Standard 1: Cell Biology

The fundamental life processes of plants animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism’s cells.

Standard 1a.

•Students know cells are enclosed within semi permeable membranes that regulate their interaction with their surroundings.

Standard 1c

•Students know how prokaryotic cells,eukaryotic cells(including those from plants and animals), and viruses differ in complexity and general structure.

Standard 1e

•Students know the role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in the secretion of the proteins.

Biology Notes

Cell Structure and Function

Chapter 3

Important people and their contributions to the Cell

• Hook – First to identify and name cells in 1665

• Schleiden – Discovered that plants are made up of cells. (1838)

• Schwann – Discovered that all living things are made up of cells. (1839)

• Virchow – Determined that cells come from other cells (reproduce). (1858)

Cell Theory

1. All organisms are made up of cells.

2. New cells come only from old cells.

3. The cell is the basic unit of life.

Cellular Similarities

• All cells are made up of the same material:

Proteins

Lipids

Carbohydrates

Cytoplasm

Genetic Material (Nucleic Acids)

Prokaryotic Cell

• Cells that do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

• Kingdom Monera (bacteria)are the only group with this type of cell.

• Contain only a single strand of DNA

• One celled organisms

Eukaryotic Cell

• Have a nucleus• Contain membrane

bound organelles within a plasma membrane

• Some cells have a cell wall that provide support and protection

• Multi-cellular organisms

Eukaryotic Cells are Found in:

• Kingdom Protista

• Kingdom Fungi

• Kingdom Plantae

• Kingdom Animalia

Animal Cell Organelles

• Nucleus & cell control• Endoplasmic reticulum

(rough & smooth)• Golgi Apparatus• Vacuoles &

Lysosomes• Mitochondria

The Plasma Membrane

• Boundary between the cell and its environment

• Regulates functions of the cell

• Maintains Homeostasis

• Selectively Permeable

• Composed of a Phospholipid Bilayer

• Described by Fluid Mosaic model

Fluid Mosaic Model

• Fluid - membrane is flexible

• Mosaic - forms patterns on the membrane surface

Nucleus

• The “leader” of the eukaryotic cell• Surrounded by the Nuclear Membrane• Controls all cellular activities• Stores and protects DNA• Directions for making proteins

in the DNA• Every part of the cell depends on

proteins to do their job.

Nuclear Membrane

• Protects the contents of the nucleus

• Contains Nuclear Pores:

–Holes that allow ribosomes to pass through and enter into the cytoplasm

• Cytoplasm – clear fluid that is in the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth E. R• Site for chemical

reactions

• Makes lipids

• Has several folds of membranes surrounded in the cytoplasm

Rough E.R• Ribosomes in the

cytoplasm attach to E.R.

• Carry out function of protein synthesis

Ribosomes

• Links Amino Acids together to make proteins

• Each protein has a particular job to do

Mitochondria

• Powerhouse of the cell

• Supplies energy to the cell

• Converts consumed food into usable energy

• ATP is the energy molecule produced

Golgi Apparatus

• Makes additional changes to proteins

• Packages proteins for storage

• Proteins are sorted and sent to the appropriate designation

Storage of MaterialVacuoles• Membrane bound

spaces• Stores materials

such as: food, enzymes, and waste

• Many small ones in animals cells; one large one in plant cells

Lysosomes• Digestion of excess

organelles, food particles and engulfed viruses & bacteria

• Prevent digestive enzymes inside from destroying the cell

Cell Wall

• Protective layer located outside of the plasma membrane

• Provides structure and support for plant cells

• Not contained in animal cells

Chloroplast

• Carry out photosynthesis

• Capture light energy and produce food to store for a later time

Organelle Review

Golgi A pparatus M itochondr ia Ribosom es N ucleus

C ytoplasmWhich con tains

Plasm a M em brane Su rrounds T he