Post on 29-May-2020
Spatial Databases and
Geographic Information
Systems
Karl Neumann
Sarah Tauscher Institut für Informationssysteme
Technische Universität Braunschweig
http://www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de
1.1 Motivation
1.2 Organizational Issues
1.3 Content and Overview
1.4 Literature
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 2
1 Introduction
htt
p:/
/ww
w.r
adcy
be
rzin
e.co
m/
• Route
planning
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 3
1.1 Motivation
http://www.viamichelin.de/
• Sentiment
maps
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 4
1.1 Motivation
[TN12]
• City
model
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 5
1.1 Motivation
visualization tool: [Me12]
• Search for point of interest
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 6
1.1 Motivation
• Tree register
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 7
1.1 Motivation
http://www.baumbuero.de/ http://falk-weihs.com/
• Railway noise prediction
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 8
1.1 Motivation h
ttp
://w
ww
.bra
un
sch
wei
g.d
e/
• Ship tracking
– "Halunder Jet"
• Ship type:
passenger
• Built: 2003
• Size: 59×12 m
• July, 28th 2014
– Hamburg
Helgoland
– 12:49 h – 13:01 h
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 9
1.1 Motivation
http://www.vesselfinder.com/
• Land cover - Germany
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 10
1.1 Motivation
http://www.corine.dfd.dlr.de/
• Lecture
– 21.10.2016 – 10.02.2017
– 9:45 – 12:00
– Exercises and detours integrated into lecture
– URL:
www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de/
teaching/ws-1617/gis
• Credits: 4 or 5
(depending on your
course of study)
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 11
1.2 Organizational Issues
• Exams
– Oral exam
– 13. –17. 02.2017
– Register at examination office
– Get an appointment
at the Ifis secretariat
→ Regine Dalkiran
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 12
1.2 Organizational Issues
• 2 Spatial Data Modelling
– 2.1 Introduction
– 2.2 Geometry
– 2.3 Conversion between Vector and Raster Models
– 2.4 Topology
– 2.5 Fields
– 2.6 AAA-Project
– 2.7 Operations
– 2.8 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 13
1.3 Content and Overview
http://skagit.meas.ncsu.edu/~helena/gmslab/interp/F1a.gif
– Spatial object/Geoobject: element to model real world
data in geographic information system
– Are described by spatial data (geodata)
– Spatial information: custom-designed spatial data
– Chief difference to "conventional" objects
("What’s so special about spatial?"):
• Geometry
• Topology
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 14
1.3 Content and Overview
http://speedymole.com/Tubes/Paris/
– Vector: minimum
distance between
a point and a line
– Raster: distance matrices for distance determination
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 15
1.3 Content and Overview
city block metric chessboard metric Euclidean distance of centers
• 3 Mapping of Spatial Data
– 3.1 Properties of Maps
– 3.2 Signatures, Text, Color
– 3.3 Geometric Generalization
– 3.4 Label and Symbol
Placement
– 3.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 16
1.3 Content and Overview
http://homepage.univie.ac.at/.../Janschitz_Text.pdf
– Challenges
• Projection of the 3D surface on two dimensions
(paper, film, screen)
• Selection of the spatial objects and
their attributes to be displayed
• Generalization of geometric and
thematic properties (simplify,
omit depending on scale)
• Exaggeration and displacement
(e.g. river valley with roads and
railway lines)
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 17
1.3 Content and Overview
http://maps.google.de/
– Douglas/Peucker algorithm
1. given: polyline L, threshold g
2. determine line between the start and end point of L,
3. determine the point of L that is furthest from the line segment
4. if distance > g then the point is significant, repeat procedure for both sub-lines, otherwise remove all the points between the start and end point of L
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 18
1.3 Content and Overview
• 4 Spatial Queries
– 4.1 Development of SQL
– 4.2 Core SQL Queries
– 4.3 Spatial Queries and Core SQL
– 4.4 Spatial Extensions of SQL
– 4.5 Evaluation of Spatial Queries
– 4.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 19
1.3 Content and Overview
– Query 4’:
Areas of all buildings on the parcel with id "1222"
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 20
1.3 Content and Overview
Building(id: String, typeOfUse: String, groundPlan: Polygon) Parcel(id, groundPlan: Polygon)
SELECT Area(b.groundPlan) FROM Building b, Parcel p WHERE p.id = ’1222’ AND Contains (p.groundPlan, b.groundPlan);
– Therefore evaluation of spatial queries in two steps
• Filter step
– Determination of possible hits by evaluation on spatial
approximation (lower costs)
• Refinement step
– Evaluation on accurate geometry only for objects of the filter step
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 21
1.3 Content and Overview
• 5 Spatial Access Methods
– 5.1 Quadtree
– 5.2 R-tree
– 5.3 K-d tree
– 5.4 BSP tree
– 5.5 Grid file
– 5.6 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 22
1.3 Content and Overview
1523
13 28
24 28
26 11
8 17
9 31
3 27
29 18
17 5
21 22
4 7
A
C
B
D
F
E
H
G
J
I
K
– Problems
• Only suitable for points
• False positives, the solutions supplied by the index have to
be verified
• Adequacy depends on the position of the query window
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 23
1.3 Content and Overview
– Heuristic
• Always insert a new object
into the node resulting in the
smallest increase in volume
• If it lies inside a MBR no
enlargement is necessary
• If there is more than one possibility,
choose the node
with the smallest
volume
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 24
1.3 Content and Overview
• 6 Spatial Data and XML
– 6.1 Standards
– 6.2 XML
– 6.3 GML
– 6.4 SVG
– 6.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 25
1.3 Content and Overview
– Example: a DTD of a city
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 26
1.3 Content and Overview
<!ELEMENT city(name, inhabitants?, area)> <!ELEMENT name (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT inhabitants(#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT area(polygon+)> <!ELEMENT polygon (point, point, point, point, point*)> <!ELEMENT point(x, y)> <!ELEMENT x (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT y (#PCDATA)>
– Path instruction for complex shapes, lines and areas
• Element’s attributes include the attribute "d" for specifying
the points of the path
• Attribute "d" contains further commands for the
interpretation of the points
• E.g. a point may be the begin or the end of a curve or of a
line
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 27
1.3 Content and Overview
<path id="SN4100_einzelsignaturNadelholz" d="M 130 0 L -50 0 0 -180 50 0" fill="none" stroke-miterlimit="20" stroke-linejoin="miter" stroke-width="12" stroke="&baumgrün;"/>
• 7 Application Programming
– 7.1 Connecting SQL with Programming Languages
– 7.2 PostgreSQL and JDBC
– 7.3 Oracle Spatial and JDBC
– 7.4 Processing of GML-
based Data
– 7.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 28
1.3 Content and Overview
[KGB11]
– For processing geometric attributes special Java
classes and methods are offered
– They are subclasses of class "PGobject":
PGpoint, PGlseg, PGline
PGbox, PGpolygon, PGcircle
– Each subclass includes
• Constructor
• equals compares two objects
of the same type
• getValue returns the object as a string
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 29
1.3 Content and Overview
• 8 Architecture of Geographic Information
Systems
– 8.1 GIS Hardware and
Software
– 8.2 Hybrid vs. Integrated
Systems
– 8.3 Clients and Servers
– 8.4 Web-based Spatial
Databases
– 8.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 30
1.3 Content and Overview
[SX08]
– Architecture of GIS can be roughly classified
• File based
• Hybrid
• Layer-oriented
• Integrated
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 31
1.3 Content and Overview
– PostGIS extends PostgreSQL by implementing missing
types and functions
– Is certified as a compliant "Simple Features for SQL"
database by the OGC
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 32
1.3 Content and Overview
SELECT ST_AsText(ST_Intersection( ST_GeomFromText( 'MULTIPOLYGON(((-77 56,-52 18,-88 -27, -10 -13,-11 38,-77 56)))'), ST_GeomFromText( 'MULTIPOLYGON(((-49 63,-32 24,-39 -7,-66 -19, -72 -9,-74 31,-49 63)))')));
• 9 Remote Sensing
– 9.1 Physical Basics
– 9.2 Recording Techniques
– 9.3 Image Processing
– 9.4 Thematic Classification
– 9.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 33
1.3 Content and Overview
http://saturn.unibe.ch/.../Fotogrammetrie-Bildflug.pdf
– System characteristics
• Recording techniques
– Radiometric resolution
– Geometric resolution
• Platform
– Kind of platform
– Altitude
– Orbit
– Period
• Mission
– Temporal coverage
– Spatial coverage
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 34
1.3 Content and Overview
http://www.wdr.de/tv/quarks/ http://www.dlr.de/
http://www.chip.de/
http://www.maritime-technik.de/
– Example: digital
aerial orthophotos
of Braunschweig
• Central projection
• Planimetrically corrected
• 30. March 2014
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 35
1.3 Content and Overview
https://www.braunschweig.de/
• 10 Location Based Services
– 10.1 Positioning
– 10.2 Car Navigation
– 10.3 Map Matching
– 10.4 Privacy
– 10.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 36
1.3 Content and Overview
– Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Enables three dimensional positioning near the earth
• Measuring the runtime of signals between the satellite and
the GPS-receiver, from which the distance and the position
can be deduced (trilateration)
• The transmitted signal describes
a circular sphere centered at the
satellite on whose surface the
signal is received at the same
time → circular baseline of
equal receiving times
on earth
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 37
1.3 Content and Overview
http://www.uni-giessen.de/ilr/frede/ lehrveranstaltungen/MP_51/2.6-GPS.pdf
– Sensor fusion
• Combining of
data so that
the resulting
information is
"better" than
when the
sources were
used
individually
• Complex task
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 38
1.3 Content and Overview
[MMG12]
• 11 Environmental Information Systems
– 11.1 Environmental Data
– 11.2 Collection of Environmental Data
– 11.3 Monitoring Networks
– 11.4 Laboratory Data
– 11.5 Summary
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 39
1.3 Content and Overview
http://www.wuz-paderborn.de/
– Example: TAO monitoring network
• "Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Array"
• World's largest marine monitoring network
• Approx. 8000 miles near the equator through the Pacific,
from New Guinea to Panama
• Completed
in 1995, still
operating
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 40
1.3 Content and Overview
http://tao.ndbc.noaa.gov/
• 12 Review and Outlook
– 12.1 Review
– 12.2 Outlook
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 41
1.3 Content and Overview
[TN16]
• [AS14] Albertz, J.; Scholten, F.: Einführung in die Fernerkundung. 5. Aufl., Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2014.
• [Ba05] Bartelme, N.: Geoinformatik – Modelle, Strukturen, Funktionen. 4. Aufl., Springer, 2005.
• [BCKO10] Berg, M. de; Cheong, O.; Kreveld, M. van; Overmars, M.: Computational Geometry – Algorithms and Applications. 3. Ed. , Springer, 2010.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 42
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 9
Chap. 2, 3
• [Be08]
Bernhardsen, T.: Geographic Information
Systems – An Introduction.
3. Ed., Wiley, 2008.
• [Be11]
Bertin, J.: Semiology of Graphics: Diagrams,
Networks, Maps. ESRI Press, 2011.
• [Bi16]
Bill, R.: Grundlagen der Geo-Informations-
systeme. 6. Aufl., Wichmann, 2016.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 43
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 4, 5
• [CW11]
Campbell, J.B.; Wynne, R.H.: Introduction to
Remote Sensing. 5. Ed., Guilford Publ., 2011.
• [EE04]
Eckstein, R.; Eckstein, S.: XML und
Datenmodellierung. dpunk, 2004.
• [Gü10]
Günther, O.: Environmental Information
Systems. Springer, 2010.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 44
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 9
• [He14]
Hennermann, K.: Kartographie und GIS –
Eine Einführung. 2. Aufl., Wissen-
schaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2014.
• [HGM02] Hake, G.; Grünreich, D.; Meng, L.: Kartographie.
8. Aufl., de Gruyter, 2002.
• [KGB11]
Kothuri, R.; Godfrind, A.; Beinat, E.: Pro Oracle
Spatial. Apress, 2011.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 45
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 2.4, 3
Chap. 7.3
Chap. 2, 3, 4
• [KO09]
Kraak, M.-J.; Ormeling, F.: Cartography –
Visualization of Spatial Data. 3. Ed.,
Pearson Education Limited, 2009.
• [La13]
Lange, N. de: Geoinformatik in Theorie und
Praxis. 3. Aufl., Springer, 2013.
• [LKC15]
Lillesand, T.; Kiefer, R.; Chipman, J.: Remote
Sensing and Image Interpretation. 7. Ed.,
Wiley, 2015.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 46
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 5.1, 5.2
Chap. 9
• [Sa06] Samet, H.: Foundations of Multidimensional and Metric Data Structures. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2006.
• [SX08] Shekhar, S.; Xiong, H. (Eds.): Encyclopedia of GIS. Springer, 2008.
• [WD04] Worboys, M.; Duckham, M.: GIS: A Computing Perspective. 2. Ed., CRC Press, 2004.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 47
1.4 Literature – Books
Chap. 3, 4
Chap. 5
• [BO79] Bentley, J.L.; Ottmann, T.: Algorithms for Reporting and
Counting Geometric Intersections. IEEE Transactions on
Computers 28(9), 1979, pp. 643–647.
• [DP73]
Douglas, D.H.; Peucker, T.K.: Algorithms for the Reduction
of the Number of Points required to represent a
digitized Line or its Caricature. The Canadian
Cartographer 10(2), 1973, pp. 112–122.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 48
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [Gu84]
Guttman, A.: R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for
Spatial Searching. In Proc. "SIGMOD Conference", 1984,
pp. 47–57.
• [HBS11]
Huang, H.; Brenner, C.; Sester, M.: 3D Building Roof
Reconstruction from Point Clouds via Generative
Models. In Proc. "19th ACM SIGSPATIAL International
Symposium on Advances in Geographic Information
Systems, ACM-GIS", 2011, pp. 16–24.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 49
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [MMG12]
Marti, E.D.; Martin, D.; Garcia, J.; de la Escalera, A.; Molina,
J.M.; Armingol, J.M.: Context-Aided Sensor Fusion for
Enhanced Urban Navigation. Sensors, 2012, 12,
pp. 16802–16837.
• [NGNSW07]
Neumann, K.; Grutza, M.; Nordmann, T.; Schlutow, F.; Wolf,
C.: Metaautomation der Liegenschaftskarte. Mitteilungen
des Bundesamtes für Kartographie und Geodäsie
(MdBKG), Band 39, 2007, pp. 15–29.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 50
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [NHS84]
Nievergelt, J.; Hinterberger, H.; Sevcik, K.C.: The
Grid File: An Adaptable, Symmetric Multikey File
Structure. ACM Transactions on Database
Systsems, 9(1), 1984, pp. 38–71.
• [NKP08]
Neumann, K.; Kupfer, A.; Panse, F.: Generierung
von Gebäude-Präsentationsobjekten für NAS-
Bestandsdatenauszüge. MdBKG, Band 41, 2008,
pp. 83–92.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 51
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [NPW06]
Neumann, K.; Petri, J.; Wolf, C.: Erzeugung karten-
ähnlicher Graphiken: XML-basierte Verdrängung
und Platzierung von Punktsignaturen. MdBKG,
Band 36, 2006, pp. 89–98.
• [NSe01]
Neumann, K.; Selke, M.: Elemente der Program-
miersprache Java vorgestellt an einer Modifikation
des Douglas/Peucker-Algorithmus zur Erhaltung
rechter Winkel. MdBKG, Band 20, 2001, pp. 87–97.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 52
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [PP97]
Petzold, I.; Plümer, L.: Platzierung der Beschriftung in
dynamisch erzeugten Bildschirmkarten. Nachrichten aus dem
Karten- und Vermeesungswesen (NaKaVerm),
Reihe I, Nr. 117, 1997, pp. 95–113.
• [Se00]
Sester, M.: Automatische Generalisierung mittels
Ausgleichung. MdBKG, Band 17, 2000, pp. 105–113.
• [Se07]
Sester, M.: Generierung von kartographischen Präsentationen
im Maßstab 1:25.000 und 1:50.000 mit PUSH und TYPIFY.
MdBKG, Band 39, 2007, pp. 93–101.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 53
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [SH95]
Schoppmeyer, J.; Heisser, M.: Behandlung von Geometrie-
typwechseln in GIS. NaKaVerm, Reihe I, Nr. 113,1995,
pp. 209–224.
• [St12]
Storandt, S.: Quick and Energy-Efficient Routes –
Computing Constrained Shortest Paths for Electric
Vehicles. In Proc. "ACM SIGSPATIAL Int. Workshop
on Computational Transportation Science", 2012,
pp. 20–25.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 54
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [TN12]
Tauscher, S.; Neumann, K.: Combining Web Map Services and Opinion Mining to generate Sentiment Maps of Touristic Locations. In Proc. "Int. Symposium on Service Oriented Mapping", M. Jobst (Ed.), Wien 2012, pp. 277–286.
• [TN16]
Tauscher, S.; Neumann, K.: A Displacement Method for Maps Showing Dense Sets of Points of Interest. In "Progress in Cartography", Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 3–16.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 55
1.4 Literature – Articles
• [Bu10] Budgenhagen, B.: Automatische Visualisierung von Quadtrees mit XFig. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.
• [Bu11] Budgenhagen, B.: Visuelle Darstellung des Überganges von
Polygonen zu Linienzügen durch Rasterisierung und topologische Skelettierung. Diplomarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.
• [Da12] Darda, R.: Visuelle Darstellung von Rasterisierung und
Blockcodierung vektorbasierter Polygone. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2012.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 56
1.4 Literature – Student Works
• [Hu14]
Huy, M.: Ein durch Kriging berechnetes Höhenmodell aus Wikipedia-Daten. Masterarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2014.
• [Lu13]
Luthmann, L.: Erzeugung von speziellen zweidimen-sionalen Parkettierungen. Bachelorarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2013.
• [Me11]
Menzel, M.: Übergang von Polygonen zu Linienzügen:
Implementierung des Petzold/Plümer-Verfahrens. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 57
1.4 Literature – Student Works
• [Me12] Menzel, M.:Verknüpfung von Radar-Höhendaten und OSM-
Flächendaten zur Realisierung eines einfachen Stadtmodells am Beispiel von Braunschweig. Diplomarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2012.
• [Ra10] Rath, C.: Visualisierung von unregelmäßig verteilten Messpunkten durch Delaunay-Triangulation mit XFig, CGAL-Methoden und Java. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.
• [Sc11] Schön, A.: Erstellung aktueller Windkarten für Deutschland durch Web-Mining und Inverse-Distance-Weighting. Masterarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 58
1.4 Literature – Student Works
• [Sp10] Spannknebel, J.: Visualisierung der Splitmöglichkeiten beim R-Baum. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2010.
• [St11] Stachowiak, N.: Greedy- und Delaunay-Triangulation von Polygonen im XFig-Format. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2011.
• [Zo13] Zorigoo-Graap, S.: Konstruktion und anspruchsvolle
Visualisierung von experimentellen Variogrammen mit XFig und Java. Studienarbeit, TU Braunschweig, 2013.
Spatial Databases and GIS – Karl Neumann, Sarah Tauscher– Ifis – TU Braunschweig 59
1.4 Literature – Student Works