feces

B. BreakdownI. starts in the mouthii. Ends in the small intestineiii. End of digestive system is for

reabsorption of fluids

C. Other organsi. Liver

a. Produces bile to breakdown fatsii. Pancreas

a. Insulin to transport sugars

10. UrinaryA. Removes waste from the body

i. Usually nitrogen containing productsB. AKA excretory systemC. Composed of:

i. Kidneysii. Uretersiii. Bladderiv. Urethra

D. Maintains body salt and water balanceE. Regulates acid and base of blood as well

11. ReproductiveA. Function is to produce offspring

i. Sperm are produced by the malesa. Structures

1. Scrotum2. Penis3. Accessory glands4. Duct system

ii. Eggs are produced by the femalesb. Structures

a. Uterine tubesb. Uterusc. vagina