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Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The Progressive Movement
Section 2: Women and Progressives
Section 3: Progressive Presidents
Section 4: Excluded From Reform
Visual Summary
Chapter Intro
The Progressive Movement
Essential Question How did the progressives fight corruption in business and in government?
Chapter Intro
Women and Progressives
Essential Question How did reforms affect the lives of women and other groups in the late 1800s?
Chapter Intro
Progressive Presidents
Essential Question Why were Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft known as progressive presidents?
Chapter Intro
Excluded From Reform
Essential Question How did minority groups react to discrimination?
Chapter Time Line
Chapter Time Line
Section 1-Essential Question
How did the progressives fight corruption in business and in government?
Section 1-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• oligopoly
• muckraker
• initiative
• referendum
• recall
Academic Vocabulary
• behalf
• accurate
Reading Guide
Section 1-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Pendleton Act
• Sherman Antitrust Act
• Interstate Commerce Act
• Eugene V. Debs
• Ida Tarbell
• Upton Sinclair
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
Section 1-Polling Question
Which do you feel is the better method for hiring for government jobs?
A. Victorious political candidates reward their friends and supporters with jobs.
B. Applicants take an exam to prove they are qualified for the job.
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Section 1
Fighting Corruption
Americans took action against corruption in business and government.
Section 1
• Powerful political machines controlled jobs and services in many cities. Many were dishonest and accepted bribes and kickbacks.
• Reformers wanted to break the power of political bosses like William M. Tweed of New York City.
Fighting Corruption (cont.)
Stealing From the People
Section 1
• Presidents Rutherford B. Hayes and James Garfield tried unsuccessfully to change the spoils system, which rewarded jobs and favors to political supporters.
• In 1883 Congress passed the Pendleton Act, establishing the Civil Service Commission to give examinations for federal jobs.
Fighting Corruption (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
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Which president of the United States was assassinated prior to launching his reforms to the spoils system?
A. Rutherford B. Hayes
B. Andrew Jackson
C. James Garfield
D. Abraham Lincoln
Section 1
Controlling Business
The government passed acts to regulate businesses and transportation.
Section 1
• New laws were established to regulate big business, which was thought to have too much control over the economy and the government.
– The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890 to control trusts and monopolies.
– The Interstate Commerce Act, passed in 1887, required railroads to charge and publish “reasonable and just rates” to deal with the railroad oligopoly.
Controlling Business (cont.)
Section 1
• Reformers also wanted to lower the tariffs that they believed increased the price of goods.
Controlling Business (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
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The Interstate Commerce Act was an attempt to control which of the following?
A. The spoils system
B. Excessive union activity
C. The railroad oligopoly
D. The excessive influence of trusts
Section 1
The New Reformers
Writers exposed corruption in business and government, and voters gained more power in choosing candidates.
Section 1
• Reformers sought to end injustice and solve social problems in the early 1900s.
• The American Socialist Party, founded by Eugene V. Debs, believed the government should own and operate major industries on behalf of all people.
• Progressives wanted the government to regulate industry rather than own.
The New Reformers (cont.)
Section 1
• Journalists called muckrakers aided the reformers by exposing dirt and corruption in society.
– Lincoln Steffens exposed corrupt machine politics in New York and other cities.
– Ida Tarbell described the oil trust’s unfair practices.
The New Reformers (cont.)
Section 1
– In his novel The Jungle, Upton Sinclair shocked people with horrors of the meatpacking industry. This led to Congress passing laws requiring food and medicine to be accurately labeled.
The New Reformers (cont.)
Section 1
• Several important reforms originated in Oregon.
– With the initiative, voters could place an issue on the ballot in a state election.
– Voters could accept or reject issues that the state legislature enacted with the referendum.
– The recall allowed voters to remove incompetent elected officials.
The New Reformers (cont.)
Section 1
• The Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution, passed in 1912, set forth the direct election of senators.
The New Reformers (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 1
A B
C
D
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Who wrote The Jungle, which described the horrors of the Chicago meatpacking industry?
A. Eugene V. Debs
B. Lincoln Steffens
C. Ida Tarbell
D. Upton Sinclair
Section 2-Essential Question
How did reforms affect the lives of women and other groups in the late 1800s?
Section 2-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• suffragist
• prohibition
Academic Vocabulary
• professional
• intelligence
Reading Guide
Section 2-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Jane Addams
• Mother Cabrini
• Mary Church Terrell
• Frances Willard
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2-Polling Question
Rate your agreement with the following statement: Women today have unlimited career choices.
A. Strongly agree
B. Somewhat agree
C. Somewhat disagree
D. Strongly disagree A B C D
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Section 2
Women’s Roles Change
Roles began to change for middle-class women in the late 1800s.
Section 2
• Smaller families, children in school, and easier housework provided women with more free time, which many used to pursue higher education and work in professional careers.
• The term “new woman” referred to an educated, modern woman with interests outside the home.
Women’s Roles Change (cont.)
– Needing an outlet for her energy and intelligence, Jane Addams set up Hull House to assist disadvantaged people.
Section 2
– Mother Cabrini, an Italian nun, inspired many women to work with the poor.
• Women used their talents and energy to form clubs which focused on cultural activities and social problems.
Women’s Roles Change (cont.)
– The Phyllis Wheatley Club of New Orleans set up classes, recreational activities, and social services.
Section 2
– The National Association of Colored Women, founded by Mary Church Terrell, established hospitals and worked for woman suffrage.
Women’s Roles Change (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B
C
D
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Who founded Hull House in Chicago?
A. Phyllis Wheatley
B. Jane Addams
C. Mary Church Terrell
D. Mother Cabrini
Section 2
The Fight for Suffrage
Women in the United States gained the right to vote in 1920.
Section 2
• The Fifteenth Amendment gave voting rights to freed men but did not extend them to women.
• Many abolitionists became suffragists, fighting for women’s right to vote.
• By 1917, the National American Woman Suffrage Association had more than 2 million members.
The Fight for Suffrage (cont.)
Voting Rights for Women, 1919
Section 2
• Groups protesting against suffragists believed woman suffrage would lead to divorce and neglect of children.
• The Nineteenth Amendment, which granted women the right to vote, went into effect in 1920.
The Fight for Suffrage (cont.)
Voting Rights for Women, 1919
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B
C
D
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Which amendment to the United States Constitution gave women the right to vote?
A. Tenth
B. Fifteenth
C. Nineteenth
D. Twentieth
Section 2
Women and Social Reform
Women were active in many social reform efforts to improve the lives of others.
Section 2
• Many middle-class women worked to improve the lives of immigrants and society as a whole.
– Many women staffed and supported libraries, schools, and settlement houses.
– Some women sponsored laws to improve working conditions for women and children.
Women and Social Reform (cont.)
Section 2
– The Women’s Trade Union League urged working women to form labor unions.
– The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, led by Frances Willard, supported the prohibition of alcohol.
Women and Social Reform (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 2
A B
C
D
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For which cause was Frances Willard best know as a crusader?
A. Labor rights
B. Temperance
C. Woman suffrage
D. Immigration reform
Section 3-Essential Question
Why were Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft known as progressive presidents?
Section 3-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• trustbuster
• arbitration
• Square Deal
• conservation
Academic Vocabulary
• inspect
• primary
Reading Guide
Section 3-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Federal Reserve Act
• Clayton Antitrust Act
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3-Polling Question
Rate your agreement with the following statement: Leaders of big businesses today have more power than politicians.
A. Strongly agree
B. Somewhat agree
C. Somewhat disagree
D. Strongly disagree A B C D
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Section 3
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt believed that businesses must be regulated.
Section 3
• Theodore Roosevelt became president in 1901 after President William McKinley was assassinated.
• In contrast to McKinley, Roosevelt believed in progressive reforms and was known as a trustbuster who obtained indictments against the railroad, beef, oil, and tobacco industries.
Theodore Roosevelt (cont.)
Protecting America’s Wilds
Section 3
• After Roosevelt threatened to send federal troops to work in mines and produce coal, mine owners finally agreed to arbitration to settle a labor dispute.
• Roosevelt won the presidential election in 1904 promising people a Square Deal—fair and equal treatment for all.
Theodore Roosevelt (cont.)
Protecting America’s Wilds
Section 3
• Roosevelt gave the Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration the power to visit businesses and inspect the products that were produced there.
• Roosevelt also supported conservation, the protection and preservation of the country’s natural resources.
Theodore Roosevelt (cont.)
Conserving Wild Places
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B
C
D
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How are disputes settled in arbitration?
A. The two sides meet and agree to a compromise.
B. The owners get the final say.
C. The workers get the final say.
D. A neutral outsider gets the final say.
Section 3
William Howard Taft
Conflict between Roosevelt and Taft led to Woodrow Wilson’s election as president.
Section 3
• William Howard Taft won the presidential election in 1908.
• Taft supported the Sixteenth Amendment, which allowed Congress to tax citizens’ incomes to collect money for the federal government.
• Claiming that Taft was weak with tariffs and conservation, Roosevelt challenged Taft for the Republican presidential nomination in 1912.
William Howard Taft (cont.)
Economics & History
Section 3
• Roosevelt had won every primary, but Taft still received the Republican nomination.
• Roosevelt formed the Progressive Party, also called the Bull Moose Party.
• The split of the Republican Party hurt both candidates and enabled Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win the election.
William Howard Taft (cont.)
Economics & History
Section 3
• Wilson persuaded Congress to adopt a lower tariff on imports and pass the Federal Reserve Act to regulate banking.
• Wilson also helped to establish the Federal Trade Commission to investigate unfair trade practices, and supported the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914.
William Howard Taft (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 3
A B
C
D
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The Federal Reserve Act created how many regional banks supervised by a central board in Washington, D.C.?
A. 6 banks
B. 10 banks
C. 12 banks
D. 15 banks
Section 4-Essential Question
How did minority groups react to discrimination?
Section 4-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary
• discrimination
• mutualista
• barrio
Academic Vocabulary
• deny
• bias
Reading Guide
Section 4-Key Terms
Key People and Events
• Ku Klux Klan
• Booker T. Washington
• W.E.B. Du Bois
Reading Guide (cont.)
A. A
B. B
Section 4-Polling Question
Do you feel you have ever experienced discrimination based on your race, gender, or beliefs?
A. Yes
B. No
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Section 4
Prejudice and Discrimination
Many members of ethnic and religious minority groups in the United States faced discrimination and even violence.
Section 4
• During the 1800s, many Catholics and Jews faced discrimination because of their religion.
• Discrimination was also based on race.
Prejudice and Discrimination (cont.)
– In California and other Western states, Asians faced prejudice and resentment.
Discrimination and Prejudice
Section 4
– Although officially free, African Americans were continually denied the basic rights held by white citizens.
– The Ku Klux Klan lashed out against minorities, including Catholics, Jews, and immigrants, as well as African Americans.
Prejudice and Discrimination (cont.)
Discrimination and Prejudice
Section 4
• Many Americans held biased views that white, male, native-born Americans had the right to make decisions for all of society.
Prejudice and Discrimination (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B
C
D
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Which group did NOT face widespread discrimination in the 1800s?
A. African Americans
B. Catholics
C. Protestants
D. Asian Americans
Section 4
Struggle for Equal Opportunity
Minority groups in the United States sought to end discrimination and obtain equal rights.
Section 4
• Born enslaved, Booker T. Washington taught himself to read and established the Tuskegee Institute, which taught African Americans farming and industrial skills.
• W.E.B. Du Bois, the first African American to receive a doctorate degree from Harvard, argued that the right to vote was the way to end racial inequality.
Struggle for Equal Opportunity (cont.)
Section 4
• Ida Wells and the National Association of Colored Women fought lynchings and other forms of racial violence.
• Dr. Carlos Montezuma and the Society of American Indians worked to improve living conditions for Native Americans and to teach white America about native cultures.
• Mexican Americans also faced discrimination and violence.
Struggle for Equal Opportunity (cont.)
Section 4
• Mutualistas provided insurance and legal help to those living in barrios.
Struggle for Equal Opportunity (cont.)
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Section 4
A B
C
D
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The Niagara Movement in 1905 demanded an end to the legalized segregation and discrimination against which minority group?
A. Asians
B. Women
C. African Americans
D. Native Americans
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5A
Figure 5B
Figure 6
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Vocab1
oligopoly
market in which a few large companies control prices for an industry
Vocab2
muckraker
a journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society
Vocab3
initiative
the right of citizens to place a measure or issue before the voters or the legislature for approval
Vocab4
referendum
the practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature
Vocab5
recall
the right that enables voters to remove elected officials from office
Vocab6
behalf
in the interest of
Vocab7
accurate
correct
Vocab8
suffragist
a man or woman who fought for a woman’s right to vote
Vocab9
prohibition
the nationwide ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of liquor in the United States that went into effect when the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified in 1919
Vocab10
professional
occupations requiring special knowledge or education
Vocab11
intelligence
the ability to understand and use knowledge
Vocab12
trustbuster
someone who breaks up a trust into smaller companies
Vocab13
arbitration
settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider
Vocab14
Square Deal
Theodore Roosevelt’s promise of fair and equal treatment for all
Vocab15
conservation
the protection and preservation of natural resources
Vocab16
inspect
to examine carefully
Vocab17
primary
an election in which voters choose their party’s candidates
Vocab18
discrimination
unfair treatment of a group; unequal treatment because of a person’s race, religion, ethnic background, or place of birth
Vocab19
mutualista
Mexican American self-defense group
Vocab20
barrio
a Spanish-speaking neighborhood in a city
Vocab21
deny
not allow access to
Vocab22
bias
prejudice; unbalanced view or consideration
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