Post on 06-Feb-2018
SPINAL COLUMN (= SPINE)
Function: - protects spinal chord
- support
(“stabile“, springy, flexible
support)
- attachment for dorsal
muscles
SPINAL COLUMN (= SPINE)
- cervical section / cervical spine (7vert.)
- thoracic s. (12 vert.)
- lumbar s. (5 vert.)
- sacum (5 fused vert.)
- Coccyc (4-5 fused vert.)
Spinal Column
Morphology of a Vertebra
body of the vertebra
arch
vertebral foramen
1 spinous process
2 transverse processes
4 articular facets (ribs)
Intervertebral joints
spinous
process
transverse
process
articular facets
body (of the
vertebra)vertebral
foramen
arch
Morphology of a Vertebra
Spinal Column
cervical spineatlas (1st cervical vertebra)
axis (2nd cervical vertebra)
vertebra prominens (7th cervical vertebra)
Spinal Column
thoracic spine
specialties: - articular surface for ribs
- long spinous processes
lying above each other
like roof shingles
Spinal Column
lumbar spine
- mighty bodies of vert.
- horizontal spinous processes (LP)
- long, flat articular facets
- transverse processs quite
receded
Spinal Column
sacrum
- 5 sacral vertebra fused with each other
- articular surface for ilium (sacro-illiac joint)
Spinal Column
coccyx
- 4-5 fused vertebrae
The term coccyx comes originally
from the Greek language and means
"cuckoo," referring to the shape of a
cuckook‘s beak.
Spinal Column
23 intervetebral discs
- from 2nd cervical v. to sacrum, between
sacrum and coccyc
- ring of fibrous cartilage
- jelly-like nucleus (nucleus pulposus), much
water, plastic/shapable
- surfaces of vertebral body (hyline cartilage)
give attachment to collagenous fibres
- nutrition via diffusion
- main characteristics: elasticity and plasticity
anterior longitudinal l.
posterior longitudinal l.
supraspinous ligament
Long Ligaments Bänder:
influence shape and state of tension of
complete spine
- anterior and posterior longitudinal
ligament
- supraspinous ligament (7th cervical
vertebra to sacrum)
- nuchal ligament (cervical curve to skull)
short ligaments
Short Ligaments
limit range of motion
- ligaments between arches,
transverse processes and articular
facets
Ligaments of the Spinal Column
Muscles of the Spinal Column
Abdominal Muscles: Anterior Abdominal Wall
- external oblique muscle (m.
obliquus externus)- rectus abdominis m.
Abdominal Muscles: Anterior Abdominal Wall
- transversus abdominis m.- internal oblique musle
(m. obliquus internus)
Abdominal Muscles :
Posterior Abdominal Wall
- quadratus lumborum
Abdominal Muscles
Functions
impact on position of pelvis and spine
- flexion of trunk
- lateral flexionof trunk
- riotate torso
- increase intra-abdominal pressure (abdominal press: glottis closed,
tensing of diaphragm, tensing abdominal muscles)
- protection for intra-abdominal organs (defensive tension)
Superficial Layer:muscles of extremities and ribs
Muscles of Shoulder Girdle ( = pectoral
girdle):
- trapecius muscle
- latissimus dorsi m.
- rhomboid minor and rh. major
- levator scapulae)
Muscles of Torso/Ribs
- serratus posterior inferior
and seratus posterior superior)
Dorsal Muscles
Deep Layer:
“geniue“ (= “autochtonous“) dorsal muscles:
> Erector Spinae
inner cord & outer cord
Function: extension of torso
maintains upright posture
Dorsal Muscles:
Erector SpinaeInner Cord:
several systems of muscles, “small
short“ muscles, e.g. between 2 spinous processses,
between spinous pr. and transverse processes,
between transverse processes
important for statics and fine coordination ofspine
Outer cord:
- longissimus
- iliocostalis
Dorsal Muscles:
transverse processes: crosslines
muscles: connecting lines
pelvis: deck of ship
forward: convex cervical lordosis
backward: convex thoracic kyphosis
forward: convex lumbar lordosis
Biomechanics of the Spine
Postures:
Biomechanics of the Spine
A hollow back (B) shows an excessive thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis (the pelvisseems to be tilted forward, round belly, flat thorax).A round back/hunch back (C) shows an exessive kyphotic thorax where the thoraciccurve can extend deep down to the lumbar curve.The flat back or strait back (D) zshows an extreme flattening of of the kyphotic andlordodic curves.
Possible Movements:
•flexion (= inclination = ventral flexion)•extension (= reclination = dorsal extension)•rotation•lateral flexion
Biomechanics of the Spine
Biomechanics of the Spine
symmetric & non-symmetric load foran intervertebral disc when an objectis lifted (de Mareis)
Bio-mechanics of the Spine
Load of the 5th lumbar vertebra depending on the angle of the flexed trunk and the weight of themoved object (de Mareis)
Back Problems
Back pain is not a specific diagnosis of ist own, bust should be considered as a
complex of symptoms and individual factors:
· biological
· degenerative changes
· high age
· trauma/injury
· deficites and imbalance of those muscles that stabilise the trunk
· social
· jobs with heavy labour or/and one-sided body posture
· low vocational qualification or dissatisfaction with job
· way of living (smoking, over-weight, lack of movement, poor living/working condition and lack
of compensating activieties)
· psycological
· anxiety, depression
· over-load
· stress, conflics
· somatic problems
· problams caused by trauma/injury
Fissure, protrusion and disc herniation
Definition:Disc fissure consists of the tearing of the fibrous ring around the disc. The most usual type is radial fissure, in which the tear is perpendicular to the direction of the fibers.Disc protrusion consists of the deformity of the fibrous ring by the impact against it of the gelatinous material from the nucleus pulposus. If the ring breaks and part of the nucleus pulposusbecomes extruded, disc herniation is diagnosed.
fissure protrusion disc herniation
Fissure, protrusion and disc herniation
How it takes placeFissure, protrusion, or slipped disc occurs when the pressure inside the disc exceeds the strength of the fibrous ring.Since the anterior wall of the fibrous envelope is a third thicker than the posterior wall, most fissures, protrusions and slipped discs occur in the latter.The typical mechanism consists of the following sequence of movements:Forward flexion of the spinal column: More load is placed on the anterior part of the disc. Because of its gelatinous consistency, the pulpy nucleus is pressed against the posterior wall of the fibrous ring. Lifting heavy weights: This tends to press one vertebra against another, increasing the pressure inside the disc. Stretching the spine with the heavy weight: The increased pressure on the disc caused by bearing the weight "squeezes" the pulpy nucleus back more strongly. If there is enough pressure against the posterior wall of the fibrous ring, this tears (disc fissure), swells (disc protrusion), or breaks (disc rupture). A similar effect can be produced by repeated flexion-stretching movements with a lighter load or even with no load. Every such movement generates small impacts on the posterior wall of the fibrous envelope.These processes occur much more readily when the muscles of the back are weak. If they are sufficiently developed, these muscles protect the disc by various means.