Sociology & GroupsSociology & GroupsUnit 4

Group TypesGroup TypesSocial Groups

◦Primary Groups◦Secondary Groups

Relationships◦Primary Relationships◦Secondary Relationships

AggregateCategory

Group SizeGroup SizeSmall Group

◦Dyad◦Triad

Large Group◦Shared opinions◦Contain small sub-groups◦Communication becomes formal◦Shifting norms

Group ValuesGroup ValuesGroup NormsGroup Roles

◦Harmonizers◦Talkers◦Idealizers

LeadershipLeadershipLeadership Characteristics

◦Height◦IQ

Social & Communication Skills◦Self-confidence◦Liberal

Types of LeadersTypes of LeadersInstrumental LeaderExpressive Leaders

Leadership StylesLeadership StylesAuthoritarianDemocraticLaissez-Faire

Group DecisionsGroup DecisionsGroup ConformityGroup ThinkRisky ShiftCautious ShiftDistorted Decision Making

Group Decision ProcessGroup Decision Process1) Collection of Information2) Evaluation of Information3) Decision Reached4) Harmony Restored

The Asch ParadigmThe Asch ParadigmDecision-Making and Conformity

◦7 confederates, 1 participant◦1/3 fell into the “majority affect”

Group BoundariesGroup BoundariesIn-groupsOut-groups

Reference GroupsReference GroupsReference Groups

◦Used for self-evaluation◦Set a standard◦Strongly influence behaviors

Group NetworksGroup NetworksSocial Networks

◦Primary contacts◦Secondary contacts

OrganizationsOrganizationsFormal OrganizationsInformal OrganizationsOrganizational Culture

◦Cultural network

Douglas McGregorDouglas McGregorTheories of Management

◦Theory X◦Theory Y

Related Concepts: ◦Job rotation◦Job enlargement

BureaucraciesBureaucraciesBureaucracy: Hierarchical authority

controlling formal organizations.◦Karl Marx: These are bad!◦Max Weber: Rationalizes rules &

procedures – Functionalist! Ideal Type is OK

Division of Labor Hierarchy Regulations Impersonal Record Keeping Administrative Career structures

BureaucraciesBureaucracies◦Robert merton: Beureaucratic

Persoanlity is a dysfunctionSeen as a negotiated realityLeads to Oligarchy

Problem With Problem With BureaucraciesBureaucracies

Bureaucratic AlienationBureaucratic RitualismBureaucratic InertiaInstitutionalismGoal Displacement

Organizational ProcessOrganizational ProcessInstitutionalizationGoal DisplacementCollective Organizations

Organizational ModelsOrganizational ModelsAmitai Etzioni’s 3 Organizational

Models: ◦Coercive Organizations◦Utilitarian Organizations◦Voluntary Associations

Organizational ModelsOrganizational ModelsMcDonaldization:

◦Efficiency◦Calculability◦Predictability◦Control