ST110CONCORDE CAREER COLLEGE, PORTLAND

Organization of the Human Body

Objectives

Define the terms anatomy, physiology, and pathology

Identify the structural units of the body from the chemical level to the organ systems

Define chemistry as it relates to cell functionList the organ systems and the major

structures of each system

Objectives

List and define the terms of directionApply the terms of direction to the bodyList and define the body planesApply body plane terminology when

referencing the bodyList and identify the body cavities and the

organ(s) contained within each cavity

Terms

AnatomyStudy of structures of

the body

PhysiologyStudy of functions of structures of the body

PathophysiologyStudy of diseases and

disorders

History of Anatomy and Physiology

Imhotep, 2650-2600 BC: recorded some of the earliest information on surgery

Aristotle, 384-322 BC: founder of comparative anatomy

Herophilos, 335-280 BC: “The First Anatomist,” described the diagnostic value of the pulse

Erasistratus, 304-250 BC: contributed to the understanding of the anatomy of the brain, and noted the difference between motor and sensory nerves

History of Anatomy and Physiology

Galen, year 129-200 AD: “First Great Anatomist,” his writings remained unchallenged for 1,500 years. Conformed his anatomic findings to theological principles

Andreas Vesalius, 1514-1564: “Father of Modern Anatomy,” corrected Galen’s mistakes. Dissected human cadavers.

Ambroise Pare, 1510-1590: “Greatest Surgeon of the 16th century,” first to ligate vessels to control bleeding after amputations .

Organization of the Human Body

The levels of organization progress from the least complex (chemical level) to the most complex (organism level)

Atoms and molecules are referred to as the chemical level

Organization of the Human Body

Cells are the smallest living units of structure and function in our body.

Tissues are an organization of many similar cells .

Organs are an organization of several different kinds of tissues.

Organization of the Human Body

Systems are varying numbers and kinds of organs working together to perform complex functions.

The body is a unified and complex assembly of interactive components.

Anatomical Position

When a person is in anatomical position, the body is erect and facing forward with arms supinated at the side and palms of the hands and feet facing forward.

Supine- face up, palms upProne- face down, palms down

Anatomical Position

Positions

Directional Terms

Superior/cephalic- above, the very topInferior/caudal- below, very lowAnterior/ventral- toward the frontPosterior/dorsal- toward the backMedial- most near the imaginary

midline Lateral- away from the midline Proximal- closest to the point of

attachment Distal-away from the point of attachment

Directional Terms

Superior – toward the headInferior – toward the feet

Anterior – frontPosterior – back

Adduct – bring nearAbduct – move away

Directional Terms

Medial – toward the midline of the body Lateral – toward the side of the body

Proximal – nearest the point of origin of one of its parts Distal – away from the point of origin

Varus – turned inward Valgus – turned outward

Flexion – bend a joint Extension – extend a joint

Dorsiflexion – turn the foot up Palmar flexion – turn the foot down

Rotation – internal/external

Directional Terms

Contralateral – opposite side

Ipsilateral – same side

Equilateral – the same on both sides

Dorsal – toward the posterior surface

Ventral – toward the anterior surface

Volar – pertaining to the palm or sole

Terms of Reference

Deep- away from the surfaceSuperficial- near the surfaceInternal- insideExternal- outsideCentral- closer to the inside or within

a systemPeripheral- closer to the outside or on

the outsideVisceral- pertaining to the covering of

the internal organs

Geometric Planes

Geometric Planes

The body is sectioned into imaginary geometric planes: Sagittal - divides the body or parts into right and left

sides Midsagittal (median plane)– divides the body into

equal right and left sides Transverse (horizontal plane)- divides the body or

parts into upper and lower portions Coronal (frontal plane)- divides the body or parts into

anterior and posterior portions Cross section – a transverse cut that is at angles to

the long axis of the organ

Sagittal

Transverse

Coronal

Quadrants

When making clinical diagnoses surgeons frequently use quadrants to indicate the area of bodily pain

RUQ – right upper quadrant RLQ – right lower quadrant

LUQ – left upper quadrantLLQ – left lower quadrant

Quadrants

Nine Regions

Two sagittal planes and two transverse planes divide the abdomen into nine regions Right Hypochondrium Left Hypochondrium Epigastrium Right Lumbar Left lumbar Umbilical Right Iliac Left Iliac Hypogastrium

Nine Regions

Major Body Cavities

The body is divided into two major cavities: Dorsal Cavity – Posterior division of the

body, further subdivided into the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity

Ventral Cavity – Anterior division of the body, further subdivided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Pleura- contains the lungs Abdominal- contains the liver

Body Cavities

Body Cavities

Body Cavities

Cranial cavity: contains the brain Spinal Cavity: contains the spinal cord The membranes that line the cranial and spinal cavities

are called the meninges

Body Cavities

Thoracic cavity: further subdivided into the… mediastinum: esophagus, thymus gland, trachea,

heart, great vessels Pericardial cavity: contains the heart (within its

pericardial sac) Pleural cavities: contains the lungsAbdominopelvic cavity: also called the peritoneal

cavity is further subdivided into the… Abdominal cavity: contains the stomach, liver,

gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestines, and colon

Pelvic cavity: sigmoid colon, rectum, bladder, and internal reproductive organs

Diaphragm

Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

Is the most important muscle in breathing

Diaphragm

Peritoneum

The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity Parietal peritoneum: lines the wall of the

abdominopelvic cavity Visceral peritoneum: covers the organs in the

abdominopelvic cavity Peritoneal space: small space between the two

layers, contains serous fluid and reduces friction

Mesentery

Mesentery: a fold of peritoneum that invests the intestines and attaches them to the posterior abdominal wall

Omentum : a double fold of peritoneum that is divided into the greater omentum and the lesser omentum Greater omentum: attaches to the greater curvature

of the stomach and hangs loosely downward covering the intestines

Attaches to the lesser curvature of the stomach and duodenum

Body Systems

Body Systems

A group of organs arranged to perform a more complex function

There are 11 major organ systems in the human body1. Integumentary2. Skeletal3. Muscular4. Nervous5. Endocrine6. Circulatory (cardiovascular & peripheral vascular) 7. Lymphatic 8. Digestive 9. Respiratory 10. Urinary11. Reproductive

Integumentary system

Largest organ system which Includes:•Skin•Sweat glands •Sebaceous glands•Hair •Nails

Skeletal System

Includes: •Skeleton•Ligaments •Tendons •Cartilage

Muscular System

Includes: •Skeletal muscle (Voluntary/striated muscle)•Smooth muscle (involuntary/non striated muscle)•Cardiac muscle

Nervous system

Includes:•Brain •Spinal cord•Cranial nerves •Peripheral nerves

Nervous System cont.

CNS – Central nervous system, consists of the brain and spinal cord

PNS – Peripheral nervous system, comprises the nerves

Endocrine system

Includes:•Pituitary gland (master gland)•Thyroid gland •Parathyroid gland•Pancreas•Thymus gland•Adrenal glands•Testes•Ovaries

Circulatory system

Includes:•Cardiovascular system•Heart, coronary arteries, aorta, pulmonary arteries and veins, superior and inferior vena cava

•Peripheral vascular system• all arteries, veins and capillaries outside of the heart

Lymphatic system

Includes:•Lymph fluid•Lymph vessels •Lymph nodes •Spleen•Thymus

Digestive system

Includes: •Mouth •Teeth •Tongue•Salivary glands •Pharynx•Esophagus•Stomach

•Liver•Gallbladder•Biliary duct system•Pancreas •Small intestine •colon

Respiratory system

Includes:•Nasal cavity•Pharynx (throat)•Larynx (voice box)•Trachea (wind pipe)•Lungs•Bronchi•Bronchioles •Alveoli

Genitourinary system

Includes:•Kidneys•Ureters •Urinary bladder•Urethra

Female Reproductive System

Includes:•Ovaries•Fallopian tubes•Uterus•Vagina•Clitoris•External genitalia (vulva)•Breast

Male Reproductive system

Includes:ScrotumTestesEpididymisVas deferens Seminal vesiclesProstate gland Bulbourethral

glandsUrethra penis

Metabolism

Life-sustaining reactions that go on within the body systems Catabolism-complex substances are broken down to

simpler compounds. Breakdown of nutrients ATP-energy obtained from the breakdown

Anabolism-simple compounds used to manufacture materials for growth, function and repair

Fluid Balance

Extracellular fluid- all fluids outside the cellsIntracellular fluid-all fluids within the cells

Homeostasis

Homeostasis: is the coordination of all the various functions of the body to maintain a normal internal environment. (consistency) Negative feedback-monitoring internal conditions and

bringing them back to normal

Review

What is the smallest level of organization in the human body?

chemical

Review

What is the smallest structural unit in the body?

cells

Review

Describe anatomical position.

Body is erect, standing with arms at sides, palms

turned forward, head and feet forward

Review

What is “toward the midline of the body?”medial

What is “nearer the surface?”superficial

What is “back”posterior

Review

Which plane divides the body into front and back portions?

Frontal/coronal

Which plane divides the body into right and left sides?

Sagittal

Review

Which subcavities are contained in the dorsal cavity?

Cranial, SpinalWhich subcavities are contained in the

ventral cavity?Thoracic, pleural, abdominopelvic