Post on 18-Jan-2016
STATES OF MATTER
MATTER
Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
Matter does not have to be visible.
Air is matter.
States of Matter
• Three states of matter common on Earth:• Solids• Liquids • Gases• States of matter in the Universe• Plasma• Bose-Einstein Condensate 1995• Fermionic Condensate 2004
The Fifth State of Matter• Bose-Einstein Condensation in a gas: a new form of matter at the coldest
temperatures in the universe... It is the ability to slow down light.• Atoms move faster than photons.
• Predicted 1924... • ...Created 1995
• A. Einstein
S. Bose
The Sixth State of Matter
• Scientists have created a new form of matter, which they say could lead to new ways of transmitting electricity and communication to the Moon and other planets.
• The fermionic condensate is a cloud of cold potassium (P -40) atoms forced into a state where they behave strangely. It is considered a super cooled, strange superparticle and a superfluid.
Sixth State of Matter The fermionic condensate
Solid
• Solid is matter with a define shape and volume.
• Particles that make up all types of matter are in constant motion.
Crystalline Solids
• Particles are arranged in repeating three-dimensional patterns, called crystal.
Amorphous Solids
• Solids with large particles arranged randomly.
• Example: plastic, rubber.
Surface Tension
• Uneven forces acting on the particles of the surface of the liquid.
• The surface of the liquid acts as a thin film
were stretched across its surface.
Ex: floating an insect on the surface of water.
Gases
• Matter does not have a definite shape or volume.
Vapor
Matter that exist in the gas state but is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature . Ex: water is a liquid.
water vapor is a gas.
States of Matter. Particles
Solid Liquid Gas
Levels of Energy in Particles
Addition of energy, creates a change in state
Changes of State of Matter
• Kinetic Energy is the total energy of motion.
• Particles of matter are at constant motion.• The amount of motion depends of the
kinetic energy of the particles.• Particles moving slowly have less kinetic
energy. ( solids)• Particles moving faster have more kinetic
energy. ( gases)
Temperature
• The average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a substance.
Heat
• The movement of thermal energy from a substance at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature is called heat.
Specific Heat
• The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 Kg. of a substance in
1 Celsius degree.
Matter .- Materials that have a low specific heat
• Metals Sand
• Aluminum, Gold
Materials that have high specific heat
• Water
Melting
• The change from a solid to the liquid state.
Freezing
• The change from the liquid state to the solid state.
Vaporization
• The change from a liquid to gas.
• As liquid water is heated ,its temperature rises until it reaches 100 Celsius. And liquid water changes into water vapor.
Evaporation
• The conversion of water from a liquid into a gas.
• Water is transferred from the surface to the atmosphere through evaporation, the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas.
Evaporation
Condensation
• It is the opposite process of vaporization.
• A gas condenses to a liquid.
• The decrease in energy changes the arrangements of the particles.
Sublimation
• This is a drawing of what the surface of a comet might look like. This is a picture of dry ice (frozen CO2) sublimating.
Sublimation
• Sublimation of an element or compound is a transition from the solid to gas phase so rapidly that the liquid phase cannot be observed. Sublimation is a phase of transition where solid gain enough energy to transform in gas.
Deposition
• The process of a gas changing directly into a solid is called deposition or desublimation.
• For example, water vapor in sub-freezing air can transform into ice
• without going through • the liquid phase, which is • how snow and frost are formed.
Viscosity
• Some liquids flow more easily than others.
• A liquid resistance to flow is known as viscosity.
• Slower the liquid flow, higher the viscosity.
• High viscosity pure honey.
Behavior of Fluids
• Pressure is the force exerted on a surface divided by the total area over which the force is exerted.
• P= F/ A
• Force is measure in Newtons N.
• Area is measured in m2 ( square meter)
• N/m2 the unit is called Pascal ( Pa)
Pressure
• Steam machine. Pumps water out of mines. ( Thomas Savery 17th century )
Pressure
• Crushing a can is applying pressure.
Pascal Principle
• Atmospheric pressure at the sea level is
101.3 KPa ( kilopascals). This means that air exerts a force about 101,000 N ( Newtons).
Atmospheric Pressure
• Changes with altitude.
• Altitude is the height above the sea level.
• As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases.
Buoyant Force/Archimede’s Principle
• The difference in pressure results in an upward force on an object immerse in a fluid.
• The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the object.
Buoyancy
• Sink or float
Archimedes’Principle
• Density is mass divided by volume
• D= m/v
• Understanding density can help you predict whether an object will float or sink.
Pascal’s principle
• When a force is applied to a confined fluid, an increase in pressure is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid.
• This relationship is known as Pascal’s Principle.