Post on 01-Jan-2016
Overview
• Basics• Review Potential SSL Measures & Applications• Scale of Conservation Potential• Initial Cost-Effectiveness• Forecast of Technological Progress
SSL Characteristics• Solid state
– Potential for Long Life, up to 75K hours– Few catastrophic failures – They just fade away– Heat dissipation issues are most challenging
• Favorable dimming & control characteristics– DC devices, no warm-up issues, tunable optics
• Directional light output
• Low infra-red spectral components
Analytic Considerations
• Compare luminaire efficacy AND output– Efficacy of: Lamp + Driver (ballast) + Fixture + Optics
– Lumen output, beam shape & color
• Design of the entire luminaire is key• Potential lamp replacement & labor savings (Long Life)• Dubious manufacturer & vendor claims• Performance metrics & test procedures
– LM-79 is just two months old
Emerging SSL Products & Applications
• Outdoor Lighting– Street & Roadway – Walkway – Parking– Façade & Signage
• Refrigeration Display Case • Recessed Can Downlight• MR16 Replacements• Desk Lamp / Task Lighting• Undercabinet
Outdoor LightingStreet & Roadway, Walkway, Parking
• Promising near-term potential (10% - 40%)– Efficacy as good or better than HPS & Metal Halide
– Lots of room for improvement over existing stock• More useful light, less glare, better color rendering, better
contrast ratios, fewer night sky issues, dimming control
– Half or more of the energy savings are from these factors as opposed to source efficacy
– Half or more of $ value from longer life
Street & Roadway Cost-Effectiveness
• Potentially cost-effective in new (lost-opportunity)• TRC Net Levelized Cost
– Range 20 – 200 mills / kWh– TRC B/C ratios 0.5 to 1.1
• Uncertainties– First Cost: $5-10/watt or $1-3/million-lumen-hours– Life: 50K to 75K+ hours (cool ambient conditions) – Maintenance Cost Savings:
• $10-30/head/year streetlights• 1 to 2 times the PV of energy saved
Street & Roadway Savings Potential
• Roadway Use: 1% of total loads (Navigant 2002)• For PNW that’s 200 MWa total roadway load • Save 30-40% of that or 60-80 MWa• How long will it take?
This cobra head HPS fixture was installed in 1981. It’s
still out there.
Walkway, Parking, Facade
• Similar application efficacy gains (10-40%)• Somewhat lower maintenance savings
– Don’t need the truck as much
• Higher potential dimming & occupancy control– Acceptance issues
• Size in MWa– Don’t know yet– But pretty big and growing
Signage
• Good Application– Color, control, longevity, low maintenance
• PNW Potential based on Navigant 2003– 30-40 MWa in 2002– Growing end use
Refrigerated Display Case
• Cool ambient application, long life, saves refrigeration• Replaces T-12 & T-8 fluorescent• TRC Net Levelized Cost: 30 to 100 mills/kWh• Now with occupancy sensors – more savings• Not big MWa
Interior Downlights
• Higher ambient T - shorter life - 35K hours
• Efficacy similar to CFL
• Cost higher than CFL
• Niches where new potential:– Where dimming & occupancy & color are valuable– Hard-to-reach & high change labor
Check out the MR16 Replacements
• Benchmark: 20W MR 16, halogen, 40°– 200-450 lumens
– 9-19 lumens/watt
– CBCP 500
Emerging SSL Products & Applications
• Outdoor Lighting– Street & Roadway – Walkway – Parking– Façade & Signage
• Refrigeration Display Case • Recessed Can Downlight• MR16 Replacements• Desk Lamp / Task Lighting• Undercabinet
•Good Applications •Promising Economics•New Potential MWa
•Not there yet
•High-Cost CFL•Some Niche Applications