Transcript of Station 1: Robber Barons or Captains of Industry 1.
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- Station 1: Robber Barons or Captains of Industry 1
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- Robber Barons or Captains of Industry You make the call! 2
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- Andrew Carnegie Working class beginnings Made his millions in
the steel industry by paying employees little and working them long
hours Was once the richest man in the world Gave away his fortune
later in life 3
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- John D. Rockefeller Owner of Standard Oil, represented 90% of
pipelines and refineries at on time. Unethical practices,
undercutting prices Gave away $500 million at the end of his life.
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- JP Morgan Financier, banker, collector, philanthropist Played a
big role in margining Carnegie Steel with other companies. The
Political Cartoon to the right implies his role in the US economy
was overpowering. 7
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- Cornelius Vanderbilt Made his millions in shipping and the
railroad. Thought to be ruthless and competitive. Neighbors in up
scale NYC thought him to be rough and uncultured. Made RR more
efficient. Donated his largest, fastest steamship to the Union Navy
during the Civil War. Died with $100 million. Donated $1 million to
Vanderbilt University in Nashville. His nickname Commodore, same as
the Vanderbilt. 9
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- Station 2: Tenements 12
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- Tenements 13
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- A large number of tenement houses* the lower portion of New
York are only a little below the common uptown flat. It is often
difficult to tell where the flat leaves off and the tenement
begins. You get about as little air and sunshine in the one as in
the other. The main difference lies in the number of rooms and the
location. If some downtown tenement houses stood uptown they would
be called flats. The word tenement is becoming unpopular downtown,
and many landlords have dubbed their great caravansaries** by the
more aristocratic name of flat, and the term rooms has been changed
to apartments. *low rent apartment building that barely meet
minimum housing standards ** inns for travelers 14
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- Tenement life improved somewhat after 1901, when new-law
tenements were mandated by the city: These were required to have
bathroom facilities and running water in each apartment, and a
window in every room. A major improvement, but not for the
thousands of people still stuck in hot, stinky, firetrap old-law
units.still stuck in hot, stinky, firetrap old-law units Jennie
Rizzandi, 9 year old girl, helping mother and father finish
garments in a dilapidated tenement. New York, New York, 1913
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- 1885 1912 17
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- There are three distinct classes of houses in the tenement-
houses; the cheapest and humblest of these is the attic home, which
usually consists of one or two rooms, and is found only downtown.
These are generally occupied by old person. Occasionally three or
four attic rooms are connected and rented to a family, but as small
single room are sought after by lonely old people, the landlord
often rents them separately. An old lady who has to earn her read
with the needle*** finds the attic at once the cheapest and best
place for her needs. The rent of one or two unfurnished attic rooms
range from $3 to $5 per month. *** make a living by sewing 18
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- A large number of very poor people live in three rooms a
kitchen and two dark bedrooms. Where the family is large the
kitchen lounge is opened and converted into a double bed at night.
The rent for three rooms is generally from $8 - $12 per month. The
vast majority of respectable working people live in four rooms a
kitchen, two dark bedrooms, and a parlor. These parlors are
generally provided with a bed-lounge, and are used as sleeping
rooms at night. The best room is always carpeted and often provided
with upholstered chairs. The walls are generally decorated with
family photographs and inexpensive pictures, and in some of them I
have found a piano. These parlors compare very favorably with the
best room in the house of the average farmer. The rent for four
room is from $12 to $16 per month. 20
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- L = Light from outside D = Dark; no outside light Dumbbell
Tenement 21
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- Station 3: Rail Roads Station 3: Rail Roads 30
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- Communication from East to West was not very good Travelling
time from East to West took 6 months The U.S. needed to keep up
with other countries Trade links with China and Japan Help to bring
law and order to the West It would help fulfil Manifest Destiny -In
the 19th century, Manifest Destiny was the widely held belief in
the United States that American settlers were destined to expand
throughout the continent. Rail Roads: WHY? 31
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- Even when Abraham Lincoln was President, plans were being made
to connect railways that would allow one to travel from the
Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast. Railroads had been built from
the Atlantic coast to Nebraska. Now, the goal was to connect a
railway from Nebraska to the Pacific coast. In 1862, Congress gave
two companies the right to build the railroad. The government also
gave them the land and loaned them money. The Union Pacific
Railroad built west from Omaha, Nebraska. The Central Pacific
Railroad built east from Sacramento, California. The majority of
the Union Pacific track was built by Irish laborers, veterans of
both the Union and Confederate armies, and Mormons who wished to
see the railroad pass through Ogden, Utah. Chinese workers built
most of the Central Pacific track. Most of the men received between
one and three dollars per day, but the workers from China received
much less. Eventually, they went on strike and gained a small
increase in salary. On May 10, 1869, the two railroads met at
Promontory, Utah. A golden spike with a prayer written on it was
used to complete the first transcontinental railroad. Rail Roads:
Transcontinental 33
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- The Union Pacific Railroad The Central Pacific Railroad 35
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- Quick and easy travel to the West The railroad turned a 6 month
journey into a maximum of 8 days Cheap land for people wanting to
go West Once the Railroads were built the Railroad companies had no
use for the excess land. Sold land off cheap Destruction of the
Indians Hunters used the Railroad to go west to hunt the buffalo.
Hunters were only interested in buffalo skin. Indians depended on
the buffalo, but now they were gone! Helps develop the Cattle
IndustryCattle were transported by the railroads making it easier
to move them from Texas to the East. Cow Towns grew up around these
railroad stops Rail Roads: The Effects 38
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- George Westinghouse- air brakes that improved the system for
putting the trains to a halt, which made the trains themselves much
safer. Eli H. Janney- Janney car couplers made it easier for
railroad workers to link train cars. Gustavus Swift- refrigerated
cars helped railroads to ship meat, and other perishable goods over
long distances. George M. Pullman- the Pullman sleeping car- a
luxury railway car with seats that converted into beds for
overnight journeys. Pullman also made improved dining cars, raising
train travel to a new level of comfort Time Zones- Time Zones- Our
system of time zones is a result of the railroad boom. Towns kept
their own time. 1883 all railway clocks were set to new standard.
Congress enacted Standard Time Act -1918- based on railroad time
zones Rail Roads: Innovation 40
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- Time Zones Railroads affected the way Americans thought about
time as well! People began measuring distances by how many hours
the trip would take rather than the number miles! This led to a
national system of time with four time zones! 41
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- Station 4: City Problems 42
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- The poor lived in buildings divided up into small apartments
called tenements. Many had no windows, heat, or indoor bathrooms.
10 or more people would share a room. Other Disadvantages Included:
Poor Housing Lack of Sanitation Fire Lack of Fresh Water Poor
Working Conditions Crime Transportation Issues 43
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- Urban and Rural Population, 1870- 1900 (in millions) ADVANTAGES
OF CITY LIFE Economic Opportunity Urban Lifestyles Consumer Goods
Similar Ethnic Groups Less Discrimination Education Entertainment
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- Many African Americans also moved from Southern farms to
Northern cities. 45
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- Cities Grow Due to Industry Chicago- Meat Packing Cleveland-
Oil Pittsburgh- Steel Kansas City- RailroadsSalt Lake City-
Railroads San Francisco - Railroads 46
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- URBAN PROBLEMS The influx of so many immigrants in such a short
space of time created a major housing crisis in most major cities.
Poor immigrants were forced to live in tenement buildings where as
many as 20 people might be forced to live in a single small room.
Early tenements had no running water or waste systems with heat
provided by open fires. As a result tenements were breeding grounds
for disease as people dumped waste outside or in hallways. In
winters temperatures in the buildings dropped to well below
freezing while in summer they could reach well into the hundreds.
Fires were common, as were collapses, as the tenements had no
safety rules. Landlords would often add extra rooms or even whole
stories to bring in more rent regardless of what this might do to
the structure of the buildings. City streets quickly became
dangerous places as well. Gangs of children, often orphans, would
assault and pickpocket people. Adults also formed gangs, often
based on ethnicity, to protect themselves and their property from
other gangs. Most cities had no sanitation departments so animal
waste and dead bodies would often lie in the gutters for weeks
before they were cleared if at all. Cities were also lacking
effective police forces. New York had several different police
forces which often fought each other more than the gangs or
criminals. Police officers were badly paid and often resorted to
committing crimes themselves to make ends meet. In the absence of
official support, gangs often provided services to their
communities. Firefighting companies were established by individual
gangs which competed with each other to reach fires first.
Unfortunately for the inhabitants of affected houses, the companies
would often fight each other or loot their property rather than put
out the blaze. 47
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- The exorbitant rent of houses, compels them [European
immigrants] to occupy a narrow space of house room for their
families. One or two rooms is generally as much as one family can
afford; thus boys and girls lodge in the bedchamber with their
parents, and one room serves for cooking and eating; the children
are driven off as early as possible into the streets to run like
wild colts. Thus they grow up ignorant, idle, and disobedient to
their parents. They make bad apprentices and worse citizens. Money
is the only object they ever desire to obtain, and for that object
nothing is too mean and scarcely any thing dishonest if they can
evade the laws.... The girls grow up thus, associating with their
depraved brothers, ignorant, vain and idle. Conscious of no other
distinctions in society than externals, they look with envy on
their wealthy neighbors, and essay every art to equal them in dress
and expense. This lays the basis of their ruin, and at an early age
makes them easy prey to the profligate libertine. Nay, many of
these girls assist their parents with the wages of their shame.
Another source of this horrid crime arises in the custom of
requiring security for house rent. This compels women to resort to
some means of obliging a friend to obtain a roof to shelter her
family. Men are not generally willing to risk their money for pure
friendship; yet security must be had. John R. McDowell Report on
the 5-Points Region of New York 48
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- Station 5 : : Settlement Houses 51
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- Settlement Houses The major purpose of settlement houses was to
help to assimilate and ease the transition of immigrants into the
labor force by teaching them middle-class American values. In
Chicago, for instance, Hull-House helped to educate immigrants by
providing classes in history, art, and literature. Hull-House also
provided social services to reduce the effects of poverty,
including a daycare center, homeless shelter, public kitchen, and
public baths. Settlement houses like Hull- House were a nexus for
political activism, with reformers like Jane Addams becoming
involved in advocating social legislation to combat poverty in
local, state, and national politics. 52
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- One of the revolutionary characteristics of the settlement
house movement was that many of the most important leadership roles
were filled by women, in an era when women were still excluded from
leadership roles in business and government. Approximately half of
the major US settlement houses were led and staffed predominantly
by women. Among the most influential leaders were Jane Addams, Mary
Simkhovitch, Helena Dudley, Lillian Wald, Mary McDowell, Florence
Kelley, Alice Hamilton, and Edith Abbott.Jane AddamsFlorence
KelleyEdith Abbott 53
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- The settlement idea was different the social workers would
actually live among those they were trying to help. Addams thought
the idea would work in Chicago. She had recently inherited $50,000
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- Here is a list of activities that took place in the Hull House
in January 1895: Arithmetic Beginning Latin Chemistry Cloak Makers'
Union (women) Club Lectures Dancing Class English and Letter
Writing Geometry Gymnastics (men) Gymnastics (women) Italian Class
Italian Reception Italo-American Club Jolly Boys' Club Mandolin
Club Parliamentary Law Physics Singing Social Science Club Young
Citizens The Hull House was founded in 1889 by Jane Addams in
Chicago to help out the poor immigrants. Hull House offered hot
lunches, child care services, tutoring in English, and parties for
the poor immigrants 55
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- HULL HOUSE ACTIVITIES Art class around 1924 Children sketching
in the alley 56
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- Hull House Activities Coffee Room Children playing around 1900
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- Hull House Activities 1895 58
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- Hull House Activities Addams attempts to improve the diets of
her neighbors were not immediately successful. She writes that some
people felt indignant about the Hull-Houses focus on healthful
foods, explaining one womans confession that she liked to eat what
shed ruther. The original Hull House served immigrants and the
poor, teaching 19th-century skills like weaving. 59
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- Cabbage Patch Settlement House Louisville, KY In 1910, Louise
Marshall founded The Cabbage Patch Settlement House with the help
of her community, church, and family. Named for the Louisville
neighborhood where it was originally established, The Cabbage Patch
was formed in the spirit of Christian love as a safe haven for
children in the neighborhood to play, grow, and learn. The Cabbage
Patch quickly grew, gaining continued support from the Louisville
community. By 1929, it had outgrown the capacity of its original
facility and moved to its current location on South Sixth Street.
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- Cabbage Patch Louisville KY You know, if youd lived a lifetime
here, youd just have all kinds of experiences. Its just so
fascinating. I love people, big and little and, oh my dear, I knew
what I wanted to do and its never changed. Its been one long love
affair. Louise Marshall, Founder, The Cabbage Patch 61
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- Station 6: UNIONS UNIONS 62
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- 1.) UNFAIR WORKING CONDITIONS: Low wages, Long hours (10-14
hours a day) No unemployment, no health care benefits, Government
does not help because of Laissez Faire. 2.) UNHEALTHY WORKING
CONDITIONS: Black lung, white lung High injury rate 3.) CHILD
LABOR: Children as young six were employed. Many worked full time
Jobs to help support their families. Children were often injured on
the job 4.) POOR LIVING CONDITIONS: Lack of sanitation and police.
Families were often crowded into one room UNIONS: Problems to
Solve! 63
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- Galley Labor 65
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- One hundred and fifty people, mostly young women, died in a
fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City. Fire
fighters arrived soon after the alarm was sounded but ladders only
reached the 6th floor and pumps could not raise water to the
highest floors of the 10-story building. Still the fire was quickly
controlled and was essentially extinguished in half an hour. In
this fire-proof building, 146 men, women, and children lost their
lives and many others were seriously injured. The 240 employees
sewing shirtwaists on the ninth floor had their escape blocked by
back-to-back chairs and workbaskets in the aisles. The 75-foot long
paired sewing machine tables obstructed essential access to the
windows, stairs, and elevators. For endless hours, police officers
held lanterns to light the bodies while crowds filed past victims
laid out in numbered rough brown coffins. As the dead were
identified the coffin was closed and moved aside. Forty-three were
identified by sunrise on Sunday. Six days later 7 were still
unrecognized. Labor unions, religious communities, political groups
and social reform organizations assembled to mourn the lost lives
and demand real progress in worker protection. UNIONS: Triangle
Shirt-Waist Fire 66
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- Strike: stop working Picket: Protest usually by parading and
holding signs Boycott: Refuse to use a service or buy a product
Arbitration: When the Union & employer representatives meet to
try to come to an agreement w/out having to go to court UNIONS:
TACTICS 69
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- What does this graph represent? Why do you think Union
membership increased at the turn of the century? Why not before?
Working Conditions 71
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- Haymarket Riot (1896)8 hour workday (national strike); scabs
hired (replacement workers) in Chicago (fights); rallybombing &
gunfight btw. Police & strikers. Law: help with murder, then
you are a murderer: 4 strikers hanged for murder (one blew himself
up in prison). Never determined who threw the bomb. Homestead
Strike (1892)Carnegie Steelworkers called a strike (factory cut
their wages) & were fired; management sent in private police
force (fight with deaths); strike called off. Pullman Strike
(1894): Company town; wages cut 25% (Panic of 1893); food prices in
town NOT cut; Pullman fired three negotiators; strike; all rail
road traffic halted; strike ordered illegal because mail couldnt
get through. UNIONS: THE GREAT STRIKES 72
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- Station 7: Skyscrapers 75
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- Skyscrapers: Just the Facts From 1865-1914 America experienced
immense growth in industry, immigration and invention. Land of
Opportunity NYC and Chicago went from 6 million to 40 million
people in one decade (10 years). Problems arise- over crowding,
waste, crime Architects began building up instead of out.
Skyscraper first coined in 1880s Skyscraper is considered by many,
Americas greatest contribution to Architecture. 76
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- 1884 Home Insurance Building in Chicago First skyscraper in the
world Stands 10 stories First to use a steel frame Rooms were small
and cramped 77
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- 1909 Metropolitan Life Insurance Tower 50 floors Worlds tallest
building from 1909- 1913 Sold insurance to immigrant wage workers
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- 1913 Woolworth Building NYC 55 floors Architect Cass Gilbert
Considered leading example of tall building design Innovations of
steel, elevators (1850), heat, electrical plumbing pumps and
telephone helped skyscraper dominate skylines at the turn of the
century. 79
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- 1903 Flatiron Building NYC 21 floors The most photographed
skyscraper Steel cages supported the weight, instead of outside
walls In many movies, Spider-man 1 and 2 as office of The Daily
Bugle Located at 5 th and Broadway Shaped like a triangle due to
location. 80
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- Empire State Building Open date May 1, 1931 103 floors 410 days
to build 3400 works (5 died) For 41 (1931-1972) years tallest
building in the world 73 elevators including 6 fraight Has its own
zip code, 10118 1872 steps Struck by lightening 23 times a year
Cost $24 million to build, with land $40 81
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- Station 8 : Vertical & horizontal Integration 82
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- Vertical Integration When a company expands its business into
areas that are at different points on the same production path,
such as when a manufacturer owns its supplier and/or distributor.
Vertical integration can help companies reduce costs and improve
efficiency by decreasing transportation expenses and reducing
turnaround time, among other advantages. However, sometimes it is
more effective for a company to rely on the expertise and economies
of scale of other vendors rather than be vertically integrated. The
acquisition of additional business activities that are at the same
level of the value chain in similar or different industries. This
can be achieved by internal or external expansion. Because the
different firms are involved in the same stage of production,
horizontal integration allows them to share resources at that
level. If the products offered by the companies are the same or
similar, it is a merger of competitors. If all of the producers of
a particular good or service in a given market were to merge, it
would result in the creation of a monopoly. Horizontal Integration
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- Spin the Wheel Spin the wheel to determine the type of business
you will have in the future. You will create a flow chart that will
explain how your business will use horizontal integration to become
more successful. You will create a flow chart that will explain how
your business will use vertical integration to become more
successful. 85
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- Testing the Immigrants Dr. Knox created visual comparisons to
test illiterates suspected of being mentally deficient. In the top
test, immigrants had to discover the four happy faces, and in the
other two tests they had to pair up the identical images. The time
for the happy face test was 29 seconds and the identical images
were 28 seconds 87
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- Station 10: WORKPLACE PROBLEMS Station 10: WORKPLACE PROBLEMS
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- WHY? Families depend on the income. Unavoidable stage of
development. Essential for competition. EFFECTS OF CHILD LABOR
Bodies become physically harmed. Children are deprived of their
childhood Their job is all they know. Little to no education
WORKPLACE PROBLEMS: Child Labor 89
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- Monotony of assembly lines and factory life Loss of
craftsmanship in manufactured goods War became more deadly as
weapons became more technologically advanced and were mass produced
Economic insecurity workers relied entirely on their jobs for
sustenance WORKPLACE PROBLEMS: SOCIAL CHANGES 92
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- Factories were crowded, dark, and dirty Workers toiled from
dawn to dusk Young children worked with dangerous machinery
Employment of women and children put men out of work-Women and
children were paid less for the same work Technological
unemployment workers lost their jobs as their labor was replaced by
machines WORKPLACE PROBLEMS : FACTORIES 93
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- Overproduction Also called under-consumption Mass production
anticipates demand if goods dont sell, a manufacturer produces less
and lays off workers Recession Overproduction across many
industries with widespread lay-offs Depression Long-lasting
recession WORKPLACE PROBLEMS : Unemployment 94
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- In 1906 Upton Sinclairs novel The Jungle drew outrage against
the Chicago meatpacking industry for its arrogant disregard of
basic health standards. This led to government regulation of food
and drugs. President Roosevelt responds by appointing a commission
of experts to investigate the meatpacking industry. Commission
backed up Sinclairs account of disgusting conditions in the
industry. Meat Packing Act (1906): Strict cleanliness requirements
for meatpackers. From Upton Sinclairs The Jungle There would be
meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust,
where the workers had trampled and spit uncounted billions of
germs. There would be meat stored in rooms and thousands of rats
would race about it.. A man could run his hand over these piles of
meat and sweep handfuls of dried rat dung. These rats were
nuisances, and packers would put poisoned bread out for them; they
would die, and then the rats, bread, and meat would go into the
hoppers together WORKPLACE PROBLEMS : THE JUNGLE 95
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- Letter to President Teddy Roosevelt Imagine you are a concerned
citizen of the United States in the early 1900s. You have read
parts of Upton Sinclairs novel, The Jungle. Write a letter to the
President explaining: What you have read? What does Sinclair say
about the meatpacking industry? Do you think the government should
intervene? How should this problem be resolved? Why is this
important to you and your family? Is it the governments
responsibility to protect Americans from unsafe/unsanitary foods
and work conditions? 98
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- Station 11: Leisure Time 99
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- Vaudeville At the turn of the century in America, the Wright
Brothers made their first successful flight, Jack London wrote Call
of the Wild, Henry Ford started his motor company, and thousands of
people escaped small apartments in big cities to see the amazing
acts of vaudeville. Vaudeville was made of comedians, singers,
plate- spinners, ventriloquists, dancers, musicians, acrobats,
animal trainers, and anyone who could keep an audiences interest
for more than three minutes. Beginning in the 1880s and through the
1920s, vaudeville was home to more than 25,000 performers, and was
the most popular form of entertainment in America. From the local
small-town stage to New Yorks Palace Theater, vaudeville was an
essential part of every community. 100
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- There was usually a dozen or more acts in every vaudeville
performance. Starting and ending with the weakest, the shows went
on for hours. The performances ranged from the truly talented to
the simply quirky. There were musicians, such as the piano player
Eubie Blake, and the child star, Baby Rose Marie. There were great
acts of physical talent; everything from contortionists, to
tumblers to dancers such as the Nicholas Brothers. Actors performed
plays, magicians put on shows, jugglers juggled, but the real focus
of vaudeville was comedy. Great comic acts such as Witt and Berg
and Burns and Allen brought in the biggest crowds. Vaudevilles
attraction was more than simply a series of entertaining sketches.
It was symbolic of the cultural diversity of early twentieth
century America. Vaudeville was a fusion of centuries-old cultural
traditions, including the English Music Hall, minstrel shows of
antebellum America, and Yiddish theater. Though certainly not free
from the prejudice of the times, vaudeville was the earliest
entertainment form to cross racial and class boundaries. For many,
vaudeville was the first exposure to the cultures of people living
right down the street. 101
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- Coney Island Coney Island is the story of a tiny spit of land
at the foot of Brooklyn that at the turn of the century became the
most extravagant playground in the country. In scale, in variety,
in sheer inventiveness, Coney Island was unlike anything anyone had
ever seen, and sooner or later everyone came to see it. "Coney,"
one man said in 1904, "is the most bewilderingly up-to-date place
of amusement in the world." Coney Island is a lively and absorbing
portrait of the extraordinary amusement empire that astonished,
delighted and shocked the nation -- and took Americans from the
Victorian age into the modern world. 103
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- Quittin Time: A Visit to Chicagos Saloons In the mid-19th
century, moral reformers viewed the saloon with unmitigated
outrage. By the turn of the 20th century, though, anti-liquor
groups such as the Committee of Fifty attempted to take a more
dispassionate look at the saloon and its appeal to workingmen.
Their goal was to displace the saloon by sponsoring non-liquor
centered substitutes. These efforts largely failed, but reformers
inquiries produced highly informative descriptions of saloon life
at the end of the 19th century. The following article by
sociologist Royal Melendy on The Saloon in Chicago, published in
1900, conveyed a sense of how the saloon met a range of urban
workers social, economic, and cultural needs. Melendys use of the
term workingman emphasized the male character of the saloon. This
should not be taken to mean that working-class women did not drink,
but that drinking frequently took place at home. Some women,
however, especially German and English immigrants, did drink in
saloons and beer gardens. 104
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- Leisure Time in America People responded to this increased
allowance of free time by attending a variety of leisure activities
both within and away from the city. New types of amusements that
people of all classes and both sexes could attend came into
existence and quickly spread across the country. Within cities,
people attended vaudeville shows, which would feature a multitude
of acts. Shows often ran continuously so that theatergoers could
come and go as they pleased. Vaudeville shows crossed economic and
ethnic boundaries, as many different social groups would mix in the
audience. Other popular shows of the time included circuses and
Wild West shows, the most famous of the latter being William F.
"Buffalo Bill" Cody's. 107
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- Sports After the Civil War, the popularity of sports as leisure
activities grew as people began to see the importance of exercise
to health. While initially only the wealthy could partake of most
sporting events, the opening of publicly available gymnasiums,
courts, and fields allowed the working and middle classes to
participate also. Clubs such as the New York Athletic Club were
organized and the YMCAs began to institute sports programs. These
programs mostly focused on track and field events, instituted by
communities of Scottish and English descent, and gymnastics,
heavily influenced by German athletics. Gymnasiums, which featured
exercises using Indian clubs, wooden rings, and dumbbells, were
opened in many Eastern cities. Derived from the English game of
rugby, American football was started in 1879 with rules instituted
by Walter Camp, player and coach at Yale University. Basketball
derived from the need for an indoor sport during the winter months.
James Nasmith, an instructor at the YMCA Training School at
Springfield, Massachusetts, devised the game in 1891. Soon YMCAs
and colleges around the country began playing it. The game was
adapted for women at schools around the country with differing
rules in the 1890s, until in 1899 a standard set of rules for women
were adopted. Other sporting activities which people performed
during this time included roller skating, bicycling, swimming, ice
skating, sleighing, hunting, and fishing. 108
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- Station 12 Inventions 114
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- Inventions The Industrial Revolution refers to a change from
hand & home production to machine & factory. Inventions
from all over the world helped transform American society and
economy into a modern industrial state. The improvements in
transportation, electricity, and industrial processes changed the
way people lived and worked. Transportation Expanded One important
major area was transportation. As more and more people settled in
the west, the greater the need became to transport materials &
goods over longer distances. There were three main types of
transportation that increased during the Industrial Revolution
period- waterways, roads, and railroads. 115
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- Inventions Electricity Harnessed Another major area of during
the Industrial Revolution was Thomas Edison's discovery of the DC
current generator, which could provide entire cities with electric
power. By 1882, Edison and Joseph Swan jointly created a structure
of power lines and other equipment for incandescent light bulbs-
ones that proved to be less noisy and easier to operate.
Improvements to Industrial Processes The third area was the
advancements in technologies to improve the efficiency of factories
and goods. Elias Hower and Isaac Singer both were involved in the
invention of the sewing machine which revolutionized the garment
industry and made the Singer corporation one of the first modern
industries. Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper which
made the harvesting of grain more efficient and faster. This helped
farmers have more time to devote to other chores. And Charles
Goodyear invented vulcanized rubber which allowed rubber to have
many more uses due to its ability to stand up to bad weather.
Rubber became important in industry as it could withstand large
amounts of pressure 116
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- Inventions Eli Whitney In 1794, U.S.-born inventor Eli Whitney
(1765-1825) patented the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized
the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of
removing seeds from cotton fiber. By the mid-19th century, cotton
had become Americas leading export. For his work, he is credited as
a pioneer of American manufacturing. Francis Lowell Consolidated
Manufacturing This American industrial pioneer left as his legacy a
manufacturing system, booming mill towns, and a humanitarian
attitude toward workers. Bringing Industry to America In just six
years, Francis Cabot Lowell built up an American textile
manufacturing industry. He was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts
in 1775, and became a successful merchant. On a trip to England at
age 36, he was impressed by British textile mills. Like Samuel
Slater before him, Lowell was inspired to create his own
manufacturing enterprise in the United States.1775Samuel Slater
Mill Girls Another of Lowell's innovations was in hiring young farm
girls to work in the mill. He paid them lower wages than men, but
offered benefits that many girls, some as young as 15, were eager
to earn. Mill girls lived in clean company boardinghouses with
chaperones, were paid cash, and benefitted from religious and
educational activities. Waltham boomed as workers flocked to
Lowell's novel enterprise. 117
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- Inventions Cyrus McCormick Not long after Eli Whitney invented
the Cotton Gin, Cyrus McCormick invented another significant
agricultural invention that revolutionized farming: the mechanical
reaper. Prior to this invention, reaping was a painstaking process
(done by hand with a scythe) that limited a farm's harvest.
McCormick's invention automatically cut, threshed and bundled grain
while being pulled through a field by horses. John Deere John Deere
was an Illinois blacksmith and manufacturer. Early in his career,
Deere and an associate designed a series of farm plows. In 1837, on
his own, John Deere designed the first cast steel plow that greatly
assisted the Great Plains farmers. The large plows made for cutting
the tough prairie ground were called "grasshopper plows." The plow
was made of wrought iron and had a steel share that could cut
through sticky soil without clogging. By 1855, John Deere's factory
was selling over 10,000 steel plows a year. 118
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- Inventions Robert Fulton A savvy artist-turned-technologist
took steamboat inventions and innovated them into the first viable
commercial steamboat service. To build an efficient, reliable
steamboat, Fulton used a special English steam engine. The ship's
bottom was flat and its stern was square. Workers in New York City
For over a hundred years, people had dreamed of building a canal
across New York that would connect the Great Lakes to the Hudson
River to New York City and the Atlantic Ocean. Construction began
in 1817 and was completed in 1825. The canal spanned 350 miles
between the Great Lakes and the Hudson River and was an immediate
success. Between its completion and its closure in 1882, it
returned over $121 million in revenues on an original cost of $7
million. Its success led to the great CANAL AGE. By bringing the
Great Lakes within reach of a metropolitan market, the ERIE CANAL
opened up the unsettled northern regions of Ohio, Indiana and
Illinois. 119
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- Inventions George Stephenson The Father of Railways, George
Stephenson, built the first commercial locomotive and railways,
setting a standard adopted worldwide. Elisha Otis A ceaseless
tinkerer created the first safe elevator, then died before he could
see it revolutionize architecture, cities, and the way we live.
Otis designed the first safe elevator when he needed to lift heavy
building materials, while converting a sawmill into a factory in
Yonkers, New York. He made toothed wooden guide rails to fit into
opposite sides of the elevator shaft, and fitted a spring to the
top of the elevator, running the hoisting cables through it. The
cables still guided the elevator up and down, but if they broke,
the release of tension would throw the spring mechanism outward
into the notches, preventing the cabin from falling. 120
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- Station 13: Temperance Movement: 123
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- Temperance Movement: Words to Know Temperance- enjoying
HEALTHFUL things in moderation and abstaining completely from
unhealthful things (alcohol) Moonshine- illegal alcohol distilled
at home Wets- those opposed to prohibition Drys- those in favor of
prohibition Bootlegging- the illegal manufacture, same and
transportation of alcoholic beverages Speakeasies- illegal drinking
establishments Prohibition Era- the period of time from 1920-1933
when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited (law that
stops) in the US by a constitutional amendment. 124
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- Temperance Movement: In the know In the 1800s alcohol was a
widespread problem. Americans over the age of 15 consumed 7 gallons
of pure alcohol a year, this is 3 times more than the average adult
drinks today. Saloons (bar, pub) were places for men only. Fancy
saloons could be found in large cities. Smaller, rickety wood
buildings were found in Western towns. MENs social clubs. 125
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- Womens Christian Temperance Formed in 1873 70 women from
Hillsboro, Ohio Women prayed on the floor of saloon after pro
temperance sermon in the church. Started strong political force
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- Temperance Political Cartoon 1874 Alcohol was seen as source of
social problems, violence, crime and poverty This cartoon is how
people in the movement saw saloons, taverns and bars. Describe
everything you see in the photo. 128
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- Drawing one in a series of prints distributed by the movement
Family being destroyed by fathers drinking. In an alcohol induced
rage, kills his wife. Alcohol (then and now) is a major cause of
serious problems in many families. 129
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- BE CAREFUL WHO YOU MARRY A young lady will be very unsafe in
marrying a young man who uses ardent spirits, either temperately or
intemperately, because more women have been rendered wretched on
account of drunken husbands, than by anything else. When Lavinia
and Laura and Margaret, were led by their husbands to Hymen's
altar, their husbands only took a little. Lavinia was the mother of
four children, when the sheriff sold the last bed she had, for her
husband's drams. Laura had three lovely babes, when her husband was
carried off to jail, and she was left without bed, bread or home.
Margaret had two children when their sottish and brutish father
went to an untimely grave, and she and her babes were cast upon the
world penniless. Beware young ladies of him who can drink a dram
even in a week. Don't marry a reformed drunkard, as a man hardly
ever gets clear of this awful disease. If you want to be miserable
marry a man who drinks, who takes a little, and you are more likely
to have the above enjoyments than in marrying any other character.
If a man cannot give up his dram, he can sacrifice the happiness or
property of any woman by taking a little. 130