Spanish American War & WWI I. IntroII. Spanish-American War

• Why & ResultsIII. WWI (1914/17-18)

A. Battle-front1. Background…why?2. Origins-Wilson3. US & War

B. Home-frontA. Big GovernmentB. Society & Economy

Key Terms• Yellow Press• The Maine• Francis Ferdinand • Lusitania• Zimmerman Telegram• Selective Service Act• William McAdo• Anti-German Hysteria

Spanish-American War(1898)

• US vs. Spain• Controversy over Cuba;

Cuba was a Spanish colony.

• US President:

William McKinley

(1897-1901)

Journalism

Yellow Press• Journalists who stretched the

facts to sell papers• Joseph Pulitzer & William

Randolph Hearst were key publishers

Compare to National Inquirer

Comic Character: The Yellow Kid

The Maine(2/98)

• USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor

The Maine(February, 1898)

• 226 Americans killed

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“Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain…”

USS Maine: Anchor & Mast(Arlington National Cemetery)

Dewey’s Route To The Philippines

• May 1, 1898 Admiral Dewey steamed into Manila Bay

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Results: “A Splendid Little War”

• A new hero emerged: Theodore Roosevelt

• Only lasted 6 weeks• US won; about 379

died in combat• US acquired an

overseas empire

Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders

Results: The Cost

• Over 5,000 died from disease or other problems• Did the empire violate American principles…?

WWI Alliances & Major Powers(1914/17-18)

Allies• Great Britain• France• Russia• Serbia

Central Powers• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Turkey

Spark

• Assassinated in Sarajevo by Serbians; June, 1914

Francis Ferdinand & wife; heir to throne in Austria-Hungary

WWI Alliances & Major Powers(1914/17-18)

Allies• Great Britain• France• Russia• Serbia

Central Powers• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Turkey

US President

• Goal: Wanted US to remain neutral

Woodrow Wilson

(1913-1921)

What Events Led US To Fight?

1. German Submarine warfare

2. Zimmerman Telegram

Road To War: Lusitania

• New York newspapers carried warnings like this from the German embassy.

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Road To War: Lusitania

• Americans were warned not to go on ship.

Lusitania

(British passenger liner)

• Torpedoed in 1915 1,200 died (128 Americans).

• Germany pledged to stop sub-warfare.

Zimmerman Telegram(1917)

1. Mexico should attack US.

2. Germany would help Mexico defeat US.

3. Mexico would recapture land previously lost to US.

Message from German Foreign Minister to Mexican Government:

Germany’s Gamble In 1917(If they acted quickly, they could end the war)

• US declared war (1917): The gamble failed!

WWI Alliances & Major Powers(1914/17-18)

Allies• Great Britain• France• Russia• Serbia

Central Powers• Germany• Austria-Hungary• Turkey

• United States

US Contributions To War Effort

1. Supplies & US troops provided emotional lift.

2. A cease-fire, ending the fighting, went into effect November 11, 1918.

Wounded Marine Near Toulon, France in 1918

Selective Service Act (Draft)(1917)

1. All males 18-45 became eligible.

2. Lottery system was developed.

3. 1 in 5 draftees were born outside US.

Sheet Music For A New Song

Recruiting Posters

How To Pay For WWI

• Secretary of Treasury• Income tax rates were

raised• They borrowed

William McAdo

Liberty Bonds

Posters Encouraged People to Buy War Bonds

Actor Douglas Fairbanks at a War Bond Rally

Economy

• Economic Boom!• Manufacturing increased

33%• Real wages increased 20%

Mining Industry “Boomed;” Poster Printed In Several Languages

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Michigan’s Economy & WWI

• State of MI subsidized farmers (25% production increase)

• Automobile production increased fourfold

• Camp Custer (Battle Creek)– $10 million in

revenue

Soldiers resting during basic training at Camp Custer, MI

US Farmers Prospered

1913 1918

Corn $.70/bushel $1.52/bushel

Cotton $.12/lb. $.29/lb.

Race Relations

• “Great Migration”• About 500,000 blacks moved North for jobs

Race Relations

Race Riots • East St. Louis, Illinois• At least 39 blacks died

African-American Family Just Arrived in Chicago

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Women Roles

Women’s Roles• 11,000 served in Navy

overseas• 1 million worked in

industry

This Advertisement Encouraged Women to Enter the Workforce

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Women’s Roles

• Women often earned higher wages during the war

Women Workers on the Union Pacific Railroad

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Patriotism & Volunteerism

Food Administration• Slogans were common:

– “Meatless Mondays” & “Wheatless Wednesdays”

– “Serve beans, by all means”

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Food Administration Poster

Anti-German Hysteria(Patriotism Turned Ugly)

1. Americans began to fear all things German (food).

2. Personal attacks against Americans of German ancestry

3. In Michigan:

a) City of Berlin changed to Marne

b) German language was abandoned in public schools

4. Prohibition of alcohol

Spanish American War & WWI I. IntroII. Spanish-American War

• Why & ResultsIII. WWI (1914/17-18)

A. Battle-front1. Background…why?2. Origins-Wilson3. US & War

B. Home-frontA. Big GovernmentB. Society & Economy

Key Terms• Yellow Press• The Maine• Francis Ferdinand • Lusitania• Zimmerman Telegram• Selective Service Act• William McAdo• Anti-German Hysteria