Post on 03-Jan-2016
SS440 Seminar: Unit 4Research in Psychopathology
Dr. Angie WhalenKaplan University
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Agenda
•Case Study Project Part I▫Due Tuesday, 11:59 p.m.
•Research in Psychopathology
•Conclusions & Questions
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Conducting Research in Psychopathology•Questions driving a science of
psychopathology▫What problems cause distress or impair
functioning? ▫Why do people behave in unusual ways? ▫How can we help people behave in more
adaptive ways?
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Basic Components of Research•Starts with a hypothesis or “educated guess”
▫Not all hypotheses are testable▫Hypotheses in science are formulated so that
they are testable•Research design
▫A method to test hypotheses▫Independent variable
The variable that causes or influences behavior▫Dependent variable
The behavior influenced by the independent variable
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Considerations in Research Design•Internal validity vs. external validity
▫What is internal validity? ▫What is external validity?
•Ways to increase internal validity by minimizing confounds▫Use of control groups▫Use of random assignment procedures▫Use of analog models
•Relation between internal and external validity
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Statistical vs. Clinical Significance•Statistical methods
▫Helps to protect against biases in evaluating data •Statistical vs. clinical significance
▫Statistical significance – are results due to chance?
▫Clinical significance – are results clinically meaningful?
•Balancing statistical vs. clinical significance▫Evaluate effect size▫Evaluate social validity
•Generalizability and the patient uniformity myth
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Studying Individual Cases
•Case study method▫Extensive observation and detailed
description of a client▫Foundation of early historic developments
in psychopathology•Limitations
▫Lacks scientific rigor and suitable controls▫Internal validity is typically weak▫Often entails numerous confounds
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Research by Correlation
•The nature of correlation▫Statistical relation between two or more
variables▫No independent variable is manipulated
•Limitations▫Does not imply causation▫Problem of directionality
•Epidemiological research – an example of the correlational method▫Incidence, prevalence, and course of disorders▫Examples – AIDS, trauma following disaster
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Research by Experiment
•Nature of experimental research▫Manipulation of independent variables▫Attempt to establish causal relations
•Group experimental designs▫Control groups▫Placebo vs. double-blind controls
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Research by Experiment (continued)•Comparative treatment designs
▫Type of group design▫Compare different forms of treatment in
similar persons▫Addresses treatment process and outcome
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Single-Case Experimental Designs•Nature of single subject design
▫Rigorous study of single cases▫Varied experimental conditions and time▫Repeated measurement▫Evaluation of variability, level, and trend▫Premium on internal validity
•Types of single-subject design▫Withdrawal designs▫Multiple baseline designs
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Discussion
•Which type of research do you think would be most helpful in understanding abnormal behavior?▫Case Studies▫Correlational▫Group Experimental Designs▫Single Case Experimental Designs
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Genetic Research Strategies
•Behavioral genetics ▫Interaction between genes, experience, and
behavior▫Phenotype vs. genotype
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Genetic Research Strategies (continued)
•Strategies used in genetic research▫Family studies – behaviors/emotional traits
in family members▫Adoptee studies – separate environmental
from genetic factors▫Twin studies – psychopathology in fraternal
vs. identical twins▫Genetic linkage and association studies –
sites of defective genes
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Discussion
•Why might twin studies give us such compelling evidence regarding the influence of genetics?
•Can you think of any ways that twin studies could be combined with other types of research to give us more insight into human behavior and particularly into psychological disorders?
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Studying Behavior Over Time
•Rationale and overview▫How does the problem or behavior change
over time?▫Important in prevention and treatment
research
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Studying Behavior Over Time (continued)
•Time-based research strategies▫Cross-sectional designs and the cohort
effect ▫Longitudinal designs and the
cross-generational effect▫Sequential designs – combine both
strategies•Assets and liabilities of time-based
research strategies
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Studying Behavior Across Cultures•Value of cross-cultural research
▫Overcoming ethnocentric research •Assets and liabilities of cross cultural
research▫Assets
To clarify how psychopathology manifests in different ethnic groups
▫Problems with cross-cultural research Limited by available measures
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The Nature of Programmatic Research and Research Ethics•Components of a research program
▫Set of interrelated research questions▫Draw on several methodologies in finding
answers▫Conducted in stages, often involving
replication
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The Nature of Programmatic Research and Research Ethics (continued)•Research ethics: institutional review
boards & the APA ethics code ▫Role of institutional review boards▫Informed consent – historical evolution post
WWII▫Competence – ability to provide consent▫Voluntarism – lack of coercion ▫Full information – necessary information to
make an informed decision▫Comprehension – understanding about
benefits and risks of participation
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Summary of Research Methods (continued)•Abnormal psychology is founded in the
scientific method ▫Understand the nature of abnormality and
human suffering▫Understand the causes of psychological
disorders▫Understand the course of psychological
disorders▫Understand how to prevent and treat
psychological disorders
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Summary of Research Methods (continued)
•Replication is the cornerstone of science and programmatic research
•Research must occur in the context of ethical considerations and values
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Questions??
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