Post on 09-Apr-2018
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A Seminar Report on
SPEED DETECTOR
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYIn
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERINGFrom
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD
By
V.SURENDRA
KUA
MR(07C11A05A4)
Under the guidance of
P.SANDEEP REDDYAssistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
ANURAG ENGINEERING COLLEGE(Accredited by NBA, New Delhi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
ANATHAGIRI (V), KODAD (M), NALGONDA (DT). A.P. INDIA -508206Ph: 08683- 272555, 272456, 272454
www.anurag.ac.in
2010-2011
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ANURAG ENGINEERING COLLEGEAccredited by NBA, New Delhi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)
ANATHAGIRI (V), KODAD (M), NALGONDA (DT). A.P. INDIA -508206
Ph: 08683- 272555, 272456, 272454
www.anurag.ac.in
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled Speed Detector is a bonafide
work done by V.Surendra Kumar (07C11A05A4:) in the partial fulfillment of Bachelor of
Technology in Computer Science & Engineering from JNTU, Hyderabad during the year 2010-
2011.
This work has not been submitted to any other university or institute or
organization for the award of any degree or diploma.
(P.SANDEEP) (G.SRINIVASARAO)
Assistant Professor Associate Professor
Supervisor H.O.D., C.S.E.
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this seminar report entitled SPEED DETECTOR is
carried out by me for the partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science &
Engineering from JNTU, Hyderabad during the year 2010- 2011.
This work has not been submitted to any other university or institute or
organization for the award of any degree or diploma.
V.SURENDRA KUMAR
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ABSTRACT
In today's fast moving World, the accidents are increasing at a very fast rate. One
of the major causes of these accidents is over a speeding of vehicles. A major step has beentaken rather to increase the road safety, so as to minimize the accidents
Speed limits are good idea. To enforce these speed limit; laws are passed making
speed an offence and signs are erected were of to indicate the maximum permissible speeds.
The police can't be everywhere to enforce the speed limit and so enforcement cameras art
director to do this work; on one who's got an ounce of Commons sense, the deliberately
drive through speed camera in order fined and penalized.
One of a major development was the introduction of speed cameras. This
camera, usually containing radar, is electronic devices those working are still a mystery tomost electronic hobbyists. The principle of these speed cameras is Doppler Effect used in
radar
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SPEED DETECTOR
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INDEX
S.NO CHAPTER PAGE NO:
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 ANALYSIS 3
3 APPLICATIONS 13
4 LIMITATIONS 15
5 CONCLUSION 17
6 FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES 18
7 REFERENCES 19
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INTRODUCTION
Although there is good road safety performance the number of people killed and
injured on our roads remain unacceptably high. So the roads safety strategy was published
or introduced to support the new casualty reduction targets. The road safety strategy
includes all forms of invention based on the engineering and education and enforcement
and recognizes that there are many different factors that lead to traffic collisions and
casualties. The main reason is speed of vehicle. We use traffic lights and other traffic
manager to reduce the speed. One among them is speed cameras.
Speed cameras on the side of urban and rural roads, usually placed to catch
transgressors of the stipulated speed limit for that road. The speed cameras, the solely to
identify and prosecute those drivers that pass by the them when exceed the stipulated speed
limit.
At first glance this seemed to be reasonable that the road users do not exceed thespeed limit must be a good thing because it increases road safety, reduces accidents and
protect other road users and pedestrians.
So speed limits are good idea. To enforce these speed limit; laws are passed
making speed an offence and signs are erected were of to indicate the maximum
permissible speeds. The police can't be everywhere to enforce the speed limit and so
enforcement cameras art director to do this work; on one who's got an ounce of Commons
sense, the deliberately drive through speed camera in order fined and penalized.
So nearly everyone slowdown for the speed Camera. We finally have a solution to
the speeding problem. Now if we are to assume that speed cameras are the only way to
make driver's slowdown, and they work efficiently, then we would expect there to be a
great number of these everywhere and that day would be highly visible and identifiable to
make a drivers slow down.
Speed cameras are invariably hidden behind trees, road signs and often the first
indication that one is passing through a speed camera point is the ruler marks painted on the
carriageway or flash of the camera that it goes off.
Speed cameras were introduced in west London in 1992 and following their
success in reducing speed related crashes and injuries their use expanded to many other
areas of Great Britain. The equipment is expensive to buy, operate and maintain and their
support in prosecution procedures also much substantial administration costs. However and
the cost are small compared to the benefits of society and the economy.
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Speed cameras are recommended under use to reduce road casualties. Since these
cameras save lives of road users the speed camera is also known as "safety cameras".
.
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ANALYSIS
Speed camera uses the basic principle of Doppler Effect and RADAR technologies.
We can discuss the Doppler Effect in these speed cameras and other working in these
cameras
INTRODUCING THE DOPPLER EFFECT
The device that is the first generation RADAR is not capable of determining the
speed of the detected object. This was limited to measuring the movement of echo on the
screen, which gave a rather inaccurate result.
As an example consider the car that makes a sound with a fixed frequency. When
you are in the car, you won't notice any variation in the frequency of the engine sound.
However you stand at the side of the road and listen to the car when it drives past under
identical condition you will notice that the frequency of the engines sound increases as the
car comes nearer and then decreases as the car travels past you.
It is a matter of common experience that the pitch of the note appears to change
when either source or observers or both are in motion relative to each other. Either the
source or the observers or both move relative to and each other, the apparent pitch produced
by the sounding body appears to be higher than actual pitch. In the same way, when the
source moving towards the observers or the observers moving away from this source or
both moving away from each other the apparent pitch will appear to be lower than the
actual pitch of the sounding body. The apparent change in pitch due to relative motion
between source and observer is known as the Doppler's principle.
For example: if a railway engine moving fast with its whistle blowing is
approaching an observer, the pitch appears to become more. The pitch of the note appears
to become less just as the engine moves away from the observer on the platform.
Doppler Effect: the principle of this effect is well known in the study of sound. It is
known that if the source of sound, emitting a note of frequency 'v' is move with a constant
velocity 'V' relative to an observers, it is found that the observers p Perceives a sound
having the frequency v' which differs from 'v', being greater or smaller according to the
source is move towards or away from observers. This phenomenon in sound was first
explained by Doppler and hence the name Doppler effect. But Fizeau showed that the same
effect on light. Thus if the source of light is moving with a wavelength observed in the
spectroscope slightly different from the original wavelength.
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The principle of speed camera that is the Doppler's effect can be described by the
formula
fM = 2vfEcos(/c)
Where
FM if the frequency of the received signal
v is the speed of vehicles
fE if the frequency of transmitted signal
is the angle between the transmitted signal and path along which the vehicle travels
c is propagation speed of the signal in the air.
Figure 1
The Doppler Effect
From this we can deduce that sending a fixed frequency signal towards the car and
then measuring the efficiency of the returning signal the can the deduce the speed of the car.
The principal used for Radar in speed camera, although they have little in common
with the systems described.
It should be mentioned that the sensitivity of the RADAR increases as the angle
between the beams and the path of the vehicle decreases. For this reason the aerials of speed
cameras positioned parallel to the roads rather than across them! This is also the reason why
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Figure 2. Basic Principle of Speed Camera
COMMUNICATIONS AND PUBLIC AWARENESS
The need for public Communications
A key objective was to ensure that people are made fully aware of the speed
cameras are for road safety purposes and is not for the raise of revenue. Although speeding
leads to more crashes, deaths and injuries, some commentators argue against speed camera
enforcement by claiming that the speeding is not dangerous because speed limit are
arbitrary and good drivers has are better able to judge what is safe in given circumstances.
Conversely there are a larger number of politicians and road safety, environment and
motoring organizations that support efforts to reduce speeding and they are supportive of
speed camera.
We should make people aware of the speeding and benefits of speed cameras. We
should make awareness in the local level, national level and also in government level. We
should make partnership with the local and national and government organizations to make
awareness about these speeding and casualties due to speeding. There are many publicity
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campaigns, for example called THINK! which includes messages about the risks and
other consequences of speeding.
TYPES OF SPEED CAMERAS PLACED ON ROAD SIDES
Speed cameras on the side of urban and rural roads, usually placed to catchtransgressors of the stipulated speed limit for that road. The speed cameras, the solely to
identify and prosecute those drivers that pass by the them when exceed the stipulated speed
limit.
Speed cameras are invariably hidden behind trees, road signs and often the first
indication that one is passing through a speed camera point is the ruler marks painted on the
carriageway or flash of the camera that it goes off
TRAFFIC LIGHT CAMERA
figure 3
Gatsometer BV, manufacturer of the UK's Red Light Cameras, (named Gatso RLC
36) has been producing RLC's since 1966.
The RLC system is triggered by sensors or ground loops that are cut into road
surface as a vehicle passes over them, while a red light is shown. Look out for them in the
road, just ahead of the white stop line at Traffic Lights. Simply rolling over the inductionloop in the road can trigger the camera so no creeping forward while the light is on stop.
The Red Light Camera was originally used to measure red light offences.
Nowadays the RLC can also be used in combination with speed measurement, similar to
that of a Gatso Meter rear facing speed camera (radar type 24 technology) and can therefore
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SPEED SPIKE (new)
Figure 6Currently in test on certain roads in the UK, these new type of cameras communicate
with each other via the GPS Satellite Network and can track a vehicle using NumerplateRecognition (ANPR) to check if it has broken the speed limit during the journey, be it short or
long.
Known as SpeedSpike, the system uses similar methods of recognition as the cameras
which enforce the congestion charge in London, and allow two cameras to 'talk' to each other if avehicle appears to have travelled too far in too short a space of time. The system is much cheaper
to install than the existing SPECS cameras so if the test goes well they could become popular on
UK roads.
TRUVELO SPEED CAMERA
Figure 7
The forward facing Truvelo camera system is designed to take photographs of the front of
a passing vehicle. This allows the picture taken to show the driver of the vehicle as well. In
countries such as Switzerland, Germany and the Scandinavian countries driver recognition is a
required factor to enable a successful prosecution of a speed or red light offence.
A single front photograph, taken just after the vehicle has crossed the piezo sensors used
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for speed measurement, includes all the secondary
To avoid the 'flash' which is given out by a rear facing Gatso camera the Truvelo system
uses an infra red flash which produces no visible 'flash' to the approaching driver. Pictured above
a forward facing Truvelo speed camera, sometimes referred to as a 'pink eye'.
These are becoming increasingly more used, especially with recent cases where the
registered owner of a vehicle has disputed that he/she was not driving the vehicle at the time of
the speeding offence. This system offers evidence as to the identity of the driver at the time of
the offence.
SPECS SYSTEM SPEED CAMERA
Figure 8
Speed Violation Detection Deterrent, SVDD is the digital brain which the SPECS system
is based upon, it uses state of the art video system with Automatic Number Plate Reading
(ANPR) digital technology. Consisting of two video cameras each fitted with infra red
illuminators, giving the ability to work 24hrs 7days a week
SPECS are fitted either at the roadside or central reservation a set distance apart to create
a speed controlled zone, or where appropriate, groups of cameras can be linked to create a speed
controlled network. Mounted to a single or doubled armed distinctive blue SPECS column, they
are linked together via computer.
As vehicles pass between the entry and exit camera points their number plates are
digitally recorded, whether speeding or not. Then, by ANPR recognition, the images on the video
of matching number plates are paired up, and because each image carries a date and time stamp,
the computer can then work out your average speed between the cameras, and then will make a
decision if the preset speed threshold is triggered. This data is then digitally stored on a central
computer, so that there is no need for film to be collected and changed at the cameras site.
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Pictured above a SPECS system sited on one side of the road, used to enforce speed in both
directions.
There were rumours last year on the internet that the SPECS system was flawed and
could be fooled by simply changing lanes but as of today this is unproven.
SOME OTHER SPEED CAMERAS
FIG 9:RED LIGHT CAMERA
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FIG 10: DAZZEL CAMOFLAGGED FIG 11: OLDER TRAFFIC
SPEED CAMERA ENFORCEMENT CAMERA
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APPLICATIONS
Now that we know how it all works. The may wonder how reliable the
measurements made by these devices are. We will see the problem from a technical
viewpoint to discover that what the limits of SHF speed cameras are.
1.Operating during the rain or mist:
In contrast the RADAR works perfectly well during a rain or mist. For example
RADAR is used extensively to help the landing of airplanes in bad weather. In general,
when it rains it comes down vertically which is right angles to the RADAR beam, bringing
about a Doppler effect of zero (cos 90=0 so Fm=0). Heavy rain that comes down at the
angles due to strong gust of wind can't asset to the signal to noise ratio of the receiver and
prevents its correct operation. In this case they processor will simply rejected themeasurements
Since mist doesn't move with respect to RADAR beams it will be practically
invisible to the receiver and the measurements are completely unaffected.
2. Measurement Range:
The distance from which the RADAR can measure the speed of a vehicle depends
on two factors: the power of SHF oscillators and the sensitivity of the detector. We already
know that they oscillators, power are generally low and that the use of a directional aerial
increases the transmitted power. The biggest problem of the detector is a signal to noise
ratio. In this section the sensitivity can be improved through the use of an aerial. whilst the
first Radars could only take measurements up to 20 meters, the newer models with the
ultras sensitive detectors are capable of taking a measurements up to several hundred
meters, so well before they can be seen from the car!
3. Reaction time:
Just as in other equipment that use frequency counters the speed cameras also
require a certain time to take a measurement. Furthermore, most devices now take several
measurements so rapidly, making it possible to reject any possibly erroneousmeasurements. Older models required by about half a second to take a reliable
measurement. Current models react with in tenth of a second, so any motorists who ignores
speed limit will have little chance of avoid a fine after noticing a speed cameras. Sometimes
the RADAR equipment also contains the Dsp, which uses special algorithms with the very
short time, making extremely fast readings possible.
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4. Continuous transmission:
In contrast to what you thought after reading the theoretical part, RADAR does not
need to have its oscillators functioning continuously. It only needs to be active long enough
to stabilize and take a measurement. Actual RADAR equipment works on the random basis
or is activated only when a vehicle comes near by.
5. Discrimination:
When several vehicles traveling at different speeds encounter at the RADAR
beams the resulting Doppler signal contains a mixture of signals at different frequency. The
majority of current devices can't separate these components and reject the measurement as
faulty. There are however newer systems that Dsp, which can measure the speed of the
several car simultaneously. So now only those cars simultaneously happen to be in' shadow
' of other can escape from the speed cameras. The long and short of it is that speed cameras
have become so accurate and reliable that it has become extremely difficult to evade them.
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4. LIMITATIONS
Mankind, and especially homo automobiles, behave in such a way that when he
comes across an obstacle he will try everything to get round of it. Speed cameras are no
exception to this and numerous boffins have contributed to the development of counter
measures.
There are two types of 'anti-radars'. Jamming devices and detectors. The jamming
devices are simply is SHF oscillators, which are used to send ' take ' signal the to speed
camera, causing the measurement to fail and preventing the logical analysis of the
frequency. Besides the fact that these devices are relatively in effective, the electronic
circuit in the radar can detect such the jamming signals and notify the police. A jamming
device is therefore a sure fire way and to get caught.
A detector on the other hand consists of the simple SHF receiver, and by definition
this can't be detected. In USA they are sold in large quantities. On the Internet they arereadily available. These are relatively simple circuit containing a microwave detector an
alarm. It is not difficult to design the broadband detector the frequencies between 2 and 10
GHz, which is the range where most of modern device operate.
However, if the oscillators of the speed camera are set to a frequency that is out
side the range covered by the detector, or it uses an optical laser, then you are bound to get
caught.
In the second problem is that in order to detect something, there first should be
something to detect. Older RADAR equipment transmitted continuously, which made task
simple, but newer models only transmit intermittently, either randomly or in short bursts
reducing the chance of detecting the devices. Some models are more cunning and only
come into action when a car comes within the range. These 'Green bullets ', as they are
known because of the shape and color, have an optical detector on the top that can literally
see the vehicle coming.
As soon as there is movement in front of the device it springs into action. This
brings us to the third problem: a RADAR detector will sense the beam at that instant. But at
the same time the speed camera is already doing its work. From that it follows that in the
time taken by the driver to take appropriate action, the RADAR or will already have taken
four or five measurements.
The detector is made more difficult by the fact that very narrow beams are used,
making for a small detection area. Some users of RADAR detectors have noticed that the
beam can also be detected when reflected off other cars ahead and have gladly made use of
this property.
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And now final problem: most RADAR equipment can take measurements of approaching
and receding but the sensitivity of most detector is Limited to one direction to be prepared
for in the eventually the vehicles should therefore have a detector at both the front and
back!
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5. CONCLUSION
Now we would like to believe that enforcement cameras are there for our on good
and make our roads safer. In general speed camera are perceived to be good idea because
they protect innocent road users and pedestrians. Although these cameras reduces accidents
and protects the innocent road users, the way in which the speed cameras are currently used
is not to make the driver slow down, obey the speed limit and make the road safe but to
catch and penalize the transgressors who may otherwise have slowed down if they have
seen as the cameras in advance .i.e. speed camera as, currently deployed, are not so
justifiable.
These cameras were highly visible then no one would travel by them exceeding the
speed limit and they would do their job. Used as they hidden away, they are penalized and
contribute little to road safety directly only generating revenue to pay for their installation
and maintenance.
Despite nearly 4000 driver caught, more than one per minute on average, not one
single accident but was reported by the police which just showed that, speedier offer a little
towards improving road safety but do an awful lot to generate revenue for the local police
and local authorities. Although road safety strategists are introduced to reduce the number
of people killed and serious injured that is to support new casualty reduction largest. So on
utilizing the strategies in the right way, we can reduce 40 percent it of accidents by the year
of 2010.
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6. FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES
A speed camera designed to catch motorists committing up to five offences at the same time
could be heading to Britain's roads. As well as catching speeding motorists, the Asset camera
should be able to pick out drivers who are not wearing seatbelts and accurately measure
distances between moving cars to identify tailgating
Fig 12: The traditional Gatso speed camera, which could be replaced
by the multi-function Asset system
Asset (advanced safety and driver support for essential road transport) can also note
number plates and recognise cars with out-of-date tax discs and no insurance.
Funded by the European commission, the camera system is being developed by a
consortium that includes a number of European universities and research institutes and is being
tested in Finland.
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7. REFERENCES
1. B.Bouchez,'Speed Cameras', Elektor India, March 2003,
Page no: 12-15.
2. A.S.Vasudeva,'Modern Engineering Physics Page no: 50-55.
3. Handa and others, A text book on Engineering Physics,
Page no: 334-336.
4. Department of Environment, Transport and Region; Seminar on 'Government's Road
Safety Strategy and Causality Reduction, 2000.
5. http:/www.roads.dft.gov.uk/road safety/index.htm.
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