Post on 23-Mar-2018
Stanford’s Energy StoryPresent and Future
Sustainable Stanford: university-wide effort to reduce Stanford’s environmental impact and preserve resources through innovation and best practices.
innovation
The Initiative on Environment and Sustainability
Research ThemesStrategic Collaborations
Interdisciplinary Training
Institutional Practice of Sustainability
Leadership in Sustainability at Stanford
Stanford’s Sphere of Influence & Responsibility
Top Ten CleanTech Universities in the U.S. for 2010
“Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. Stanford University is on the cutting edge of clean technology. Stanford has developed an ambitious, long-range, $250
million initiative to sharply reduce the university's energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The university also has established a $100 million research institute, the Precourt Institute for Energy, to focus on
energy issues (see Stanford launches $100M energy research institute). More than $30 million in yearly funding is now spent on energy research at the
university. Stanford Technology Ventures Program (STVP) is the entrepreneurship center at Stanford's School of Engineering. STVP is
dedicated to accelerating high-technology entrepreneurship education and creating scholarly research on technology-based firms that, in turn, provides
new insights for students, scholars and business leaders. Notable cleantech spinouts: Amprius, Nanostellar, Rolith, D.light Design,
Driptech, and Veranda Solar”.
The Stanford Ecosystem
Infrastructure & Systems
Institutional & Individual Choices
Sustainable Stanford
innovation
Long Term Energy & Climate Plan
Infrastructure to Support Academic Mission Expansion for Campus GrowthSuccessor for Cardinal Cogen (2015)
Reduce Environmental Footprint Greenhouse Gas Emissions Declining Water SupplyImminent Regulations Sustainability Leadership
Economic ViabilityGas price increases & volatilityMonetization of carbon emissionsWater cost quadrupling
innovation
Energy and Climate Plan - Approach
Energy Efficiency in New Building Design
Require that new buildings be designed to use at least 30% less energy and 25% less water than standard buildings of the same typeBased on lifecycle cost analysis of energy demand on campus LEED Gold Equivalent
Jasper Ridge Field Station -2005 Recipient of the AIA/COTE Top Green Projects Award
Carnegie Global Ecology Research Center-2007 Recipient of the AIA/COTE Top Green Projects Award
Jerry Yang and Akiko Yamazaki Environment and Energy (Y2E2) Building
Stanford’s New Construction Standards
Science and Engineering Quad
Before: 149,000 GSF After: 545,000 GSF
Bio/Chem Engineering (2014)
Nano Technology Center (2011)
Science and Engineering Center (2010)
Environment and Energy Building (2008)
“In keeping with its curriculum, the vision for Y2E2 is that of
an icon sustainable building that does more than simply bring accolades to the campus.
Pushing the envelope of technology: itself designed and intended to be a teaching tool, the Y2E2 building will inspire students to take the next steps towards
a sustainable future.”
—Vision Statement Excerpt
Y2E2: Built to Conserve, Inspire & Teach
Utility Conservation Results
• Meets calibrated design goal to use 42% less energy than ASHRAE 90.1-2004
• 40%-50% less energy intense than equivalent Stanford buildings (mixed use office/ classroom / laboratory)
• Met design goal to use 90% less potable water than EPAct 2005
• Uses recycled water for flushing low-flow toilets and urinals
• Lake water irrigates native & adaptive landscape plantings
Energy Water
Seismic Design Guidelines (Feb 2003)
Project Cost and Efficiency Benchmarks (Sept 2003)
Guidelines for Lifecycle Cost Analysis (Oct 2005)
Revised in 2008
Lasting Impacts on Stanford Guidelines
Stanford Sustainability Guidelines (March 2002)
Project Delivery Process –“Heartbeat” (2001)
Revised in 2010
Board-approved, tried, tested, proven.
Understanding Performance is Key
Current Y2E2 energy consumption compared to energy code confirms the savings modeled during design.
Energy Conservation in Existing Buildings
Energy Consumption at Stanford
• 700 major buildings• 14.2 million SF• Annually consume about:
• 200 million kWh• 850 million lbs steam• 50 million ton-hrs CW
• About $60 million in energy costs
Heating9%
Cooling34%
Fans6%
Equipment23%
Lighting28%
Pumps0%
HeatingCoolingFansEquipmentLightingPumps
Typical Energy Consumption
Heating37%
Cooling24%
Fans18%
Equipment10%
Lighting5%
DHW5%
Pumps1%
HeatingCoolingFansEquipmentLightingDHWPumps
Office Building
Lab Building
Approach to Energy Efficiency in Existing Bldgs
• Technology Specific– Promote individual measures with broad application– Leverage multiple channels to implement measures
• Building Specific– Focus on specific project opportunities– Develop comprehensive solutions– Large investment opportunities
• Operational• Behavioral
Technology Specific Approach
• Types of efficiency measures– Lighting– High efficiency motors– LED exit signs– Motor drives– Window film– Refrigerator & Freezer replacements– Server room cooling upgrades– Centralized chilled water conversions– Room temperature sample storage
Technology Specific Approach Example
• Energy Retrofit Program– Started in 1993– $10 million in incentives– 330+ projects completed– Over 240 million kWh saved
• Over 1 year’s worth of total campus consumption
– Average project payback less than 4 years
Building Specific Approach
Top 200 Campus Energy Users – Sorted by Dollars
Building Specific Approach
• Types of projects– Lab ventilation control– Direct Digital Control upgrades– Humidification
Building Specific Approach Example
• Whole Building Energy Retrofit Program– Initiate 12 Building study in 2004– First project completed in 2006– 11 projects complete to-date
• Invested over $15 million• Qualified for $2.3 million in utility rebates• Saving $3 million in energy costs per year• Reduce campus energy consumption by 5%
– Additional $15 million budgeted for more buildings
Operational Approach
• Monitoring– Find excessive use
• Maintenance– Recommissioning
• Controls
ControlsControls – Air Handler Level
Controls – Zone Level
Controls – Zone Level
The Future of Energy Conservation
• Data management and analysis– Enable near real-time monitoring based
commissioning• Further control precision
– Enable individual zones to be virtually autonomous• Integrate building demand management with
supply management– Smarter scheduling– Automated demand reductions
Greening Energy Supply
Stanford can recover 65% of the heat now discharged from the cooling system to meet 80% of campus heating demands.
Summer
Winter
Spring& Fall
Why Heat Recovery is PossibleWe heat & cool buildings at the same timeCooling is just the collection of unwanted heat
Source: Stanford UniversityDraft Energy & Climate Plan (April 2009)
Heat Recovery
Heat Recovery
Heat Recovery
Waste Heat Being Discarded from Cardinal Cogeneration Plant
Heat Recovery Potential
Cooling
Heating
CEF Replacement Options
Options recommended fall into 2 categories:1. Import electricity from grid, or
2. Make electricity on-campus using natural gas
2.a. Cogeneration options
2.b. ‘Stand alone’ power/thermal generation options
“To Gas or Not To Gas” is biggest question:• Long term gas prices are prime variable controlling life cycle cost
• Other key cost variables include:Market electricity prices and spark spread to gas prices
GHG costs and application
PG&E “Exit Fees”
Long Term Gas Prices
Market Electricity Prices & Spark Spread
GHG Cost
Source: Energy Strategies, Inc- Stanford Energy Plan Peer Review (Mar 2009)
Family of Forecasts below
California Cap & Trade first year range set at $10/ton to
$40/ton
Important Secondary Considerations
Water supply
Energy Portfolio Diversity
Flexibility to Change
Environmental Impact & Sustainability Leadership
Impact to campus during transformation
SFPUC service began 1960Current Allocation = 3.03 mgd
Campus Irrigation
to LW
GUP measures
Energy Portfolio Diversity
Flexibility to Change
Environmental Impact
Changing in PhasesSource: Stanford University
Draft Energy & Climate Plan (April 2009)
Options Studied
1. Cardinal to 2020- Extend existing Cardinal Cogen plant to 2020 then implement Option 3-new Stanford owned and operated steam cogen plant.
2. 3P Cogen- Third Party owns and operates an on-campus gas fired cogeneration plant and sells electricity, steam, and chilled water services to the university.
3. Cogeneration (Steam or Hot water)- Stanford constructs, owns, and operates a gas fired cogeneration plant similar to the existing plant that does not incorporate heat recovery from the chilled water system. The Hot Water option includes conversion of campus steam distribution system to hot water for partial efficiency gains but does not include heat recovery.
4. Hygen (GT) - A cogeneration/heat recovery hybrid based on gas turbine technology that intertwines the power plant with the heat recovery plant for added efficiency, but which eliminates the modularity offered by the stand alone HR + GT option.
5. Hygen (IC) - A hybrid like #4 but using advanced gas fired reciprocating engines instead of a gas fired turbine.
6. HR + (GT or IC)- Heat recovery plant plus conversion of steam distribution system to hot water, with a stand-alone on-site gas fired power plant based on either gas turbine or reciprocating engine technology to supply electricity instead of importing it from the grid.
7. HR + GSHE- Heat Recovery Option 8 with an ‘open loop’ Ground Source Heat Exchange (GSHE) system to handle the excess winter heat and summer cooling loads that cannot be handled by heat recovery.
8. HR + DA- Stanford converts the steam distribution system to hot water and constructs, owns, and operates an electrically powered heat recovery plant that extracts and reuses waste heat from the chilled water system to provide hot water and chilled water services to the university. Electricity to power the plant and the rest of the campus is imported from the grid under Direct Access.
9. SHP- A Separate Heat & Power plant of gas boilers and electric chillers with imported power.
Options Levelized at Current Commodity Prices
Best on-site gas option
Best imported power option
Best on-site gas option
Best imported power option
A Closer Look at the Best Options
Includes $900 million for capital, fuel, and O&M for on-site gas fired power
plant over 35 years
$900 million is substantial…could it pay for a renewable electricity plant
for our power instead?
Cost of 100% On-Site PV for Power
On-site PV solar electricity is better as long as 30% federal grants are still available (extended through 2011)…but would require huge up-front
capital, 1,100 acres initially and grow to 1,500 acres by 2050
To Gas or Not To Gas?
The benefit of renewable power to the owner grows as gas and electricity prices rise over time
Gas and electricity prices likely to always rise faster than
general inflation over long term
Option Recommended: Not to Gas…but keep option open
HR + GSHE: Heat Recovery + Ground Source Heat ExchangeConvert steam distribution system to hot water
Convert ~125 buildings on steam loop
Locate new Heat Recovery Plant on west side of campus
Design & Prepare for, but defer, ‘Plug and Play’ IC power plant
option
Clean Close Old CEF Site for Future Core Campus Development
Seek to develop better long term electricity options than 100%
gas…
But closely monitor costs and be prepared to move to gas if
prudent
innovation
Long Term Energy & Climate Plan
Infrastructure to Support Academic Mission Expansion for Campus GrowthSuccessor for Cardinal Cogen (2015)
Reduce Environmental Footprint Greenhouse Gas Emissions Declining Water SupplyImminent Regulations Sustainability Leadership
Economic ViabilityGas price increases & volatilityMonetization of carbon emissionsWater cost quadrupling
Culture of Sustainability Institutional and Individual Behavior
5353
5%-10% reduction in energy use though behavioral programs with education and incentives. This could be higher with technology support.
Stanford Energy and Climate Plan – Solution Wedges
Building Level Behavioral Program (launched in 2010)
Start with diagnosis, provide building report card
Perform building audit and formulate easy and actionable to‐do tasks with savings information
Provide leadership and coordination assistance Provide Incentives – rewards and recognitionTie results to Stanford’s emissions reduction
initiativePerform payback analysis , and show sustained
savings Train students through CEE/ES 109 and Office of
sustainabilityInform sustainability governance and guidelines
CEE/ES 109 Greening Building and Behavior
Service learning class to produce student sustainability coordinators
Work with Office of Sustainability as staff to assist and coordinate with building managers with $500/quarter stipend
Upcoming rollouts: Sweet HallHaas Center for Public Service
This is a career step/try out for students
Building Level Sustainability Programs
14 buildings done 2 in progress91 candidates
If this makes sense, how should we scale?
0
50
100
150
200
250
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Ener
gy In
tens
ity (M
MB
tu/G
SF)
electricitysteamchilled watertotal
Conservation is constantly outpaced by growth, but we
stay ahead….
Energy intensity at Stanford is now less than it was in 2000Energy Consumption Trends
Sustainability Dashboard – Storey House
Huang and Nanoscale
Y2E2
Pushing the envelope of
technology: itself designed and
intended to be a teaching tool, the
Y2E2 building will inspire
students to take the next steps
towardsa sustainable
future.”—Vision Statement
Excerpt
ENERGY WATER WASTE
TRANSPORTATIONFood
Coming Soon at Y2E2
Real-time and high-resolution electricity metering and feedback to encourage action in dormitories.
Branch circuit meters and custom data logging software to power a web interface to show residents their power use and promotes energy-conscious living.
We Can Do Better
6262
Influencing Campus Culture
• Sustainable Endowment Institute Top Tier: 2007, 2009, and 2010• Sierra Magazine: 26th in 2009; 5th Place in 2010, • U.S. Green Building Council and Princeton Review: Guide to
Green Colleges 2010• Discovery Communications: Top 10 in 2009
Stanford’s Sphere of Influence & Responsibility
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Thank you
Savings
Conservation
Environment
Equity & Society Economy Institutional & Individual Choices
Sustainability at Stanford
Office of SustainabilityInstitutionalizing Sustainability through Programs, Evaluations,
Education and Outreach
Evaluations & Reporting Behavioral Sustainability ProgramsCampus CampaignsCommunication & Publication Academic Integration