Imperialism and Expansion

Beyond Westward Expansion

We are a great imperial Republic destined to exercise a controlling influence upon the actions of mankind and to affect the future of the world.”

-Influential newspaper editor Henry Wallace, 1894

Mass Immigration

Population Explosion

The Modern and Civilizedvs.

The Ancient and Primitive

TWO WORLDS

“Dwellings used by cannibals”

Portland – 1905 Lewis and Clark Exposition

Problem:

1893 Depression

Problem:

“The Frontier is Closed”

Frederick Jackson Turner

Problem:

Surplus of Goods

Solutions:

1) Expand borders

2) Build a canal to improve trade

3) Catch up with other empires

4) Tap into new market / Open door policy

Economic Problems

The Open-Door PolicyThree* Groups

1) Imperialist = expansion

2) Anti-Imperialists = non-expansion

3) Third group = oppose traditional colonialism but favor economic expansion. Businessmen, politicians, intellectuals. “informal empire”

*????????????

Tough Guys“I want my war!”

A.T. Mahan

• Naval Dominance

Henry Cabot Lodge

• Social Darwinist

Theodore Roosevelt

• War was natural

“The great nations are rapidly absorbing…all the waste places of the earth. It is a movement which makes for civilization and the advancement of the race. As one of the great nations of the world, the United States must not fall out of the line of march”

-Henry Cabot Lodge

Social Darwinism•Survival of the “fittest” humans

•Eugenics

Scientific Racism - Skulls measurements “proved” superiority

“By the nearly unanimous consent of anthropologists this type [the pure Negro of central Africa] occupies the lowest position in the evolutionary scale…The attempt to suddenly transform the Negro mind by foreign culture must be as futile as the attempt would be to suddenly transform his physical type.”-

Encyclopedia Britannica, 1884

The White Man’s BurdenThe White Man’s BurdenBy: Rudyard Kipling, 1899 Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need;

To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.

Take up the White Man's burden--In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terrorAnd check the show of pride;

By open speech and simple,An hundred times made plainTo seek another's profit,And work another's gain.

The Monroe Doctrine - 1823A U.S. foreign policy. It stated that efforts by European nations to interfere in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

Hawaii

Lydia LiliuokalaniQueen of Hawaii

1891 - 1893

Sanford B. DolePresident of Hawaii

1894-1900

The Spanish American War - 1898Reasons to go to war with Spain:

1.To protect and liberate Cuba2.To protect US businesses3.To sell newspapers4.To spread Christian civilization5.“Be a MAN. Don’t let Spain taunt us.”6.Spain “attacked” us

Efforts at Cuban Independence

Cuban Revolt(s)•1868, 79, 83, 85, 92, 93

Jose MartiMaximo Gomez

General Valeriano Weyler•Reconcentrados

Jose Marti, Cuban national hero

Reconcentrados

USS Maine

USS Maine

REMEMBER THE MAINEMusic by Frank A. Bush

Down in Havana Harbor our good ship Maine was lying: Beneath the decks all were at rest, wakeful ones for home were sighing. Sent on a peaceful mission, no one suspected harm, For each one trusted the "Stars and Stripes" as a safeguard from all But hark! from below comes a loud, sudden pealing, alarm. And then an explosion that lights up the sky; Then when o'er the bay again silence comes stealing, Two hundred brave lads disappear without a cry.

Refrain. We'll never forget the sad events of that night. Our lads were killed, with no chance to fight; The foul deed was done by treach'rous Spain. That's why America fought and avenged the Maine.

Newspapers Influence WarHearst vs. Pulitzer• Yellow Journalism = Sensationalized• Death Sells

http://www.humboldt.edu/~jcb10/spanwar.shtml

HUNGRY, FRANTIC FLAMES. They Leap Madly Upon the Splendid Pleasure Palace by the Bay of Monterey, Encircling Del Monte in Their Ravenous Embrace From Pinnacle to Foundation. Leaping Higher, Higher, Higher, With Desperate Desire. Running Madly Riotous Through Cornice, Archway and Facade. Rushing in Upon the Trembling Guests with Savage Fury. Appalled and Panic-Striken the Breathless Fugitives Gaze Upon the Scene of Terror. The Magnificent Hotel and Its Rich Adornments Now a Smoldering heap of Ashes.

Headlines from the Spanish American War

– "Spain's Minister Insults The American President" – "The Worst Insult to the United States in its History"– “Cuban Babes Prey to Famine; Thousands of Children of the Reconcentrados

Perishing in Island Towns; Sights that Sicken Strong Men”– “Crisis at Hand, Growing Spanish Treachery.”– "Refined Young Women Stripped and Searched by Brutal Spaniards While Under

Our Flag”

The End of the War: Cuba

“A Splendid Little War”

Teller Amendment - 1898

• No annexation of Cuba

Platt Amendment - 1903

•The US can intervene whenever is sees necessary

House keys?

The End of the War: Treaty of Paris• Spain gets $20 million• Spain gives:• Cuba “Independence” • Puerto Rico • Guam • Philippines

• Also, US gets Guantanamo Bay

The Philippines:Independence of Annexation?