SPAIN SURVIVED THE 20TH CENTURY

LIVED TO ADVANTAGE ANOTHER TIME

IBERIAN PENINSULA

THIS IS THE STORY OF GENERAL FRANCISCO FRANCO

APPOINTED GENERALISSIMO OF NATIONALIST SPAIN IN 1936RECOGNIZED AS SUCH BY GERMANY,

ITALYVICTOR OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR

IN 1939RECOGNIZED AS SUCH BY BRITAIN AND

FRANCE

FRANCO BECAME AN AUTHORITARIAN RULER

DECLARED HEAD OF STATE FOR LIFE IN 1947

LIVED TO FULFILL THIS MANDATE BUT NOT AFTER

MASTER OF CONSERVATIVE FORCES

CHURCHMILITARYLANDLORD CLASSPROFESSIONALS AND BUSINESS

OWNERSMIDDLE CLASSEDUCATED

RULER OF LIBERAL FORCES

GROUPS WHO HAD SUFFERED LONG AND OFTEN SILENTLY

LANDLESS FARMERSUNSKILLED FACTORY WORKERSUNEMPLOYEDUNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND

REGULAR SOLDIERSMINORITY ETHNICITIES

BACKGROUND OF FRANCO

BORN INTO A MILITARY FAMILYEDUCATED AT A MILITARY ACADEMYSERVED FOR SEVENTEEN YEARS IN

SPANISH MOROCCOLED ATTACKS AGAINST MOROCCAN

NATIONALISTSSTAYED OUT OF POLITICS

REPUTATION FOR BRUTALITY

ORDERED TO PUT DOWN A COAL MINERS STRIKE

COALS MINERS HAD CREATED A SOVIETWHAT IDEOLOGY DOES THIS

SUGGEST?

CONDITIONS IN SPAIN THAT WERE MADE FOR A FRANCO

REVERSES IN THE COLONIESSPANISH ARMY WAS MASSACREDSPOTLIGHTED A CORRUPT AND

INCOMPETENT LEADERSHIPCONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY FELL

KING WAS SIDELINEDGENERAL RIVERA DECLARED A

MILITARY DICTATORSHIP IN 1923

RIVERA WAS NOT THE CLASSIC DICTATOR

PUBLIC WORKSBUILT ROADS IRRIGATED LAND

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION INCREASED

ENDED MOROCCAN REBELLION

WORLD WIDE DEPRESSION IN 1930’S

NEW ELECTIONS CALLED

REPUBLICANS WON IN ALL MAJOR CITIES

KING ALFONSO ABDICATED

REPUBLICAN PROGRAM

CATALONIA RECEIVED SOME AUTONOMY

SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE

MANY ARMY OFFICERS TOOK EARLY RETIREMENT

LARGE LAND HOLDINGS NATIONALIZED WAGES INCREASED

WHAT GROUPS WOULD OPPOSE THIS PROGRAM?

MAJORITY ETHNICITYROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHMILITARYLANDLORD CLASSESBUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL

LEADERS

THESE CONSERVATIVE FORCES HAD POWERFUL BACKERS

FASCIST ITALY UNDER MUSSOLINI

NAZI GERMANY UNDER HITLER

REPUBLICANS HAD A BACKER TOOWHO WOULD THAT BE?

CONSERVATIVES FORMED A NEW PARTY (FALANGE PARTY)

NEW ELECTIONS CALLED IN 1933

CONSERVATIVES WERE BACK IN POWER LED BY GIL ROBLES

REVERSED THE REPUBLICAN PROGRAM

LEFT FORMED THE POPULAR FRONT PARTY

SUPPORTED BY MANY LIBERAL FORCES

STRIKES WERE CALLED

RIOTS AND OTHER ACTS OF VIOLENCE FOLLOWED

NEW ELECTIONS CALLED

POPULAR FRONT WON-REPUBLICANS BACK IN CHARGE

COMMUNIST DOMINATEDSOCIALISTS WITHDREW SUPPORTMORE STRIKES AND RIOTSRIGHT- WING (CONSERVATIVE)

POLITICIAN MURDEREDNEW GOVERNMENT HAD LOST

CONTROL

FRANCO ASSUMED CONTROL OF THE MILITARY

TOOK CONTROL OF SPANISH MOROCCO

INVADED MAINLAND SPAIN

THE CIVIL WAR BEGAN IN JULY 1936

OUTSIDE FORCES LINED UP ON BOTH SIDES

FRANCO GERMANY ITALY PORTUGAL

REPUBLICAN SOVIET UNION INTERNATIONAL

BRIGADE OF VOLUNTEERS

NEW WEAPONS OF TECHNOLOGY

GUERNICA DESTROYED BY AERIAL BOMBING ANCIENT CAPITAL OF THE BASQUES CIVILIANS TARGETED AS COMBATANTS

DEVASTATION AND DEATH PUBLICIZED AROUND THE WORLD

CHAMBERLAIN TAYLORED POLICY ON MEMORIES OF GUERNICA

FRANCO SECURED THE POWERS OF A DICTATOR

DECLINED HITLER’S REQUEST TO JOIN AXIS IN WWII

ELIMINATED OPPOSITION SECRET POLICEBASIC RIGHTS WERE LIMITEDCOMMUNISM WAS REJECTED

FRANCO DECLARED THE LABOR CHARTER

STATE AND ITS CITIZENS HAVE MUTUAL OBLIGATIONS

ALL CITIZENS HAD A DUTY TO WORK AND STATE ASSURED THEIR RIGHT TO WORK

ADEQUATE WAGES, PAID VACATIONS, LIMITED WORKING HOURS

LIBERAL FORCES ACKNOWLEDGED

STRIKES WERE TREASON

UNIONS ELIMINATED WORKERS REQUIRED TO JOIN VERTICAL

SYNDICATES OWNERS AND WORKERS WERE SUPPOSE

TO COOPERATE AIMED AT AUTARKY AND INCREASED

INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION CONSERVATIVE FORCES IN CHARGE

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

BANNED CIVIL MARRIAGESDIVORCE ILLEGALRELIGIOUS EDUCATION

COMPULSORY IN SCHOOLSCENSORSHIPPUBLIC MEETINGS REQUIRED

PERMISSION

DEPRIVED OF MARSHALL PLAN

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT LOWEST IN EUROPE

COLLABORATION WITH AXIS POWERS

DICTATORIAL POWERS-EL CAUDILLOACUTE SHORTAGESLABOR UNREST

SPAIN JOINED THE UN IN 1955

UNITED STATES LOOKED TO SPAIN AS A COLD WAR ALLY

SPAIN SEES RAPID GROWTH IN THE 1960’S

INFUSION OF AMERICAN CAPITALCOMPETITION ENCOURAGEDECONOMIC INTEGRATION WITH

EUROPE BEGANINFLATION CURBEDGOVERNMENT CONTROLS RELAXEDRESTRICTIONS OF NON-CATHOLICS

EASED

JUAN CARLOS NAMED FRANCO’S HEIR

MONARCHY BECAME NOMINAL HEAD OF GOVERNMENT IN 1975

SPAIN MOVED FROM DICTATORSHIP TO DEMOCRACY PEACEFULLY

POWER DEVOLVED TO THE REGIONS

NATIONAL PARLIAMENT CALLED THE CORTES

ELECTIONS DETERMINED MAJORITY PARTY

MULTIPLE POLITICAL PARTIES

KING ASKS LEADER OF MAJORITY PARTY TO FORM A GOVERNMENT

PARTY LEADER BECOMES PRESIDENT

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT POWERS

FOREIGN AFFAIRSEXTERNAL TRADEDEFENSEJUSTICELAWMERCHANT SHIPPINGCIVIL AVIATION

POST-FRANCO ERA

DEMONSTRATIONS AND STRIKES

TERRORIST ACTIVITYBASQUE SEPARATISTS

GOVERNMENT USED REPRESSION

SUAREZ APPOINTED PRIME MINISTER

PARTIAL AMNESTY TO POLITICAL PRISONERS

BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE WITH UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE

TRADE UNIONS REPLACED SYNDICALS

RIGHT TO STRIKE RESTOREDDIVERSE POLITICAL PARTIES

COMPETITION AND COOPERATION

JOINED NATO IN 1982

JOINED THE EUROPEAN UNION IN 1986

JOSE LUIS RODRIGUEZ ZAPETERO

SOCIALISTS IN CONTROL TODAY

FORMER LEADER AZNAR WAS A CONSERVATIVE